PERILAKU
TOPIC 1 THROUGH 6
2 Neuroanatomy
Quasi Experimental
Eksperimen lapangan Case Study
Pure eksperimen
ke dunia nyata.
A single case study,
Mempelajari satu hubungan.
casenya khusus dan tidak
Apa mempengaruhi apa
bisa digeneralisasi.
1. Natural selection
Psychology
2. Evolutionary psychology
d. Temporal
Auditori, memori mendengar (peka melalui pendengarannya).
2. Hemisphere
Otak kanan (mengendalikan tubuh bagian kiri) dan kiri (bagian tubuh sebelah kanan).
Persambungannya adalah corpus callosum, yang menyambungkan otak kanan dgn otak
kiri di cerebrum.
Terdiri dari 2 lapisan lapidan luar (korteks) dan lapisan dalam (subcortex)
Korteks warna kelabu, dalam putih (karena banyak mengandung serabut saraf dendrit dan
myelin.
3. Cerebellum (otak kecil)
Maintaining balance and body movement. Bertanggung jawab pada aktivitas motorik (e.g.,
berjalan, berenang, naik sepeda (tanpa berpikir).
Terdapat 2 belahan, otak kanan dan otak kiri
Antara keduanya ada jembatan varol untuk cerebellum.
4. Medulla oblongata
Fungi mengatur denyut jantung, pernafasan, tekanan darah (yang bersifat diluar
kesadaran/fungsi otonom) yang merupakan tempat yang memengaruhi koma. Jadi, kalau
masih berfungsi belum bisa dikatakan meninggal.
a. Lobus otak: frontal, parietal, occipital (memori visual), temporal (pendengaran)
b. Sistem limbik: (penting bagi emosi, memori, menjaga kestabilan tubuh, tekanan
darah, suhu tubuh, gula darah, dan mengendalikan seksualitas)
c. Hippotalamus: (operator, hormon, hasrat seksual, emosi, makan, minum, suhu tubuh
keseimbangan kimiawi, tidur dan bangun, dan mengatur kelenjar utama dari otak.
3. Neuron
Inti sel (nukleus)
Dendrit
Axon
3. Perkembangan &
cara kerja otak
Neuron/sel saraf
1. Badan sel/soma -› pusat metabolisme
2. Dendrit -›menerima impuls dari neuron lain
3. Akson -› cabang panjang dari soma. Meneruskan impuls (gelombang listrik) ke neuron lain
4 Sinaps -› tempat transmisi kimiawi dari neuron 1 ke yang lainnya
4. 5.
Perkembangan otak pascakelahiran
Usia emas: 3 tahun pertama kehidupannya, sel saraf bayi mengalami peberkembangan
terpesat (hingga 4x lipat) karena sinaptongenesis, myelinasi akson, dan peningkatan
cabang dendritis.
Perkembangannya perbulan sangat cepat, banyak tingkah (fase eksplorasi)
Since masa awal kanak2 hingga remaja, brain starts to develop “prunning”
(berkurangnya jumlah sinaps) aiming to efficient the work of the brain.
Kematangan otak tidak terjadi pada setiap area secara bersamaan, secara umum, urutan
kematangan area otak (piaget) meliputi:
1. Area sensorik: (e.g., mendengar, melihat) paling pertama area pendengaran
2. Area motorik: (e.g., membalik tubuh, tengkurap, merangkak, berdiri, melangkah, berlari)
3. Area prefrontal: kognitif, kemampuan berbahasa, dan berbicara
plastisitas otak
“Brain can change but not elastic, so if damage occurs than it could not get
back on its shape.”
Hormon
Fungsinya sama seperti Neurotransmitter
Jangkauan pengaruhnya Iebih besar & efek Iebih lama
mempengaruhi perilaku, cara kerja sistem sensoris & motorik, dan sistem saraf pusat.
Pertemuan 4:
Sensory & Motor System
Sensory & Motor System
(VISUAL)
Visual Mechanism
Light passes through the pupil and lens reaches the retina →
The retina converts
light into nerve signals→Nerve signals directed to the CNS.
Sensory & Motor System
(VISUAL)
1. Neurons in Retina:
a. Receptors (cone & rod)
b. Horizontal Cells
c. Bipolar Cells
d. Amacrine Cells
e. Retinal ganglion cell
Ps:
1. Amacrine & horizon are same, the difference is about where they got infos. Amacrine gets
info from bipolar, horizon get infos from receptors.
2. Bipolar’s function is to send infos from receptor to retinal ganglia
sensory & motor system
(AUDITORY)
The function of the auditory system
is the perception of sound.
Sounds are vibrations of air
molecules that stimulate the
auditory system.
Human hear = 20 & 20,000 hertz
(cycles per second).
The amplitude, frequency, and
complexity of the molecular
vibrations are most closely linked
to perceptions of loudness, pitch,
and timbre, respectively
sensory & motor system
(SOMATOSENSORY)
The sensations from our body are called somatosensations.The system that mediates this
body system is the somatosensory system, there are three somatosensory systems, they are:
1. Exteroceptive system: senses external stimuli
2. Proprioceptive system: monitors information about body position
3. Interoceptive system: temperature, blood pressure
Receptors in the skin
a. Free nerve endings: temperature
b. Pacinian Corpuscles: adapts quickly to skin changes.
c. Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings: Adapt slowly
Smell & Taste
a. Smell (smell) and Taste (taste) are called chemical senses
b. Olfactory system response to thymic compounds in the drawn air.
c. Taste is the response of the gustatory system to chemical compounds in solution in the
oral cavity (Gustatory System)
Pathways of Gustatory System
The sense of touch is related to the central system, so it's not just centered on the response
to the tongue but it also related to perspective.
