SAFETY AUDIT
JALAN TOL CIPULARANG
DAFTAR ISI
Hal
Daftar Isi i
1. Latar Belakang 1
2. Dasar 2
5. Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan 3
8. Rekomendasi 17
9. Kesimpulan 19
Lampiran I
Hasil Pengamatan lapangan Safety Audit
Lampiran II
Hasil pengamatan lapangan Manajemen Lalulintas
Lampiran III
An Introduction to Roadside Hazard Management
Lampiran IV
A Brief outline of design and installation Considerations
for road signs, markings and Delineation.
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
ii
SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
SAFETY AUDIT
JALAN TOL CIPULARANG
1. LATAR BELAKANG
“Kecelakaan lalu lintas adalah suatu kejadian yang bersifat jarang, acak,
dipengaruhi banyak factor dan selalu didahului oleh suatu situasi dimana satu
atau beberapa orang gagal menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya (Odgen
1996)”
Kecelakaan lalu lintas merupakan salah satu masalah yang luar biasa besar yang
dihadapi oleh Pemerintah Indonesia. Masalah kecelakaan lalu lintas telah
mengakibatkan kerugian materi kurang lebih Rp. 30,85 Trilyun (US$ 3,5 billions) belum
termasuk biaya perawatan, kehilangan jiwa dan produktifitas. Mengingat dampak
kecelakaan lalu lintas yang begitu luar biasa tersebut perlu dilakukan upaya-upaya
penanganan dan pencegahannya. Pencegahan kecelakaan lalu lintas merupakan upaya
pengendalian faktor-faktor penyebab kecalakaan lalu lintas agar semaksimal mungkin
dalam batasan yang dapat diantisipasi dan disikapi oleh pengguna jalan dan atau orang
yang berada disekitarnya. Faktor-faktor utama penyebab kecelakaan adalah Sarana,
Prasarana, Manusia dan Lingkungan. Masing-masing faktor memiliki karakteristik yang
berbeda. Karena itu faktor-faktor penyebab kecelakaan lalu lintas harus memenuhi
standard dan persyaratan agar semaksimal mungkin dapat diantisipasi dan disikapi oleh
pengguna jalan dan atau orang disekitarnya.
“ Suatu bentuk pengujian formal dari suatu ruas jalan yang ada dan yang
akan datang atau suatu proyek lalu lintas, atau berbagai pekerjaan yang
berinteraksi dengan pengguna jalan, yang dilakukan secara independen, oleh
suatu tim penguji yang di dalam melihat potensi kecelakaan dan kinerja
keselamatan suatu ruas jalan.”
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
Demikian pula halnya dengan Jalan Tol Cipularang yang membentang antara
Cikampek – Padalarang dengan panjang kurang lebih 54 km juga menghadapi masalah
kecelakaan lalu lintas. Data PT Jasa Marga menunjukkan bahwa dalam kurun waktu
April 2005 s/d April 2006 telah terjadi 181 kecelakaan dengan korban 27 orang
meninggal dunia, 134 luka berat dan 176 luka ringan. Data kecelakaan tersebut diatas
menunjukkan bahwa sejak dioperasikan April 2005 Jalan Tol Cipularang menghadapi
permasalahan kecelakaan lalu lintas yang sangat serius disamping masalah konstruksi
di beberapa lokasi.
Untuk itulah Badan Pengatur Jalan Tol melakukan Safety Audit yang menyeluruh
terhadap Jalan Tol Cipularang yang dilaksanakan secara terkoordinasi dan
komperehensif. Pelaksanaan Safety Audit Jalan Tol Cipularang dibagi menjadi 3 (tiga)
bidang pemeriksaan yaitu :
1. Bidang Konstruksi dan Geoteknik;
2. Bidang Geometrik Jalan;
3. Bidang Manajemen dan Keselamatan Lalu Lintas Jalan.
2. DASAR
1. Undang-undang No. 22 tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan.
2. Undang-undang No. 38 tahun 2004 tentang Jalan;
3. Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan No. KM.60 Tahun 1993 Tanggal 9 September 1993
tentang Marka Jalan;
4. Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan No. KM.61 Tahun 1993 Tanggal 9 September 1993
tentang Rambu-Rambu lalu Lintas di Jalan;
5. Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan No. KM.62 Tahun 1993 Tanggal 9 September 1993
tentang Alat Pemberi Isyarat Lalu Lintas;
6. Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan No. KM.3 Tahun 1994 Tanggal 17 Januari 1994
tentang Alat Pengendali dan Pengaman Pemakai Jalan;
7. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor.392/PRT/M/2005 Tanggal 31 Agustus
2005 perihal Standart Minimal Pelayanan Jalan Tol;
8. Surat Perintah Pelaksanaan Tugas Direktur Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan No.
KP.003/3273/LLAJ tanggal 23 Agustus 2006 tentang kunjungan lapangan Safey
Audit Jalan Tol Cipularang;
9. Surat Kasubdit Audit Keselamatan tanggal 16 Agustus 2006 perihal Jadwal/Schedule
Pemeriksaan Lapangan Bidang Manajemen dan Keselamatan Lalu Lintas Safety
Audit Jalan Tol Cipularang;
10. Nota Dinas/Memorandum Direktur Keselamatan Transportasi Darat tanggal 14
Agustus 2006 No.39/KTD/VIII/06 perihal Persiapan Pelaksanaan Safety Audit Jalan
Tol Cipularang.
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
Survai Safety Audit Jalan Tol dilaksanakan dengan tujuan agar mendapatkan data yang
digunakan sebagai bahan untuk menganalisa ulang dan mengantisipasi terhadap
kemungkinan adanya penambahan rambu/Perlengkapan jalan lainnya yang meyangkut
keamanan, kenyamanan dan keselamatan para pengguna jalan tol.
1. Pengumpulan data sekunder yang berupa gambar rencana (as built drawing), data
kerusakan, dan data kecelakaan
2. Pelaksanaan pemeriksaan yang melibatkan berbagai unsur yang berkepentingan
3. Identifikasi potensi permasalahan keselamatan bagi pengguna jalan dan pengaruh
lainnya dari pembangunan jalan tol
4. Identifikasi penyebab dan solusi penanganannya (countermeasure)
5. Memberikan rekomendasi tentang solusi penanganannya (countermeasure) atas
potensi bahaya dan ancaman terhadap keselamatan pengguna jalan tol
5. PELAKSANAAN PEKERJAAN
Masing-masing sub-bidang terdiri dari 1 (satu) orang ketua dan 2 orang anggota dan
dikoordinir oleh 1 (satu) orang koordinator.
