ANALISIS TERMODINAMIKA

pada
GENERATOR UAP

1
Sifat-sifat Termodinamika Air

2
Perubahan fase air
Diagram T-v
Diagram p-h

T=konstan

7
Diagram p-h
Diagram T-s

T
Titik kritis

xh fg
sx = sf + = s f + xs fg
Tsat Tsat

sf sx sg s

9
T-s diagram for Water Steam.
blue = const pressures in bar;
green = const v;
red = saturation dome and
const x

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Diagram h-s

h
T=konstan

Garis jenuh

11
Mollier h-s Diagram for Water-
Steam
blue = const pressures in bar;
green = const T;
red = saturation dome and
const x

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Tabel temperatur atau tabel jenuh

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Contoh Tabel Tekanan untuk uap jenuh

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Efisiensi Generator Uap

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Steam Power Plant

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Neraca kalor dan massa pada Boiler

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Contoh neraca energi dan berbagai kerugian kalor pada
generator uap

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Karakteritik Boiler
Karakteristik ketel uap ditentukan oleh beberapa parameter
antara lain:
1.Tekanan kerja (kg/cm²)
2. Luas permukaan pemanas (m²)
3. Pemakaian bahan bakar tiap m² dari luas rangka bakar (kg/m²)
4. Produksi uap tiap m² dari luas pemanas (kg/m²)
5.Produksi uap tiap jamnya (kg/jam)
6. Effisiensi dari ketel
 Kapasitas Boiler
Kapasitas ketel dinyatakan dengan persamaan:

𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓)
𝐵= 𝑘𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑗𝑎𝑚
1000
dengan:
B : Kapasitas ketel kilo Btu/Jam (kB/jam)
ms : Produksi uap (lb/jam)
hg : Enthalpy uap yang telah diketahui tekanan dan suhunya (Btu/lb)
hf : Enthalphy fluida cair pada saat masuk ke dalam ketel (Btu/lb)
 Daya Kuda Boiler
Daya kuda boiler distandarkan melalui ASTM th.1889 didasarkan atas
kebutuhan mesin uap yg memanfaatkan 30 lb uap tiap daya kudanya
pada tekanan 70 psig dan suhu 100 ºF.
Atau dapat pula dinyatakan dalam bentuk penguapan 34,5 lb air /jam
pada suhu 212 ºF (33.475,35 btu/jam).
Tiap lb uap yang dihasilkan pada kondisi tersebut membutuhkan
enthalpy penguapan pada tekanan atmosphir normal sebesar 970,3
Btu.
𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑔−ℎ𝑓)
𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝐾𝑢𝑑𝑎 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 = HP
970,3𝑥34,5
 Efisiensi Boiler
Efisiensi boiler adalah persentase kalor total yang diserap oleh uap
terhadap kalor total yang disuplai oleh bahan bakar.
𝐾𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑙𝑒ℎ 𝑢𝑎𝑝
𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥100%
𝐾𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖 𝑜𝑙𝑒ℎ 𝑏𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑟
Efisiensi ini termasuk dengan efisiensi termal, efisiensi pembakaran
dan efisiensi bahan bakar menjadi uap. Efisiensi boiler tergantung
pada ukuran boiler yang digunakan.
Efisiensi tipikal boiler adalah 80% hingga 88%.

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 Efisiensi Boiler Metode Langsung
Parameter yang harus dipantau untuk perhitungan efisiensi boiler
dengan metode langsung adalah :
◦Kuantitas steam yang dihasilkan per jam (ms) dalam kg/jam.
◦Jumlah bahan bakar yang digunakan per jam (mf) dalam kg/jam.
◦Tekanan kerja (dalam kg/cm2(g)) dan suhu superheat (°C), jika ada
◦Suhu air umpan (°C)
◦Jenis bahan bakar dan nilai kalor bruto bahan bakar (GCV) dalam
kKal/kg bahan bakar
𝑚𝑠 ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓
𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 = x100%
𝑚𝑓 𝑥𝐺𝐶𝑉
dengan, hs = Entalpi uap jenuh dalam kKal/kg uap
hf = Entalpi air umpan dalam kKal/kg air
Keuntungan metode langsung:
1. Sedikit parameter yang diperlukan untuk perhitungan
2. Sedikit alat ukur yang diperlukan
3. Perhitungan efisiensi dapat cepat dilakukan

