IKLIM DAN CUACA

MATERI KULIAH 03 FISIKA BANGUNAN 1

ARSITEKTUR - JTA

MATERI POKOK
Perbedaan antara Iklim (climate)
dan cuaca (weather)
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
iklim dari sebuah wilayah.

PENGERTIAN IKLIM
Iklimadalah keadaan rata-rata atmosfer dalam waktu relatif lama
(minimal 30 tahun) dan meliputi wilayah yang luas.
Iklim di suatu tempat di bumi dipengaruhi oleh letak geografis dan
topografi tempat tersebut.
Pengaruh posisi relatif matahari terhadap suatu tempat di bumi
menimbulkan musim, suatu penciri yang membedakan iklim satu dari
yang lain. Perbedaan iklim menghasilkan beberapa sistem klasifikasi
iklim.
Klasifikasi iklimyang sering dan umum digunakan adalah iklim
matahari. Iklim matahari menggolongkan wilayah di bumi berdasarkan
gerak semu matahari dan garis lintang. Istilah yang sering dipakai
untuk iklim matahari adalah iklim tropis, iklim subtropis, iklim sedang
dan iklim kutub. Indonesia karena terletak di wilayah equator maka
termasuk ke dalam iklim tropis dimana sinar matahari melimpah
sepanjang tahun.

IKLIM

Danang Adi Prasetyo

Iklim dapat dikatakan sebagai cuaca yang dialami

sepanjang satu masa di suatu tempat. Iklim dapat juga
diartikan sebagai susunan atau keadaan umum kondisi
cuaca dari hari ke hari.
Iklim merupakan kelanjutan dari hasil pencatatan
unsur cuaca dari hari ke hari dalam waktu yang lama,
sehingga merupakan rata-rata dari unsur cuaca secara
umum.
Iklim bersifat stabil bila dibandingkan dengan cuaca.
Perubahan iklim berlangsung dalam periode yang
lama dan meliputi areal yang sangat luas.

PENGERTIAN CUACA
Cuaca adalah keadaan udara pada saat tertentu dan di wilayah
tertentu yang relatif sempit dan pada jangka waktu yang singkat.
Cuacaadalah keadaan atmosfer dalam waktu singkat dan
meliputi wilayah yang sempit. Contohnya adalah kalau pagi hujan
kemudian siang terang, itulah perubahan cuaca , atau malam hari
dingin dan siang hari panas. Cuaca berubah dalam hitungan jam
hari berdasar suhu dan kelembaban yang dipengaruhi oleh angin
dan matahari.
Cuaca terbentuk dari gabungan unsur cuaca dan jangka waktu
cuaca bisa hanya beberapa jam saja. Misalnya: pagi hari, siang
hari atau sore hari, dan keadaannya bisa berbeda-beda untuk
setiap tempat serta setiap jamnya.
Di Indonesia keadaan cuaca selalu diumumkan untuk jangka
waktu sekitar 24 jam melalui prakiraan cuaca hasil analisis Badan
Meteorologi dan Geofisika (BMG), Departemen Perhubungan

CUACA
Cuaca mengacu pada kondisi lapisan udara (atmosfer)
di suatu daerah atau wilayah dalam jangka waktu yang
relatif pendek. Berbeda dengan iklim yang meliputi
wilayah lebih luas dan jangka waktu yang lebih lama.
Kondisi atmosfer yang merupakan unsur cuaca
terutama adalah komponen gejala alam yang dapat
mempengaruhi aktifitas manusia, seperti sinar
matahari, awan, angin, hujan, kelembaban, tekanan,
dan suhu.

PENJELASAN UMUM
TENTANG IKLIM DAN CUACA
Para ahli Meteorologists sering
menjelaskan bahwa:
"climate is what you expect and
weather is what you get."
"Climate helps you decide what
clothes to buy, weather helps you
decide what clothes to wear."

PERUBAHAN IKLIM DAN

CUACA

Musim
Revolution
Orbit around the sun

Rotation
Earth rotates on its axis - 24 hours from
west to east.

Axial Tilt
Earth is tilted at 23 differing the
amount of sunlight throughout the year.

Musim
Equinox
March 21 and September 23, suns rays
on the equator. Spring and Fall

Solstice
June 21, north hemisphere receives the
most sun, Dec 22 Southern hemisphere
receives most sun. Summer and Winter.