Survai pelaksanaan safety Audit Jalan Tol Cipularang dilaksanakan selama 2 (dua)
minggu, yang terbagi dalam Bidang Manajemen dan Rekayasa Lalu Lintas yang
melaksanakan survey pada tanggal 24 s.d 26 Agustus 2006 dan bidang Keselamatan
Lalu Lintas yang melaksanakan survai pada tanggal 28 s.d 30 Agustus 2006.
Tahapan pelaksanaan audit keselamatan tol Cipulranag untuk Bidang Manajemen dan
Keselamatan Lalu Lintas berdasarkan Ruang Lingkup Pekerjaan untuk Bidang
Manajemen dan Keselamatan Lalu Lintas. Jadwal / Schedule Pemeriksaan Lapangan
Bidang Manajemen dan Keselamatan Lalu Lintas sebagai berikut :
Tahap 1
Pertemuan dengan Badan Pembina Jalan Tol (BPJT), Puslitbang Jalan PU, dan ITB
Bandung untuk konsolidasi pelaksanaan audit keselamatan di jalan tol Cipularang antar
3 (tiga) sub-bidang yaitu:
Disepakati bahwa lingkup tugas masing-masing bidang akan koneksitas dengan lingkup
tugas tim lainnya.
Tahap 2
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
Pertemuan dengan PT Jasa Marga sebagai pemilik jalan Tol Cipularang untuk
membahas data-data sekunder yang diperlukan dalam pelaksanaan audit yang antara
lain berupa data as built drawing, pembagian seksi ruas jalan tol, data kecelakaan 1
(satu) tahun terakhir sejak jalan tol dioperasikan, serta dukungan operasional
pemeriksaan lapangan.
Tahap 3
Pelaksanaan Pemeriksaan lapangan jalan tol Cipularang kedua arah dengan jadwal
schedule dalam lampiran laporan ini. Selama pelaksanaan pemeriksaan lapangan tim
didampingi petugas jasa marga serta menyediakan rompi atau yellow jacket.
Pemeriksaan dilaksanakan pada siang serta malam hari untuk melihat kinerja jalan tol
secara keseluruhan, baik terhadap fasilitas perlengkapan jalan, pengamanan terhadap
obyek-obyek di pinggir badan jalan, serta pemeriksaan secara random terhadap
kecepatan kendaraan yang beroperasi di jalan tol. Sebagai bahan referensi digunakan
check-list dari Audit Keselematan Jalan dari Pedoman Konstruksi dan Bangunan untuk
jalan yang telah beroperasi untuk jalan arteri bukan tol.
Tahap 4
Analisa terhadap data yang telah dikumpulkan baik data sekunder yang berupa as built
drawing dan lainnya maupun data lapangan dilakukan dengan memperhatikan semua
aspek keselamatan lalu lintas jalan.
Tahap 5
A. AUDIT KESELAMATAN
Dalam pelaksanaan audit keselamatan ini untuk mendapatkan hasi yang mendetail
dilakukan inventarisir dan investigasi untuk setiap 200 meter panjang segmen jalan.
Hasil inventarisasi tersebut tertera pada lampiran I.
Rambu lalu lintas sebagai alat untuk pelaksanaan manajemen lalu lintas yang
berfungsi untuk mengatur, mengarahkan dan menuntun arus lalu lintas di Jalan
Tol Cipularang berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan lapangan jumlahnya dirasakan
sangat kurang. Terutama rambu-rambu peringatan dan petunjuk yang berfungsi
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
Secara lebih spesifik yang terutama dirasakan sangat kurang adalah rambu
peringatan untuk tikungan, tanjakan dan turunan. Khusus untuk tikungan selain
diperlukan rambu peringatan adanya tikungan juga diperlukan rambu chevron
untuk memberikan guidance kepada pengemudi untuk melalui tikungan.
Kalaupun sudah dilengkapi dengan chevron namun dirasakan masih kurang
sehingga tidak memberikan effek psikologis kepada pengemudi. Bahkan ditemui
pula rambu chevron yang salah dalam penempatannya.
Gambar : penempatan rambu cevron yang keliru, seharusnya pada tikungan bukan
pada jalan lurus.
Untuk Rambu petunjuk (RPPJ) khususnya untuk exit tol di Jatiluhur dan
Cikamuning belum memadai terutama untuk informasi kendaraan apa saja yang
diharuskan keluar exit Jatiluhur dan Cikamuning. Hal ini dirasakan berbahaya
karena berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pengemudi untuk exit atau tetap di
jalan tol.
Selain itu untuk exit Sadang/Purwakarta yang terletak tepat di tikungan juga
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
Selain daripada itu, hasil pemeriksaan lapangan menunjukkan bahwa di Jalan Tol
Cipularang terdapat lebih dari 1 (satu) spesifikasi rambu yang telah dipasang.
b. Marka Jalan
Disebagian besar tempat, marka jalan banyak sudah terkelupas dan kurang
begitu terlihat baik pada siang hari dan malam hari. Hal ini cukup membahayakan
karena marka jalan berfungsi untuk menuntun pengemudi dalam berlalu lintas.
c. Delineator/Guide Post
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
d. Median barrier
Berdasarkan hasil Berita Acara Tim Laik Fungsi Jalan Tol Cipularang Tahun 2005
telah direkomendasikan bahwa untuk menggunakan double concrete barrier
dengan spesifikasi yang sama dengan Tahap 1.
e. Guard rail
Guard rail adalah salah satu perlengkapan jalan yang berfungsi sebagai
pengaman untuk kendaraan yang lepas kendali sehingga fatalitas dari suatu
kecelakaan lalu lintas dapat dikurangi. Guard rail yang terpasang masih sangat
jauh dari memadai. Terutama dari segi jumlah. Sebagian besar saluran drainase
yang terbuka disisi jalan tol tanpa dilindungi dengan pengaman. Sangat
kontradiktif dengan himbauan PT. Jasa Marga bahwa penyebab utama
kecelakaan adalah mengantuk dan pecah ban. Drainase terbuka dengan lebar
rata-rata 2-3 meter dengan kedalaman 3 meter dengan jarak 1,5 meter dari
pinggir jalan dapat menjadikan kecelakaan ringan menjadi mematikan. Demikian
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
pula halnya dengan timbunan dengan ketinggian lebih dari 1 meter tanpa
dilindungi pengaman dengan kemiringan kurang dari 4:1 . Berdasarkan data
kecelakaan lalu lintas di Jalan Tol Cipularang selama 1 (satu) tahun yang
diperoleh dari PT. Jasa Marga menunjukkan bahwa sebagian kecelakaan fatal
terjadi di saluran drainase.
akses yang ada di pinggir jalan tol. Namun demikian dengan pemasangan MCB
tersebut telah menjadi salah satu titik rawan kecelakaan.