Kelemahan metode langsung:

1.Tidak diperoleh petunjuk penyebab penurunan efisiensi
2. Tidak menghitung kerugian-kerugian kalor yang sebenarnya dapat
diperhitungkan

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 Contoh
Hitung efisiensi boiler dengan metode langsung dengan data yang
diberikan di bawah ini:
Jenis boiler : Batubara berbahan bakar
Kuantitas steam (kering) yang dihasilkan : 8 TPH
Tekanan uap (pengukur) / suhu : 10 kg/cm2(g)/ 180 °C
Jumlah batubara yang dikonsumsi : 1,8 TPH
Suhu air umpan : 85 °C
GCV batubara : 3200 kKal/kg
Entalpi uap pada tekanan10 kg/cm2 : 665 kKal/kg (jenuh)
Entalpi air umpan : 85 kKal/kg
8𝑥 665−85 𝑥1000
𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 = x100% = 80%
1,8𝑥3200𝑥1000
ESTIMATION OF BOILER EFFICIENCY
I. DIRECT METHOD
Output Qu
11.2
.2.1Efficiency
Def . of
b
Boiler
= :-
=
Input Qin
. .
Output = ms hs − mfw hfw = Qu, kW
Input = Qin = Fuel Energy + Auxiliary Energy Consumption
.
= mf . GCVf + E aux , kW
.
Usually E aux  mf .GCVf
Qu
 th = .
 100
mf .  GCVf
1.2.2 Estimation By Direct Method :
. . .
Qu = ms hs − mfw .hfw  ms (hs − hfw )
.
Qin = mf .GCVf
Qu
 th = x100
Qin
Qu
& overall = .
 100
(m . GCVf + Paux )
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE :
A two hour boiler trial was conducted on a coal fired, smoke-tube boiler in a process
house & the following data was collected.
Rating : Equivalent Evaporation = 5 T/h
Max. Pressure = 10.5 kg/cm2
Av. Steam Pressure during trial = 7.5 kg/cm2 (g)
Barometric Pressure = 1.0132 bar
Av. Steam temperature = 179C
O2 in flue gas (dry basis) = 6.2 %
Ambient temperature = 35C
Unburnt in Ash = 7.2 %
Size of feed tank = 2.5m  x 3.0 m
Depression of water level during trial = 1.87m
Temperature of feed water = 70C
GCV of fuel = 27000 kJ/kg
Coal consumption during trial = 1025 kg
Determine :-
(i) Boiler output in kW
(ii) Equivalent evaporation in T/h
(iii) Boiler efficiency, in %
SOLUTION :
We know that,
Qu
 = x100
Qin
.
Qu = ms (hs − hfw )
.
Qin = mf  GCVf
Now Steam Generation = A  H]feed tan k   fw / t

= xD2  H   fw / t
4
.

ms =  (2.5)2 x1.87x1000 / 2  3600
4
= 1.2749 kg / s

 At
Psg = 7.5 kg/cm2 (g) = 7.3575 bar
Psabs = Psg + Pb = 7.3575 +1.0132 bar
= 8.3707 bar
Corresponding to Psabs = 8.3707 bar from steam tables :-
At P = 8.2 bar tsat = 171.5 C hg=2770.2 kJ/kg
At p = 8.4 bar tsat = 172.5 C hg=2771.2 kJ/kg
 At p = 8.3707 bar tsat = 172.35 C hg=2771.05 kJ/kg
Now as ts =179C > tsat = 172.35C steam is superheated. From steam tables.
At p = 8.0 bar t = 200C hg = 2839.3 kJ/kg
P = 9.0 bar t = 200C hg = 2833.6 kJ/kg
At p = 8.3707 bar t = 200C hg = 2837.19 kJ/kg
At p = 8.3707 bart = 172.35C hg = 2771.05 kJ/kg
p = 8.3707bar t = 179C hg = 2786.96 kJ/kg