Musim

PERTANYAAN?

Mengapa kita harus mempelajari

tentang iklim dan cuaca?

Mengapa beberapa wilayah beriklim panas

(Hot) dan yang lainnya beriklim dingin (cold)?

JAWABAN:

L. Latitude
O. Ocean Curent
W. Wind and Air masses
E. Elevation
R. Relief
Near Water

Latitude:
Distance from the Equator is a key factor in
determining whether a climate is hot or cold.

Places closer to
the North and
South poles =
colder
temperatures
Places near the
equator = warmer
temperatures

How does latitude

affect climate?

Temperature

As latitude ________, the average

annual temperature
_________.
increase decrease
s
s

0
90

Latitude

Temperature Profile

Ocean Currents:
Temperature of an
ocean current
affects the
temperature of air
that passes over it.

Ocean Current

How do ocean currents

affect climate?
Warm Currents: warmer climate
Cold Currents: cooler climate

Wind & Air Masses:

What is an AIR
MASS?
An air mass is a
large volume of air
that takes on the
climatic conditions
of the area where it
is formed.

Elevation:
The Higher in Altitude, the Colder in
Temperature.
As the air rises, it expands because
of the lower air pressure.
As the air expands, it cools.

Elevation

Elevation

Page 14 of the ESRTs

We live in the
troposphere.
Temperature decreases
with elevation.

Relief:
Precipitation created when an air
mass rises to cross a mountain
barrier

How does the

Orographic Effect
affect climate?
Windward Side:cool,
___________
moist
Leeward Side: warm,
_____________
dry

Orographic Effect

Near Water:
In the summer the water acts like an
air conditioner to keep the air
temperatures cool
In the winter water acts like a heater
to keep the temperatures from
getting too cold
Continental Climate (Away from
water)
Maritime Climate (Close to water)

Tropical Climates

Koeppens Climate
Classification
Moisture

Coldest
month

Warmest
month

>18C

Evap>Rain

Temperate

<18C, >-3C

>10C

Cold

< -3C

>10C

Polar

<10C

Tropical
Dry

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Koeppens Climate
Classification

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Important Climate Types for

the Tropics

Tropical wet climate

Rain all year round
Short dry season - Monsoon
Winter dry season

Semi arid (< 750 mm)

Desert or arid climate
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Climates in the
Tropics

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Climate Determinants

Solar radiation
Surface receiving solar radiation
Earths rotation
Land/sea configuration and
topography

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High solar radiation with little seasonal variation

(6%) at the Equator
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20% seasonal variation in solar radiation at 20 N

latitude
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Less solar radiation with much seasonal variation (50%) at

40 N
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Solar Radiation Absorption

Receiving Surfaces

Land
Bare soil
Dry soil
Dark soil

Warmer
Low

Water
Vegetatio
n
Wet soil
Light soil
Cooler
High

Temperature
Pressure

Low

High
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Airflow
Humidity

Solar Radiation Drives the

Climatic System
Tropical Region
High consistent levels of
incoming solar energy
75% of surface as water thus much moisture

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Air Flow in the

Tropics
High solar input
heats up air
Warmer air rises
Creates a low
pressure area
Causes air flow from
the higher pressure
zone at higher
latitude
Trade winds are the result

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Tropical Trade Winds

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Intertropical Convergence
Zone
Tropic of Cancer - 23.5 N
Equator

Intertropical Convergence Zo

Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5 S

ITCZ where trade winds converge

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Intertropical Convergence
Zone

July
Equator

Intertropical Convergence Zo

January

ITCZ follows the sun and modified by

topography
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Moisture
Air temperature is correlated to
water holding capacity of air

Tendency for higher rainfall in

tropics
Can be very intense showers
Associated with the ITCZ
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Color codes:
Reddish tones = no dry season
Blue tones = short dry season
Yellow and green = distinct dry season

Highest
rain
along
the
ITCZ

Intertropical Convergence Zo

Temperature of the coldest month is

> 18C (64.4F)

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Color codes: Grays and blue = steppe climate

Shades of orange = deserts
Yellows = cool dry deserts

The major deserts of the world are towards edge of tropical zone

tertropical Convergence Zone

Annual evaporation exceeds annual precipitation

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Temperature in the
Tropics

Little annual variation (<10F or 6C)

Daily range is typically greater than mean

monthly temperature range
Cooler temperatures at higher altitude
3F/1000 feet or 5.6C/1000 m

Warmer temperatures in continental

interiors

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What is the Tropics?