Ps:
Perception: in the cortex, assign meaning to a sensation.
Sensorymotor system: the combination between sensation and perception
Related to Merkel’s disks and Ruffini endings theory.
Pertemuan 5:
Kognisi Manusia
1. Atensi
Atensi selektif -› memaknai secara sadar sebagian kecil dari banyak stimuli g menarik
organ sensori dan mengabaikan stimuli lainnya. Fokus pada 1 hal. (e.g., lagi ngezoom pilih
buat dengerin dosen, sementara suara kipas dan kucing diabaikan.)
Gangguan membaca
Tidak disebabakan kekurangan pada visual, motorik, atau intelektual.
Terdapar 2 jenis:
1. Developmental dysleksia →
tampak ketika anak mulai bljr membaca
2. Acquired dyslexia →disebabkan kerusakan otak pd individu g telah mampu membaca
Penyebab mekanisme neural
Kesulitan menemukan hubungan neural karena gangguan terjadi dalam berbagai
bentuk
Berkurangnya aktivitas fMRI pada korteks parietal dan occipito-temporal kiri terkait
dengan kendali kesesuaikan kemampuan (ability-matched)
Kesepakatan umum bahwa gangguan membaca hasil dari gangguan pemrosesan
fonologis
Deep dan surface dyslexia → Terdapat dua jenis dyslexia akibat trauma otak:
Surface dyslexia → hilangnya prosedur leksikal, tetapi dapat menggunakan prosedur
tonetik
Deep dyslexia → hilangnya prosedur fonetik, tetapi dapat menggunakan prosedur
leksikal.
Pertemuan 6:
Sleep & Wakefullness
SleeeepzzzzZ...
How we measure bodily activity during sleep?
1. Electroencephalogram (EEG): to measure brain waves/activity
2. Electrooculogram (EOG): to measure the activity of eye movement
3. Electromyogram (EMG): records muscle tension, when we have tensions in our muscles
means we can move our muscles, but if we dlose tensions then we will be paralyzed. In
sleep, there is alternations, sometimes our we have tensions in muscles sometime we
don’t.
1 Gama (31- 100 hz) -› terjadi kesadaran penuh (fokus perhatian, insight, memecahkan
masalah, ide br)
2. Beta -› konsentrasi kognisi masih ada tapi kuatan di gama (konsentrasi, kognisi) Alpha >-
sdh mulai rileks, tenang, muncul kreativitas
4. Theta -› saat meditasi, fokus, kemampuan memori dan intuisi berkembang disini,
saat inget pas sholat, belajar secara fokus
5. Delta -› saat tidur pulas
Stages of Sleep
1st Stage: alpha wave dominant, means first stage of sleep. We may interact with surroundings
but u don’t remember what we said.
2nd stage: brain wave will have lower frequency (alpha wave), the combination of alpha n beta.
Will have the highest amplitude (K wave). (We will no longer be able to interact with our
surroundings. We are asleep at the most sensible time.)
3rd Stage: Deep sleep. The dominant wave is delta wave which is the slowest brain wave, it also
has the lowest frequency of wave. It will be hard when someone to wake you up, and when we
are awake, we will feel confused and need some time to be fully awake.
In REM sleep we’ll be dreaming and turn off our core muscle tone (paralyzed) because that will
prevent us from acting up our dreams. (Biar ga mengaktualisasikan mimpinya, (e.g., di mimpi kita
nonjok orang, but karena muscles kita lg off jd kita ngga nonjok orang beneran). REM sleep will
usually continue for like 30 minutes before we fall back into stage 2 and then back to stage 3
again.
Active role in controlling REM sleep:
1. Nucleus: is cluster of neuron soma (body), so the cell body make a cluster named “nucleus”. There
are 4 nucleus that has been demonstrated as responsible in the control of REM sleep, and all of the
nucleus are located in brain stem. These nucleus work because of the help of chemicals.
2. Type of nucleus:
The locus coerulus, its function is to exerts an inhibitory influence on REM sleep, means that it
prevents us from experiencing REM sleep, it promotes non- REM sleep. (NREM pro)
Raphe nucleus: its function is same as the 1st nucleus (NREM pro)
Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (PPT): which is located on the pons, promotes
REM sleep (REM pro)
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LTD): also (REM pro)
3. Types of chemicals:
Acetylcholine: is released to PPT and LTD to promote REM sleep.
Serotonin: is released from the raphe nucleus and inhibits REM sleep.
Norepinephrine: release from the locus coerulus and inhibits REM sleep.
The effects of sleep deficiency:
1. Moody
2. Losing the ability to concentrate, problem solving,
decicion making, reduce social ability
3. Not doing tasks properly
4. Chronic (kronis/parah): memory deficit, almost
permanently.