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(iii) hffw = ?
From steam table at tfw=70C, hfw=293 kJ/kg
.
∴ 𝑄𝑢 = 𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓𝑤 ) = 1.2749 𝑥 (2786.96 − 293)
= 3179.55
.
𝑘𝑊
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑥𝐺𝐶𝑉𝑝=𝑐
𝐺𝐶𝑉𝑝=𝑐 = 𝐺𝐶𝑉𝑉=𝐶 + Δ𝑛𝑅𝑜 𝑇
Δ𝑛 = 𝑛𝑝 − 𝑛𝑟
= 0.421701 − 0.42924
= −7.539 𝑥 10−3
𝐺𝐶𝑉𝑝=𝑐 = 27000 − 7.539𝑥10−3 𝑥8.314𝑥298
= 26981.32 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
1025
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥26981.32 = 3841.09 𝑘𝑊
2𝑥3600

Qu
(v ) Boiler Efficiency = b = x100
Qin
3179.55
 b = x100 = 82.777%
3841.09
 (vi) Equivalent Evaporation :
.
Qu = meq xLevap at 1 atm and 100C
.
3179.55 = meq x2256.9
.
meq = 1.4088 kg / s = 5.0717 T / h

(vii) Steam to Fuel Ratio

(vii ) Steam to Fuel Ratio :
. .
1.2749
ms / mf = = 8.955 kg / kg of fuel
0.14236

(viii) Specific Equivalent Evaporation :

.
meq
SEE = .
mf
1.4088
= = 9.896 kg / kg of fuel
0.14236
 Efisiensi Boiler: Metode tak langsung
Terdapat standar acuan untuk Pengujian Boiler di Lokasi dengan
menggunakan metode tidak langsung yaitu British Standard, BS
845:1987 dan Standar USA adalah ASME PTC-4-1 Power Test Code
Steam Generating Units'.
Metode tidak langsung disebut juga metode kehilangan panas.
Efisiensi dapat dicapai dengan mengurangkan pecahan kehilangan
panas dari 100. Standar ini tidak memasukkan kehilangan panas akibat
blow down dalam proses penentuan efisiensi.

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Prinsip kerugian yang terjadi pada boiler adalah :
1. Hilangnya panas akibat gas buang yang kering
2. Hilangnya panas karena uap air pada bahan bakar dan udara
pembakaran
3. Hilangnya panas akibat pembakaran hidrogen
4. Hilangnya panas akibat radiasi
5. Kehilangan panas karena tidak terbakar

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Dalam penjelasan di atas, kehilangan akibat kelembaban bahan bakar dan
kehilangan akibat pembakaran hidrogen bergantung pada bahan bakar, dan
tidak dapat dikendalikan oleh desain.
Data yang diperlukan untuk perhitungan efisiensi boiler dengan metode
tidak langsung adalah:
1. Analisis akhir bahan bakar (H2, O2, S, C, kadar air, kadar abu)
2. Persentase Oksigen atau CO2 dalam gas buang
3. Temperatur gas buang dalam oC (Tf )
4. Suhu lingkungan dalam oC (Ta) & kelembaban udara dalam kg/kg udara
kering
5. GCV bahan bakar dalam kCal/kg
6. Persentase abu yang mudah terbakar (untuk bahan bakar padat)
7. GCV abu dalam kKal/kg (untuk bahan bakar padat)

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 Prosedur perhitungan
Kebutuhan udara teoritis:
=[(11.6 × C) + {34.8 × (H2 - O2/8)} + (4.35 × S)]/100 kg/kg of fuel
Excess Air supplied (EA) =

Actual mass of air supplied/ kg of fuel (AAS) = {1 + EA/100} ×

theoretical air
i. Percentage heat loss due to dry flue gas =
m = mass of dry flue gas in kg/kg of fuel
m = Combustion products from fuel: CO2 + SO2 + Nitrogen in fuel +
Nitrogen in the actual mass of air supplied + O2 in flue gas. (H2O/Water
vapour in the flue gas should not be considered)
Cp = Specific heat of flue gas (0.23 kCal/kg oC)