Demikian pula halnya dengan KM 90.400 dan 104.600, pemasangan MCB pada
lokasi ini adalah dimaksudkan untuk mencegah Bus angkutan umum berhenti
untuk menaikkan dan menurunkan penumpang. Penyebab utama dari masalah
ini adalah sejak dioperasikannya jalan tol Cipularang hampir semua Bus
angkutan umum antar kota menggunakan jalan tol, sehingga terjadi kekosongan
pelayanan di jalan arteri yang menyebabkan penumpang memilih untuk
menunggu di pinggir jalan tol. Walaupun demikian, pemasangan MCB di bahu
jalan tidak memecahkan akar masalah yang ada bahkan justru membuat lokasi
ini rawan terjadi kecelakaan. Data kecelakaan menunjukkan lokasi ini menjadi
salah satu Black-Spot.
h. Lajur Pendakian
demikian lajur pendakian tersebut belum memadai dari segi keselamatan lalu
lintas. Sebagian besar lajur pendakian dimulai pada posisi jalan yang sudah
menanjak. Hal ini memberikan sedikit ruang bagi kendaraan berat karena
kendaraan berat memerlukan ancang-ancang(persiapan) yang cukup untuk
melalui tanjakan.
Demikian pula halnya dengan akhir dari lajur pendakian, sebagian berakhir pada
saat posisi masih menanjak. Sebagian lagi pada posisi di puncak tanjakan dan
sebagian lagi berakhir pada tepat setelah melalui puncak tanjakan dan pada
posisi jalan menikung.
i. Escape Ramp
Di jalan Tol Cipularang telah terpasang 1 (satu) buah escape Ramp pada jalur
Bandung-Jakarta. Namun pemasangan escape ramp tersebut kurang memadai
karena tanpa ada informasi tentang keberadaan escape ramp tersebut dan
letaknya disisi kiri pada tikungan ke kiri.
Demikian halnya dengan lajur pendakian, kebutuhan akan escape ramp akan
lebih banyak bila kendaraan Golongan IIA dan Golongan IIB diperbolehkan
menggunakan jalan tol. Setidaknya minimal 5 (lima) escape ramp lagi yang
diperlukan.
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
j. Median breaks
k. Enforcement
Berdasarkan data kecelakaan yang didapat dari PT. Jasa Marga menunjukkan
bahwa sebagian besar penyebab kecelakaan adalah kecepatan tinggi.
Pengamatan lapangan dengan menggunakan speed gun juga menunjukkan data
yang sama. Untuk Mobil jenis sedan dan kendaraan ringan rata-rata
kecepatannya adalah 110-115 km/jam padahal batas kecepatan yang
diperbolehkan adalah maksimal 80 km/jam. Sedangkan untuk kendaraan berat
kecepatan rata-rata 50 km/jam untuk jalan datar dan 40 km/jam untuk jalan
tanjakan. Perbedaan kecepatan yang cukup besar ini akan menjadi potensi
kecelakaan terutama kecelakaan jenis tabrakan belakang (rear end). Upaya-
upaya untuk penegakan hukum atas batas kecepatan tidak berjalan dengan
semestinya.
l. Lain-lain
Selain itu, dijumpai pula adanya asap dari pembakaran jerami hasil panen padi di
sawah disekitar jalan tol. Asap pembakaran jerami tersebut akan mengganggu
keselamatan lalu lintas di jalan tol.
Hasil dari survai pelaksanaan Safety Audit Jalan Tol Cipularang dari Aspek
Rekayasa dan manajemen lalu lintas secara ringkas :
1) Pada prinsipnya kelengkapan rambu telah dipasang sesuai dengan spek teknis
yag ditentukan oleh Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Darat dan pada tahun 2005
telah dikeluarkan Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Darat pada tanggal
12 Juli 2006 No.SK.984/AJ.401/DRJD/2005 tentang Pengaturan Lalu Lintas
yang Bersifat Perintah dan/atau Larangan Pada Ruas Jalan Tol Cikampek-
Purwakarta-Padalarang (Cipularang), akan tetapi terdapat beberapa rambu yang
belum dicantumkan dalam lampiran Peraturan Dirjen Perhubungan Darat dan
terdapat beberapa rambu yang masih dibutuhkan sesuai dengan perkembangan
keadaan yang ada, seperti :
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
3) Pada km. 116 + 800 terdapat guardail dengan bahan reflektor menggunakan
twinlight dan pada ruas 91 + 150 terdapat rambu perintah ”turunkan kecepatan
maks. 60 km/jam” yang tiang rambunya mengunakan kayu, hal itu bertujuan
untuk meminimalkan rambu tersebut hilang/dicuri.
4) Pada arah masuk pintu Tol Jatiluhur terdapat rambu larangan parkir dan
larangan berhenti yang berjumlah lebih dari 3 (tiga) buah dan rambu peringatan
pengarah tikungan yang letaknya berhimpitan, disarankan agar rambu
peringatan pengarah tikungan ke kiri agar dipindahkan untuk memudahkan
pengguna jalan tol dalam melihat rambu dan seharusnya rambu tersebut terletak
pada sisi kiri jalan.
5) Pada km. 117 + 000 terdapat jalur penyelamat, yang apabila terjadi rem blong
maka para pengemudi masuk jalur tersebut, akan tetapi disarankan untuk
dibuatkan rambu petunjuk mengenai jalur tesebut sehingga memudahkan para
pengguna jalan tol yang belum memahami fungsi dari jalur tersebut.