Three climate influencing characteristics

unique to the tropics
High solar radiation
Little seasonal variation in solar radiation
75% of surface area is water

Main classification points

Moisture
Altitude

No one unique tropical climate

Very wet to very dry
Windy to relatively calm
Very hot to cold

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Tropical Soils

Tropical vs Temperate
Zone Soils
Older land surfaces
Most temperate areas exposed since
last glaciation
Exceptions: volcanic and alluvial soils

More highly weathered and

leached
High temperature/moisture
Weather 4 times faster
Poor natural fertility
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Old Landscape Soils

54% of land area
Oxisols, 25%
Brazil and Zaire

Ultisols, 12%
Brazil, West coast of Africa, NE India,
Borneo

Alfisols, 17%
Sahelian and Sudanian zones
Kenya, Tanzania, NE Brazil, India
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Oxisols in the Tropics

O
O

O
O
O

O
O O
O

25% of land area

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Oxisols - 25%

Humid tropics
Low pH
Low CEC
Low exchangeable bases, Al, P
Low fertility
Excellent drainage
Good to excellent erosion
resistance
Agricultural potential
Low in low input system
High in high input system
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Ultisols in the Tropics

U
U

U U
U

U
U

U
U

12% of land area

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U U

Ultisols - 12%

Humid tropical forest, Asia

Low pH
Low CEC
Low exchangeable bases, P high Al
Low fertility
Excellent drainage
Poor to good erosion resistance
Agricultural potential
Low in low input systems
Good - high in high input system
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Alfisols in the Tropics

A
A

A A

A
A

17% of land area

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Alfisols

Transitional zone to arid climate

High pH
Medium CEC
Medium to high exchangeable
bases
Medium to high fertility
Good to excellent drainage
Poor to good erosion resistance
Agricultural potential
Good for low input system
High for high input system

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New Landscape Soils

Alluvial, Volcanic, and other soils
23%
Entisols and Inceptisols

Desert soils 20%

Aridisols

Cracking soils

3%

Vertisols

Peaty soils <1%

Histosols
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Inceptisols and Entisols in the Tropics

I
E

I
I
E

I
E
E

23% of land area

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I
I

Inceptisols and Enceptisols

New, little weathered soils
Vary in characteristics

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Alluvial Soils

River flood plains

Wide range of physical/chemical traits
Very fertile
Flood control is important
Location - Tropical River Basins
Amazon, Orinoco
Congo, Senegal, Niger
Ganges, Mekong

Already extensively farmed

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Volcanic soils

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Volcanic Soils
Advantages
Excellent drainage
Stable porous structure, resistant to erosion
No drought or tillage problems
Abundant Ca, Mg, and K

Disadvantages
P fixation and low N
Generally at high altitude
Cooler climate
Poor access

Already extensively farmed

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Aridisols in the Tropics

D
D

20% of land area

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Aridisols - Desert soils

Developed in dry regions so little
weathering
Little leaching so good fertility
May have accumulations of
sodium, gypsum, or salt
Potential if water is available for
irrigation and leaching

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Vertisols in the Tropics

3-5% of land area

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Vertisols
Characteristics
High in montmorillonite clay
Cracks when dry
High pH, Ca, and Mg
Good fertility
Excellent potential for
agriculture

Disadvantages
Difficult to till if dry or too wet

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Histosols
Soils with peaty
accumulations
75% of these soils in
SE Asia
Sumatra, Borneo,
Indonesia

Most have low base

status
Good N levels
Low P, K and other cations
Micronutrient
deficiencies
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(Zn, Cu) common

Histosols - Peaty soils

Soils with peaty accumulations
Need to be drained before use
Deep peats, pineapple production
Shallow peats, rubber, oil palm,
coffee

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Fertility Levels of
Tropical Soils

Alluvial most fertile

Vertisols
Aridosols
Volcanic
Alfisols
Ultisols
Oxisols
least fertile
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Extent of Tropical Soils

Oxisols
Aridisols
Alfisols
Ultisols
Vertisols
Alluvial

25%
20%
17%
12%
5%
5%

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Structure of Tropical
Soils
Volcanic
structure
Oxisols
Alfisols
Ultisols
Vertisols
structure

Best soil

Worst soil

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Thank You