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ii. Percentage heat loss due to evaporation of water formed due to
H2 in fuel

iii. Percentage heat loss due to evaporation of moisture present in fuel

Where, M - kg of moisture in 1kg of fuel

Cp - Specific heat of superheated steam (0.45 kCal/kg)oC
584 is the latent heat corresponding to the partial pressure of water
vapour.
iv. Percentage heat loss due to moisture present in air

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iv. Percentage heat loss due to moisture present in air

Cp - Specific heat of superheated steam (0.45 kCal/kg oC)

v. Percentage heat loss due to unburnt in fly ash

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vii. Percentage heat loss due to radiation and other unaccounted loss
Kerugian radiasi dan konveksi yang sebenarnya sulit untuk
diperkirakan karena emisivitas tertentu dari berbagai permukaan,
kemiringannya, pola aliran udara, dll. Dalam boiler yang relatif kecil,
dengan kapasitas 10 MW, kerugian radiasi dan yang tidak terhitung
dapat mencapai antara 1%. dan 2% dari nilai kalor bruto bahan bakar,
sedangkan pada boiler 500 MW, biasanya nilai antara 0,2% hingga 1%.
Kerugian tersebut dapat diasumsikan secara tepat tergantung pada
kondisi permukaan.
Efficiency of boiler (η) = 100 - (i + ii + iii + iv + v + vi + vii)

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Example: The following are the data collected for a typical oil fired
boiler. Find out the efficiency of the boiler by indirect method and
Boiler Evaporation ratio.
Type of boiler : Oil fired
Ultimate analysis of Oil
C : 84.0 % H2 : 12.0 %
S : 3.0 % O2 : 1.0 %
GCV of Oil : 10200 kCal/kg
Steam Generation Pressure : 7kg/cm2(g)-saturated
Enthalpy of steam : 660 kCal/kg
Feed water temperature : 60 oC
Percentage of Oxygen in flue gas :7
Percentage of CO2 in flue gas : 11
Flue gas temperature (Tf) : 220 oC
Ambient temperature (Ta) : 27 oC
Humidity of air : 0.018 kg/kg of dry air

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Solution
Step-1: Find the theoretical air requirement
= [(11.6 × C) +{34.8 × (H2 - O2 /8)} +(4.35 × S)] /100 kg/kg of oil
=[(11.6 × 84) + [{34.8 × (12 - 1/8)} + (4.35 × 3)]/100 kg/kg of oil
=14 kg of air/kg of oil
Step-2: Find the %Excess air supplied
Excess air supplied (EA) = (O2 × 100)/(21-O2)
= (7 × 100)/(21-7)
= 50%
Step-3: Find the Actual mass of air supplied
Actual mass of air supplied /kg of fuel= [ 1 + EA/100] × Theoritical Air
(AAS) = [1 + 50/100] × 14
= 1.5 × 14
= 21 kg of air/kg of oil

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Step-4: Estimation of all losses
i. Dry flue gas loss
Percentage heat loss due to dry flue gas =
m= mass of CO2 + mass of SO2 + mass of N2 + mass of O2

m = 21 kg / kg of oil
Percentage heat loss due to dry flue gas

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Alternatively a simple method can be used for determining the dry flue gas loss as
given below.

Percentage heat loss due to dry flue gas

Total mass of flue gas (m) = mass of actual air supplied + mass of fuel supplied
= 21 + 1 = 22
%Dry flue gas loss
ii. Heat loss due to evaporation of water formed due to H2 in fuel

◦ = 7.10%
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iii. Heat loss due to moisture present in air

iv. Heat loss due to radiation and other unaccounted losses

For a small boiler it is estimated to be 2%

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Boiler Efficiency
Heat loss due to dry flue gas : 9.14%
Heat loss due to evaporation of water formed due to H2 in fuel : 7.10 %
Heat loss due to moisture present in air : 0.322 %
Heat loss due to radiation and other unaccounted loss : 2%

Boiler Efficiency = 100 - [9.14 + 7.10 + 0.322 + 2]

= 100 - 18.56 = 81 %(app)

Evaporation Ratio = Heat utilised for steam generation/Heat addition to the steam
= 10200 × 0.83/ (660-60)
= 14.11

Boiler Evaporation Ratio

Evaporation ratio means kilogram of steam generated per kilogram of
fuel consumed.