7) Pada km 127 s.d 120 arah Bandung – Jakarta dan km. 5 s.d 1 arah Bandung –
Pasteur disarankan agar dibuat escape lane yang bertujuan agar jika ada
kendaraan yang mogok atau terjadi tabrakan, tidak mengganggu pengguna jalan
tol yang lain dan arus tol pun akan tetap lancar.
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
Dari 12 item yang menjadi fokus perhatian diusulkan beberapa langkah penanganan
dan pencegahan (countermeasures)
b. Marka Jalan
c. Delineator/Guide Post
d. Median barrier
Sesuai dengan rekomendasi dari Tim Laik Fungsi yang telah merekomendasikan
untuk menggunakan double concrete barrier dengan soesifikasi yang sama
dengan Tahap 1. Apabila hal ini dirasakan mahal maka diperlukan barier
pencegah cahaya silau.
e. Guard rail
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
Guard rail adalah salah satu perlengkapan jalan yang berfungsi sebagai
pengaman untuk kendaraan yang lepas kendali sehingga fatalitas dari suatu
kecelakaan lalu lintas dapat dikurangi. Lindungi semua saluran drainase yang
terbuka dengan guard rail. Demikian juga halnya dengan timbunan yang lebih
tinggi dari 1 meter dengan kemiringan kurang dari 4:1 harus dilindungi oleh gurad
rail. Serta lindungi obyek tetap yang terletak di pinggir jalan yang berupa tiang
lampu penerangan jalan, tiang rambu petunjuk dan lainnya dengan guard rail.
h. Lajur Pendakian
Untuk memperbaiki lajur pendakian memerlukan biaya yang tidak sedikit. Untuk
jangka panjang perbaikan lajur pendakian perlu dilaksanakan. Sedangkan untuk
jangka pendek yang perlu dilaksanakan adalah penambahan informasi
peringatan tentang keberadaan lajur pendakian, khususnya awal dan akhir lajur
pendakian.
i. Escape Ramp
Demikian pula halnya dengan keberadaan escape ramp sangat perlu diberikan
informasi kepada para pengguna jalan tol lokasi dan kegunaan dari escape ramp
tersebut. Selain itu perlu dipenuhi pula standar material untuk isi dari escape
ramp tersebut.
Untuk jangka panjang bila kendaraan Golongan IIA dan IIB diperbolehkan
menggunakan jalan tol maka khusus untuk Jalur Bandung- Jakarta dengan
turunan yang panjang diperlukan lebih kurang 5 (lima) escape lagi untuk
antisipasi kerusakan pada kendaraan Golongan IIA dan Golongan IIB.
j. Median breaks
emergency jalan tol. Minimal 4 median breaks di tol Cipularang sebaiknya ditutup
karena posisinya pada tikungan, sehingga membahayakan lalu lintas. Namun
demikian perlu pula dipertimbangkan emergency assistance management untuk
mendukung kegiatan emergency.
k. Enforcement
Batas kecepatan untuk jalan tol tidak begitu jelas. Untuk itu diperlukan rambu-
rambu batas kecepatan yang lebih jelas sehingga dapat dilihat dan dipahami oleh
pengemudi. Direkomendasikan untuk memasang rambu batas kecepatan secara
berpasangan (kiri dan kanan jalan), bila perlu pemasangan rambu batas
kecepatan ini diulang untuk setiap jarak tertentu misalnya setiap 2-3 km. Selain di
sepanjang jaln tol perlu pula dipasang batas kecepatan di setiap exit dan entry
jalan tol, sehingga pengemudi tahu batas kecepatan yang diijinkan.
l. Lain-lain
Diperlukan strategi khusus untuk mencegah orang berada di jalan tol ataupun
menyeberang jalan tol. Diperlukan pendekatan yang lebih intensif terhadap
masyarakat di sekitar jalan tol.
Sedangkan untuk penumpang angkutan umum yang menunggu di jalan tol
penyelesaiannya seiring dengan penyelesaian kekosongan angkutan umum di
jalan tol.
Selain dari catatan tersebut diatas, seluruh rekomendasi yang telah disampaikan
oleh Philip Jordan dalam Black-spot investigation di Jalan Tol Cipularang belum
ditindaklanjuti oleh pihak PT. Jasa Marga. Rekomendasi yang disampaikan oleh
Philip Jordan sangat relevan untuk dilaksanakan mengingat rekomendasi tersebut
untuk meningkatkan keselamatan lalu lintas di jalan tol Cipularang.
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SAFETY AUDIT TOL CIPULARANG
a. Jangka Pendek
Untuk jangka pendek hal-hal yang segera diselesaikan adalah sebagai berikut:
2) Untuk Rambu petunjuk (RPPJ) khususnya untuk exit tol di Jatiluhur dan
Cikamuning perlu dikaji lebih lanjut rambu petunjuk dan informasi tambahan
lainnya untuk kendaraan apa saja yang diharuskan keluar exit Jatiluhur dan
Cikamuning. Untuk exit Cikamuning dan Jatiluhur perlu dibuatkan
decelaration lane yang memadai untuk memisahkan kendaraan berat yang
akan keluar tol dengan lalu lintas lainnya yang menggunakan jalan tol.
7) Demikian pula halnya dengan KM 90.400, MCB pada lokasi ini segera
dihilangkan dan diikuti dengan penegakan hukum yang tegas. Sedangkan
untuk akar permasalahan karena kekosongan angkutan umum sedang
dibicarakan di Ditjen Hubdat.
10) Exit lane untuk rest area salah dalam penggunaan markanya yaitu marka
utuh. Perlu diganti dengan perbaikan marka putus.
b. Jangka Panjang
2) Lindungi semua saluran drainase yang terbuka dengan guard rail. Demikian
juga halnya dengan timbunan yang lebih tinggi dari 1 meter dengan
kemiringan kurang dari 4:1 harus dilindungi oleh gurad rail. Serta lindungi
obyek tetap yang terletak di pinggir jalan yang berupa tiang lampu
penerangan jalan, tiang rambu petunjuk dan lainnya dengan guard rail.