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Typical Examples: Coal fired boiler: 6
Oil fired boiler: 13
1 kg of coal can generate 6 kg of steam
1 kg of oil can generate 13 kg of steam
However, this figure will depend upon type of boiler, calorific value
of the fuel and associated efficiencies.

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II. INDIRECT OR LOSS METHOD
Estimation of Boiler Efficiency By Indirect Method [BS-
.
2885] E s Steam

Dry. flue gas

E dfg
.
E H 2O
Moisture
BOILER
.
Feed water E fw
.
.
Air E loss
Ea
.
Fuel Ef

. .
Blow down E bd E ash Ash
 BASIS OF
BASIS THE
OF THE METHOD
METHOD : :

Applying Energy Balance on Boiler :-

. . . . . . . . .
Applying Energy Balance on Boiler :-
E fw + E f + Ea = E s + E d fg + E H2O + E bd + E loss + E ash
. . . . . . . . .
 Ef = (E s − E fw ) + (E d fg − E a) + E H2O + E ash + (E bd + E less )
. . . . . . .
 E f = E u + (E dfg − E a ) + E H2O + E ash + E un
.
Divide by E f
. . . . . .
Eu (E d fg − E a) E H2O E ash E un
1= .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ .
Ef Ef Ef Ef Ef
Muliply by 100
. . . . . .
Eu (E dfg − E a) E ash E H2O E un
100 = .
x100 + .
x100 + .
x100 + .
x100 + .
x100
Ef Ef Ef Ef Ef
This is the Basis of Loss or Indirect Method
 DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS LOSSES

1. Dry Gas Loss : [Stack Loss]

.
mdfg.Cpfg.(Tfg − Tamb )
Qdryloss =  100 %
GCVf
2. Losses in Ash
Usually Cpfg = 1.030 kJ / kg − K
2. Losses in Ash
(a) Loss due to combustibles in Ash
m  GCVub
Qub = ub  100
GCVf
GCVub = 33820 kJ / kg

(b) Sensible heat loss in Ash :

mash  Cpash  (Tash − Tamb )

Qash =  100
GCVf
mash = mub + mash ,f
Cpash = 0.84 kJ / kg − K
Tash = 627.68 C
 (3) Loss due to hydrogen in fuel :

(3) Loss due to hydrogen in fuel :

{mH2O  [h] / GCVf }  100

(4)h = 4due
Loss .2(25 − Tamb ) +in2442
to moisture fuel :.3 + 1.88x(Tfg − 25) kJ / kg

(4) Loss due to moisture in fuel :

mMC .h
QMC =  100
GCVf

(5) Unaccounted Losses :-

(i) Radiation loss = 0.3 to 1.0 %
(ii) Blow down loss=0.1 to 0.5 %
(iii) Loss due to unburnt gas  0.1 to 1.0 %

Total unaccounted losses =1.5 %

THUS
BOILER EFFICIENCY =100-SUM OF VARIOUS LOSSES
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE :
The following data refers to a boiler trial conducted on a 5 T/h, 10kg/cm2, coal fired smoke
tube type boiler :-
Duration of trial : 1 hour
Coal consumption : 510 kg/h
Stack Temperature : 210C
O2 in flue gas : 6.2 %
[By orsat apparatus ]
Ambient Temperature : 35 C
Unburnt in Ash : 7.2 %
Steam pressure : 7.5kg/cm2 (g)
Steam temperature : 179 C
Feed water Temperature : 70 C
Fuel Analysis :
C=66.0 %, H=4.1 %, S=1.7 %, O=7.2 %, N=1.3%, MC=12.0%, Ash=7.7%
GCVf : 27000 kJ/kg
Determine :- (i) Various Losses,
(ii) Boiler Efficiency
(iii) Boiler Output
(iv) Steam generation in T/h
(v) Equivalent Evaporation in T/h
 SOLUTION : Stoichiometry of Reactions :
Combustion of Carbon :
C + O2 → CO2
12 kg 32 kg 44 kg
0.66 kg + 1.76 kg 2.42 kg
Combustion of Hydrogen :
1
H2 + O2 → H2O
2
2 kg + 16 kg 18 kg
0.041 kg + 0.328 kg → 0.369 kg
Combustion of Sulphur :
S + O2 → SO2
32 kg + 32 kg 64 kg
0.017 kg + 0.017 kg → 0.034 kg

O2  th = O2  c + O2  H + O2  s − O2 ] f
= 1.76 + 0.328 + 0.017 − 0.072
= 2.033 kg / kg of fuel
23 kg O2 → 77 kg N2 → 100 kg of Air
2.033 kg O2 → 6.806 kg N2 → 8.839 kg of Air
 FLUE GAS ANALYSIS

Constituent Mass Mol Mass Moles (wet) Moles % by Vol.

Kg/kg of fuel (dry) on Dry basis

CO2 2.42 44 0.055 0.055

(MC+ H2O) 0.489 18 0.02717 0.00 0.00

SO2 0.034 64 0.000531 0.000531

O2]ex 32 X 6.2

N2]f+N2]th [0.013+6.806]
28 0.243536 0.243536 -
= 6.819
N2]ex
28 3.762 X* -

N2]act 28

Air]th 8.839

Air]act
%Excess
Xwet 0.299067+4.
0.451525 100.00
Xdry 762X
* =79/21 by volume Xwet=Co2+MC+H2o+SO2+O2ex+N2act
Dry moles of flue gas = 0.299067 + 4.762X
% O2 6.2 X
= = = 0.062
100 100 0.299067 + 4.762X

X=0.02631 moles of excess O2

3.762 x =0.098978 moles of excess N2
Total moles of dry flue gas = 0.424355 moles
Total mass of dry flue gas = 12.8863 kg/ kg of fuel
 FLUE GAS ANALYSIS

Constituent Mass Mol Mass Moles (wet) Moles % by Vol.

Kg/kg of fuel (dry) on Dry basis

CO2 2.42 44 0.055 0.055 12.961

(MC+ H2O) 0.489 18 0.02717 0.00 0.00

SO2 0.034 64 0.000531 0.000531 0.1250

O2]ex 0.84192 32 0.02631 X=0.02631 6.2

N2]f+N2]th [0.013+6.806]
28 0.243536 0.243536 -
= 6.819
N2]ex 3.762
2.771384 28 -
X*=0.098978
N2]act 9.59038 28 0.342514 80.714

Air]th 8.839

Air]act 12.4653

%Excess 41.02%

Xwet 13.3753
0.451525 0.424355 100.00
Xdry 12.8863
* =79/21 by volume Xwet=Co2+MC+H2o+SO2+O2ex+N2act
 FLUE GAS ANALYSIS

Constituent Mass Mol Mass Moles (wet) Moles % by Vol.

Kg/kg of fuel (dry) on Dry basis

CO2 2.42 44 0.055 0.055 12.961

(MC+ H2O) 0.489 18 0.02717 0.00 0.00

SO2 0.034 64 0.000531 0.000531 0.1250

O2]ex 0.84192 32 0.02631 X=0.02631 6.2

N2]f+N2]th [0.013+6.806]
28 0.243536 0.243536 -
= 6.819
N2]ex 3.762 X=
2.77138 28 -
0.098978
N2]act 9.59038 28 0.342514 0.342514 80.714