9. KESIMPULAN
Dari pelaksanaan Safety Audit Jalan Tol Cipularang bidang Manajemen dan
Keselamatan Lalu lintas dapat disimpulkan beberapa hal sebagai berikut :
Rambu Lalu Lintas jumlahnya dirasakan sangat kurang terutama untuk rambu
peringatan dan petunjuk yang berfungsi untuk mengarahkan dan menuntun
arus lalu lintas.
SpesifikasiTeknis rambu dan marka masih kurang.
Guide post yang terpasang masih jauh dari memadai baik dari segi jumlah
maupun kualitasnya.
Barrier tengah jalan sebaiknya menggunakan double concrete barrier dengan
ketinggian 120 cm.
Guard rail yang terpasang masih jauh dari memadai.
Pengguna jalan cenderung melampaui batas kecepatan yang diijinkan.
Masih banyaknya objek pinggir jalan yang berbahaya (Roadside Hazardous
Object) seperti tiang lampu penerangan jalan maupun tiang rambu lalu lintas.
Terdapat Movable Concrete Barrier (MCB) yang dipasang dibahu jalan yang
berpotensi besar menimbulkan bahaya. Pemasangan ini dimaksudkan untuk
mencegah bus angkutan umum berhenti untuk menaikkan dan menurunkan
penumpang.
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LAMPIRAN II
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Gambar :
Contoh kurangnya guard rail dan
beberapa kendaraan yang parkir di ruas
jalan tol yang kurang mendukung
keselamatan
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LAMPIRAN III
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of the forgiving roadside has been one of the fundamental platforms of
responsible road authorities seeking to improve the safety of their road network for the
past 35 years. Extensive crash testing and research has led to the development of
"softer" roadside options such as frangible lighting poles and sign posts, impact
attenuators, rigid, semi-rigid and flexible safety barriers, flattened slopes (batters) and
the use of terms such as recovery area and clear zones.
This paper provides the road safety engineer with some of the knowledge required to
identify potential roadside hazards and to suggest possible alternative treatments. This
session outlines:
the idea of the forgiving roadside, and how this should be reflected in the cross-
sectional elements of road designs,
the "clear zone" concept and how it can be used to identify potential safety issues,
options for the treatment of individual roadside hazards such as bridges and culverts,
utility poles, signposts and trees, and
how road safety audits can be a valuable tool for identifying issues at all stages of
a project in the pursuit of a safer roadside environment.
2. BACKGROUND
A roadside hazard is any roadside object or feature, with a diameter greater than 100mm
that is located on or near the roadway and which is likely to create a danger to the
occupants or riders of any vehicle leaving the carriageway. Collisions with roadside
objects are a concern not only because of the numbers of crashes occurring but also
because of their severity. The likelihood of this type of collision resulting in a fatality or
serious injury is generally greater than most other crash types.
The best way to reduce run-oft-road collisions is to ensure that vehicles never leave the
road. However, motorists will continue 10 leave the road for many reasons including
fatigue, excessive speed, interaction with other vehicles, poor road condition or even
vehicle failure. The role of auditors is to recognize this inevitability and to help to create a
system that minimizes the possibility of severe consequences.
An ideal roadside is one providing wide, flat run-off areas with sufficient clearance to
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roadside obstacles to allow for all errant drivers to regain control of their vehicle before a
collision occurs. In practice, however, especially in nations such as Indonesia, the cost of
providing such a roadside is prohibitive and there will always be some roadside
obstacles that present some measure of risk to errant drivers. The objective of roadside
hazard management is to keep this risk to an acceptable level.
This implies that not all roadside hazards will require treatment on every occasion since
the probability of a collision involving some of them will be so low as to make any
potential crash savings much less than the cost of treating the hazard. An immovable
object such as a bridge end post located less than a meter from the edge of carriageway
is a far more significant hazard than an electricity pole located 30m away, simply
because the and post is far more likely to be struck by an errant vehicle. A driver has
little time to recover control within that one meter.
Through the use of the terms "recovery area" and "clear zone", attempts have been
made to priorities the treatment of roadside hazards at different locations. It is also
generally true that the earlier in a project a potential hazard can be identified (via a road
safety audit) the more likely it can be remedied at a lower cost. It costs less to alter a
drawing than to modify a road feature after it has been constructed.
The recovery area is the part of the roadside in which an errant vehicle could
be expected to come to rest safely or pass through before rejoining the traffic
lane. By definition the recovery area is primarily dependent on traffic speed.
Early studies in the United States of America indicated that, on high speed,
open roads with flat side slopes, between 80-85% of vehicles could be
expected to recover within 30ft (or 9m) from the edge of carriageway.
But, the distance that a vehicle will travel after leaving the carriageway is not
only dependent on speed; it will also depend on the adjacent batter slope and
the horizontal and vertical alignment of the road at that point. For instance, the
required recovery area is greater on the outside of curves or where there is a
significant batter slope away from the carriageway.
Having noted that the true "recovery area" can be impractically large, the
concept of a clear zone, or an area within the recovery area which is kept free
of unprotected hazards, is an attempt to define an area which reflects the
probability of a collision occurring at a particular site. The clear zone width is
not only dependent on traffic speed and roadside geometry, but also on traffic
volume. Figure 1 (below) is used in Victoria to determine appropriate clear zone
widths for selected traffic volumes and speeds on straight roads with flat
roadside areas.
Vic Roads (1997) gives details of adjustments required to the above clear zone
width to allow for the effects of curves and batters. It should be noted that the
family of curves shown in Figure 1 is based on limited empirical data and
current practices.
A road safety auditor should be aware of this, and use these curves as a guide
while keeping in mind the individual site conditions and the speed
characteristics of traffic at the site.
The definition of an appropriate clear zone width is the first step in developing a
rational roadside hazard management strategy. Ideally, the clear zone width
should be kept clear of unprotected roadside hazards (an object with a
diameter of 100mm or greater is generally considered to be a fixed object
capable of causing serious injury to the occupants of a colliding vehicle). For
any particular roadside hazard that lies within the clear zone, there are five
options available:
(i) remove the hazard
(ii) relocate the hazard to a safer location
(iii) alter the hazard to reduce impact severity
(iv) install impact attenuation or redirection devices to guard the hazard
(v) manage the traffic to keep the vehicles on the road
The decision on how best to treat a roadside hazard is dependent on the likely
severity of an impact with that hazard.
3.4.1.1.1 Embankments
Generally, embankment slopes of 4:1 or flatter, if smooth and traversable,
present little hazard to the occupants of cars and provide an opportunity
for an errant vehicle to recover. However, trucks have different needs and
roads with high truck volumes benefit from having roadside slopes flatter
than 6:1 to reduce
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Slopes of between 3:1 arid 4:1 are generally too steep to allow recovery
of control of the vehicle. Vehicles encroaching on to such slopes can be
expected to travel all the way to the bottom. Therefore, these slopes
should be kept clear of fixed obstacles and they should not be considered
as part of the clear zone. Slopes steeper than 3: 1 are critical - on these
slopes a vehicle is likely to overturn. These slopes should either be
flattened or protected by an approved safety barrier.
4. DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
All roads must have provision for pavement drainage. Road safety engineers need to
be aware of the potential impact of open drains and culverts on roadside safety.
Table drains along the side of roads may represent a hazard to errant vehicles under
the following circumstances:
(i) where restrictive right of way results in steeper than desirable batter slopes
along the drain. Generally where either the front or back slope of the table
drain is steeper than 3:1, depending on depth, the drain could cause a
problem. To overcome this, drains should be designed with a flat bottom and
ample rounding of both the top and base of batters.
(ii) Where there are significant hazards (particularly culvert headwalls or trees)
within the area of the drain since the drain itself will act as a funneling device
towards the object.
(iii) when there is a need to construct access across the table drain, either as a
median crossover, to provide access to private property, or at intersecting
roads. Because these accesses are most likely to be struck head-on by
vehicles, slopes of 10:1 are desirable but up to 6:1 may be permissible. In
these situations the most difficult task is dealing with the ends of pipes or
culverts that will carry the water under the access embankment. Old style mass
concrete headwalls with blunt ends are not acceptable.
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Cross culverts, which vary in size from 450mm diameter pipes to large box
culverts,
For larger pipes and culverts that cannot readily be made traversable, it may be
possible to extend the culvert outside the clear zone or terminate it close to the
road and provide a safety barrier. The choice between these two options
should be based on an economic analysis that includes not only the capital
cost associated with extending the culvert, but also the cost of the increased
likelihood of a collision with the roadside barrier located close to the
carriageway. It should be remembered that the auditor's role is to highlight
potential hazards. The project manager makes the decision about the final
treatment.
Blunt concrete end walls placed at the invert of a table drain are an
unnecessary and particularly dangerous roadside hazard. Since most of these
culverts are of relatively small diameter they can be treated in much the same
way as cross culverts to be made traversable. Again standard designs are
available for grated pipe ends (generally only required above 600mm diameter)
and sloping headwalls.
There are other ways to eliminate these culverts such as by realigning the table
drain (so that the culvert is located further away), In the case of accesses that
are not used frequently (as is the case for many farm accesses on rural roads)
providing an all-weather crossing of the table drain to allow access during
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wetter months.
4.3 Krebs
With modern vehicle suspensions, 150mm high barrier kerbs do not represent
a significant hazard to errant vehicles, except on high-speed carriageways
where they may trip a spinning or slipping vehicle and cause it to over-turn.
5. SAFETY BARRIERS
Safety barriers -despite their name -can themselves constitute a hazard. All
reasonable steps should be taken to eliminate the need for these through good
design. But, not all safety barriers can be eliminated, so it is important that they be
used only where appropriate and that their installation be undertaken correctly.
There are two categories of safety barrier -longitudinal barriers and crash cushions.
o Longitudinal barriers are placed generally parallel to traffic flow. They function by
capturing and redirecting errant vehicles away from potential hazards. They are
classified by their rigidity into the following types:
flexible e.g. wire rope barriers
semi-rigid e.g. steel W-beam guard fence
rigid e.g. concrete median barrier or bridge railings.
o Crash cushions are generally placed transverse to the traffic flow and function
primarily by decelerating errant vehicles to a controlled stop. Modern crash
cushions also have the ability to redirect errant vehicles that strike the side of the
cushion.
Safety barriers are costly to install and maintain. They also represent a hazard to
errant vehicles. During design therefore every effort should be made to eliminate the
need for roadside barriers. Their use and installation should always be audited
critically and carried out according to manufacturer instructions.
Barriers should not be installed only because vehicles are running off the road, or
have the potential to run off the road, especially if the resulting damage and injuries
without a barrier are minor. Similarly the decision to shield fixed roadside objects is
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one that must take into account the nature of the object itself and the likelihood that it
will be hit. Given that the recommended clear zone width is set to take into account
the probability of a collision, consideration should be given to shielding any fixed'
object within the clear zone, provided the severity of collision with the barrier is less
severe than a collision with the hazard.
On the basis of previous research relating embankment heights and slopes to crash
severity, warrants have been developed for the use of guard fence on embankments.
Figure 2 provides guidance on when it is appropriate to consider guard fence
installation on embankments. MSHTO (1989) provides similar curves, as well as
some modifications to the basic curves to take into account the probability of
encroachment and the cost of installing a safety barrier by relating the warrants to
traffic volumes and speeds as well as embankment height and slope.
However, a decision to install a roadside barrier must also take account of the
increased likelihood of a collision through the installation of 25m (minimum length
required for correct performance) of barrier to protect a hazard (maybe only one
meter wide!)
o The W-beam rail- this steel rail must be strong enough to withstand
the high axial tensile stresses, as well as bending stresses, which
develop as the kinetic energy of the vehicle is dissipated through
distortion and crushing of the vehicle, the rail and the soil. Individual
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rail sections must also be securely connected to the next length, and
overlapped away from the direction of the oncoming traffic to avoid
snagging.
o The posts (timber or steel) -provide rigidity to the whole system and to
hold the W-beam rail at the correct height both before and during a
collision. It is vitally important that the posts are spaced correctly and
are the correct length, not only above ground level, but below it as
well.
o The blocks -prevent snagging on the posts and help to avoid vehicle
rollover by providing restraining forces above the centre of gravity of
the vehicle.
o The anchorages -are essential for the W-beam to develop its full
tensile strength by providing a restraining force at either end. A
common anchorage is an adaptation of the original Breakaway Cable
Terminal (BCT).
o The terminals -the BCT incorporates slotted W-beam rails that
crumple if the barrier is stuck end-on, reducing the possibility of the
rails spearing a vehicle.