Air]th 8.839

Air]act 12.4523

%Excess 40.88%

Xwet 13.3753
0.451525 0.424355 100.00
Xdry 12.8869

Xwet=Co2+MC+H2o+SO2+O2ex+N2act
 Dry moles of flue gas = 0.299067 + 4.762X
% O2 6.2 X
= = = 0.062
100 100 0.299067 + 4.762X
X=0.02631 moles of excess O2
3.762 x =0.098978 moles of excess N2
Total moles of dry flue gas = 0.424355 moles
Total mass of dry flue gas = 12.8863 kg/ kg of fuel
= mco2 + mso2 + mo2 ]ex + mN2
2. Calculation of Losses :
(i) Dry Gas Loss :[Stack Loss]
Qdfg = [mdfg .Cpdfg . (Tfg − Tamb ) / GCVf ]x100
= [12.8863 * 1.03 * (210 − 35) / 27000] x 100
= 8.603 %
(ii) Losses in Ash
(a) Loss Due to Combustibles in Ash
mub mub
Now = 0.072 =
mash mub + mash, f
mub
 = 0.072
mub + 0.077
 mub = 0.005974 kg / kg of fuel
mash = mub + mash, f
 mash = 0.077 + 0.005974 = 0.082974 kg / kg of fuel
 mub xCVub
Qub =  100
CVf
0.005974x33820
=  100
27000
= 0.748%

(b) Sensible heat loss in Ash :

mash  Cpash  (Tash − Tamb )
Qs, ash =  100
CVf
0.082974  0.84  (627.68 − 35)
 Qs, ash =  100
27000
= 0.153 %

(iii) Loss due to H2 in Fuel :

mH2O.h
QH2 =  100
CVf
h = 4.2(25 − Tamb ) + 2442.3 + 1.88(Tfg − 25)
= 4.2(25 − 35) + 2442.3 + 1.88(210 − 25)
= 2748.1 kJ / kg
mH2O = 9  H = 9  0.41 = 0.369 kg / kg of fuel
0.369  2748.1
 QH2 =  100
27000
= 3.756 %
(iv) Loss due to moisture in fuel :
mMC  h
QMc =  100
CVf
0.12  2748.1
=  100
27000
= 1.221 %
(v) Unaccounted losses :
(a) Radiation loss : 1.0%
(b)Blow down loss : 0.5
(c) Loss due to unburnt gas : 0.2%
-------------------
Qun = 1.5%
Total Losses : Qdfg + Qub + Qs, ash + QH2 + QMC + Qun
= 8.603 + 0.748 + 0.153 + 3.756 + 1.221 + 1.5
= 15.981 %
 b = 100 − Losses = 100 − 15.981 = 84.019 %
Qu Qu
= = .
Qin
m CVf
510
 Qu = 0.84019   27000 = 3213.73 kW
3600
. . .
= ms .hs − mfw .hfw = ms (hs − hfw )

From Steam table, at 70C Water Temperature

hfw=293 kJ/kg
From Steam table, at 70C Water Temperature
hfw=293 kJ/kg
For hs=?
Ps =7.5 kg/cm2 (g) +1.033 kg/cm2 (atm)
Pabs = 7.3575 x 105 N/m2 +1.0132 x 105
= 8.3707 x 105 N/m2 = 8.3707 bar
At this pressure
Tsat= ? hg= ?

At p=8.2 bar tsat= 171.5 C hg=2770.2 kJ/kg

At p=8.4 bar tsat= 172.5 C hg=2771.2 kJ/kg
Atp=8.3707bar tsat=172.35 C hg=2771.05 kJ/kg

Now tsteam = 179 C > Tsat  steam is super heated

from superheated steam table :

At p=8.0 t=200 C hg=2839.3 kJ/kg

At p=9.0 t=200 C hg=2833.6 kJ/kg
At p=8.3707 t=200 C hg=2837.19 kJ/kg
At p=8.3707 & tsat=172.35, hg=2771.05 kJ/kg
At p=8.3707 & tsup = 179 C, hg=2786.96 kJ/kg
 .
Now Qu = ms (hs − hfw )
.
3213.73 = ms (2786.96 − 293.0)
.
 ms = 1.2866 kg / s = 4.639 T / h
.
Qu = meq .Levap
.
3213.73 = meq  2256.9
.
 EE = meq = 1.42396 kg / s = 5.126 T / h

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