The road safety audit team needs to have a detailed understanding of the
functions and use of steel beam guard fence, and the appropriate
construction details covering such things as beam height, post spacing
and length, barrier offset, terminal flare and the terminal itself.
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Two common types of impact attenuator are the Guard Rail Energy Absorbing
Terminal (GREAT) and the QUADGUARD, both are patented systems from
Energy Absorption Systems Ltd. Most other crash cushions are also patented
systems. Advice on their use and construction details is available through the
manufacturers. Because of their specialised use and cost, the advice of
experts in the field should be sought when recommending or considering the
use of impact attenuators.
6. ROADSIDE OBJECTS
A frangible pole is one that will yield or break when impacted by a vehicle.
They are an option to be used at locations where poles do not carry live
overhead services (electricity). As mentioned previously, there is as yet
no acceptable frangible treatment for poles carrying live conductors. This
is due to the disruption that can be caused by power losses and surges
and also because the presence of live wires on or near the ground after a
collision may present a greater danger than the pole itself. Frangible
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poles are therefore most commonly used at locations that support only
street lighting. There are two types of frangible street lighting poles
available - slip-base and impact absorbing.
Slip-base poles
A slip-base pole is designed to separate from its base when struck by an errant
vehicle, allowing the vehicle to pass over the base and underneath the falling pole.
Since the mechanism involves the pole falling to the ground, slip base poles are
most appropriate in higher speed areas, areas clear of overhead services, areas with
few pedestrians, and little adjacent development or car parking.
The correct failure mode of this type of pole is straightforward but needs attention to
detail in practice. Common faults associated with the installation of slip-base poles
include:
incorrectly tightened hold down bolts. If the bolts are too tight the pole acts a rigid
pole and the safety features are lost, too loose and the pole can be knocked over by
the forces of excessive wind loading. 80Nm per bolt is the correct torque required.
base section set too low so that the surrounding ground impedes the free movement
of the pole during impact.
base section set too high so that it will snag an impacting vehicle.
pole placed too close to bottom of cut batters again impeding free movement.
hold down bolts concreted in position so that collapse mechanism is inoperable –
again creating a rigid pole.
base plate not aligned correctly to direction of traffic flow.
circular washer broken at bolts enabling the slip based pole to "walk" off the base
under cyclic wind load.
use in low speed locations e.g. at roundabouts, parking areas, where the striking
vehicle does not have sufficient speed to satisfactorily clear the falling pole.
6.3 Trees
Collisions with trees contribute significant numbers to the statistics on fixed roadside
object collisions. Ideally the clear zone width should be kept clear of trees with a
mature trunk diameter in excess of 100mm. Most road authorities have guidelines
that provide advice on clearance requirements for tree planting, taking account of
sight distance needs as well as roadside safety. In mountainous parts of Indonesia,
as long as speeds are kept low, there is potential to use trees on the down hill side of
a road to act as "crash barriers" and also a crude form of delineation. While vehicle
speeds are low (under about 40km/h) the trees of Indonesia possibly provide positive
road safety inputs. However, if vehicle speeds increase substantially (due to
improved roads or any reason) the placement of such trees will need to be carefully
reviewed. The following advice therefore refers to trees that are not intended and
purposely used to reduce the risk of serious injury on mountain roads.
The consideration of existing trees located within the clear zone is a difficult and
sensitive task. Any proposal to indiscriminately clear a 9m wide strip of mature native
trees will create concern. When faced with this dilemma, the auditor as well as the
road manager should be aware of other options available, besides clear felling, to
increase the safety of the section of road.
The first approach should be to try and ensure that as much assistance as possible
is given to the motorist to remain on the road. This can include sealing gravel
shoulders, improving the pavement and/or pavement surface, upgrading roadside
delineation through the use of raised reflective pavement markers (RRPM's), wide or
tactile edge lining, more closely spaced post mounted delineators, better advisory
signing and road improvements such as curve reconstruction.
This technique allows the desired clear zone to be achieved over a period of time
without the trauma associated with a concentrated program of tree clearing. Where
there are large and significant trees close to the carriageway that will never be able
to be removed, the use of roadside barriers may be warranted.
Road safety audit teams need to consider other roadside objects, including:
(i) roadside fencing -as discussed earlier, roadside fencing for control of
pedestrian or vehicular movement should be constructed without horizontal
rails which might spear an errant vehicle. It should not restrict sight lines
near intersections.
(ii) bus shelters/houses/ stock piles -these should be appropriately located.
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7. BRIDGES
There are a great many bridges in Indonesia. New road projects will often have a
bridge (or many bridges) included. A road safety audit team needs to consider safety
at bridges because of the special treatments that have been designed for them.
7.1 Piers
With "road over road" bridges the question of protection of central or outer piers
arises frequently. Given that bridge piers these days are designed for impact
loading it is suggested that if the pier is within the clear zone for the road in
question then it should be protected, usually by W-beam guardrail or concrete
barriers.
Pedestrian overpasses however, represent a different problem in that piers
may not be designed to withstand an impact from a heavy vehicle and
therefore may need protection even if they are outside the clear zone. In
circumstances where W-beam guardrail is used it may even be applicable to
reduce the post spacing to 1 m in the vicinity of the pier to ensure there is no
break through. The more rigid concrete barriers can also be used at locations
with significant exposure to heavy vehicles.
Large culverts present similar problems to bridges except that they are usually
not as expensive to construct. Therefore they offer an opportunity for the
structure to be lengthened -ending outside the clear zone. A less rigid barrier
can be installed away from the edge of the culvert.
8. CONCLUSION
In considering the roadside safety of new or planned projects, road safety auditors
need
to be able to identify departures from agreed standards or construction practices.
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This will often mean giving consideration to features where trade offs between safety
and cost have come down in favour of the cheapest capital cost solution to the
extent that safety has been compromised. The same is true for audits of the existing
network where an auditor should be looking to promote the adoption of an orderly
roadside hazard management program, based on a cost-effective approach to
identifying and treating all roadside hazards. The need for such an approach is
essential if the number and severity of fixed object collisions is to be reduced.
Indonesia needs audit teams that are knowledgeable in roadside hazard
management
9. REFERENCES
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LAMPIRAN IV
Drivers receive about 90% of all their necessary driving information visually. Two of the
most common ways for engineers to give information to motorists is via signs and
markings. These are so commonly used that they can sometimes be taken for granted,
and may often be incorrectly, inefficiently or unsafely used.
Signs/markings can be most effective by keeping in mind the 5C’s of good signage in all
road safety engineering work. The 5 C’s of good signage are that signs (and markings)
should be:
CONSPICUOUS – the sign has to be seen (eg placing a sign behind a bridge
pier is not acceptable)
CLEAR – the shape and colour of the sign, as well as the legend/symbol,
have to be able to be readily identified.
COMPREHENSIBLE – the sign has to be able to be understood (eg a sign
written in the Swedish language on the road to Denpassar would not be
acceptable)
CREDIBLE – the message conveyed by the sign has to be believable to the
drivers otherwise they will tend to ignore it (eg a kangaroo warning sign on a
National Highway in Indonesia would quickly be ignored).
CONSISTENT – identical traffic situations should be managed by the use of
the same sign, thereby reducing driver reaction times, and improving driver
understanding. (all direction signs should be the same colour and shape, with
words and arrows). Confirmation signs are useful because they reinforce to
drivers that they are on the route they want to be on.
Signs are not always an effective engineering solution to all safety problems. For
example, a hazardous intersection may be better treated by improved definition
of the hazardous area itself, rather than by warning signs.
Signs or markings can seldom be used to solve problems caused by poor and
confusing road geometry. Geometric rearrangement may well be the only reliable
cure, ie channelisation of the intersection, or reconstruction of the curve to
provide a higher speed value.
Like situations should be treated in a like manner, and standard devices should
always be used unless it can be clearly demonstrated that they do not fit the
case.
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All signs and markings should be properly maintained and replaced when worn
out, particularly reflective devices.
Devices should be installed according to guides and warrants.
Excessive numbers of signs should be avoided. Always ask:
are certain signs really needed?
do they serve any practical function?
can they be read and acted upon by a driver?
Can an excessive number be replaced by fewer but larger signs
Is a particular type of sign being used so often for purposes of lesser importance
that its value in solving more serious problems is degraded?
Signs need to be of an adequate size and properly located, so that drivers can
read and act upon the message. Spacing should be such that a driver can
comprehend the messages on successive signs. As a general guide,
successive signs should be spaced at least 0.6 V metres apart, where V is
the 85th percentile speed of vehicles past the signs, in km/h.
Signs should provide adequate advance warning of hazard or decision points, not
forgetting that the hazard or decision point itself needs to be adequately
delineated.
Complex word messages and symbols should be avoided.
The limitations on a driver’s ability to see and/or read messages conveyed by
pavement markings under certain geometric road conditions (around curves,
on crest vertical curves, etc.) should be recognised.
Total reliance on pavement markings to guide or control drivers at locations of
special hazard should be avoided. For example, at a narrowing of pavement
(say, at a narrow bridge) edge lines, while good, may not be reliable at all
times. Hazard markers delineating the obstruction should also be installed.
Long life materials should be used for line marking. Thermoplastic materials are
readily available for this. Although more expensive than paint, thermoplastic
materials last many times longer than paint. In Indonesia, where dust, rain
and heat quickly removes normal painted lines, thermoplastic should provide
a cost effective option.
DELINEATION
Delineation is the term given to the provision of signs, line marking and other
traffic devices in order to guide drivers, especially on substandard curves.
Roadway delineation is used to:
Delineation is of critical importance to the safe and efficient operation of the road
system. Most of the information that the driver uses to control a vehicle is visual.
Delineation is vital in enabling the driver to locate the vehicle on the roadway and to
make navigation and control decisions. Adequate delineation enables the driver to
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keep the vehicle within the traffic lane (short range delineation), and plan the
immediate forward route-driving task (long range delineation).
Long-range delineation enables the driver to plan the forward route, and thus it
needs to be consistent and continuous. It is not restricted to locations where forward
visibility is particularly confusing or critical, but has application to a road as a whole.
The curve characteristics of direction and curvature may need to be assessed up to 9
seconds ahead. Detailed tracking data for actual curve negotiation is required 3
seconds ahead of the curve. Delineation devices fall into two groups - pavement
markings and roadside devices.
Pavement markings
Pavement markings are usually applied using either paint or a thermoplastic material.
Because they are required to operate at day and night, they should be highly
reflective, e.g. through the use of glass beads mixed into the paint. They also need
to be skid-resistant and durable. The message they convey must be clear and not
lead to confusion, and since any given symbol may be visible for only a very short
time, the message must be simple and clearly understood.
Roadside devices
Roadside devices include continuous devices such as guideposts, and devices used
only at individual sites such as bends or objects such as bridges and culverts.
They may be provided as isolated devices, for example to mark the presence of a
culvert, over a short section of road or continuously along an extended length of
road. In the last case, the driver should always be able to see at least two and
preferably three pairs of guideposts in his/her range of vision.
yellow). The use of these CAM’s should be restricted to those locations where
drivers need additional strong delineation to guide them through a curve. To
maintain their significance as an important form of delineation, they should not be
used at inappropriate locations (such as on traffic islands, roundabouts or other
locations that need a hazard marker post). They should only be used on bends
which are substandard compared to the adjacent bends.
CAM’s are placed in series around the outside of substandard curves, placed
approx. 1 metre off the edge of the shoulder. The first CAM is located at or near the
tangent point, and subsequent CAMs should be placed so that at least three CAMs
are visible at any one time to an approaching driver. CAM’s are suited where there is
a difference between approach speed and curve advisory speed of around 20 km/h,
with the CAMs spaced at:
where V is the approach speed (km/h) and R is the curve radius (m).
The CAMs continue around the curve until the path ahead can be clearly
appreciated by the driver. The use of CAM’s should be reserved exclusively for curve
delineation, and not used for any other purpose (such as roundabouts, pedestrian
refuges, bridge end posts, etc) since such practices will reduce their effectiveness.
CAM’s have been shown to improve curve negotiation strategy, especially with
impaired drivers, and provide better long-range information on such curves than
guideposts. They have a crash reduction potential of 30%.
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