Doddy Tavianto
Bagian/SMF Anestesiologi dan Reanimasi
FK-UNPAD/RSUP Dr Hasan Sadikin
Bandung
INTRACELLULAR
INTRACELLULAR
FLUID(ICF)
(ICF)
FLUID
60% BW (50 L)
EXTRACELLULAR
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
FLUID(ECF)
(ECF)
20% BW (15L)
40 % BW (35 L)
INTRAVASCULAR
INTRAVASCULAR
FLUID(PLASMA)
(PLASMA)
FLUID
5 % BW (3,5 L)
INTERSTITIIL
INTERSTITIIL
FLUID
FLUID
15 % BW (11,5 L)
Extracellular
fluid: 20 % BW
lungs
intestines
Blood plasma: 5% BW
Interstitiil fluid: 15 % BW
Intracellular fluid: 40 % BW
skin
kidney
ICF
Membran sel
Dinding kapiler
PLASMA
INTERSTITIIL FLUID
PLASM
A
3L
INTER
STITIIL
INTRA
CELLULAR
14
L
Na+
EXTRA
CELLULER
TOTAL BODY WATER
K+
25 L
28 kg
NON-FLUID
MASS
OSMOTIC
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
MAIN
CATION
KALIUM (K+)
NATRIUM (Na+)
MAIN
ANION
PHOSPHATE
(PO4-)
CHLORIDE (Cl-)
PERMEABILITAS MEMBRAN
PENGHALANG UTAMA PERPINDAHAN SOLUTE
ZAT-ZAT YANG LARUT DALAM LEMAK (O2, CO2, UREA) > ZAT
ZAT YANG LARUT DALAM AIR ( ION-ION DAN GLUKOSA)
BERBANDING TERBALIK DENGAN UKURAN SOLUTE (Na DAN
GLUKOSA > PROTEIN).
PARACELLULAR PATHWAY
OSMOSIS
OSMOTIC
PRESSURE
EQUILIBRIUM STATE
Membran
H2O
H2O
Membra
Osmotic pressure
n
H2O
H2O
EQUILIBRIUM STATE
GLUKOSA
Membran
H2O
H2O
Membran
H2O
UREA
UREA
UREA
H2O
EQUILIBRIUM STATE
UREA
280 mosmol/kg
H2O
[K+] = 140 meq/L
25 L
INTRACELLULER
280 mosmol/kg
H2O
17 L
EXTRACELLULER
290 mosmol/kg
H2O
[K+] = 145 meq/L
24,1 L
INTRACELLULER
290 mosmol/kg
H2O
17,9 L
EXTRACELLULER
290 mosmol/kg
H2O
[K+] = 145 meq/L
24,1 L
INTRACELLULER
290 mosmol/kg
H2O
17,9 L
EXTRACELLULER
280 mosmol/kg
H2O
[K+] = 140 meq/L
25 L
INTRACELLULER
280 mosmol/kg
H2O
18,5 L
EXTRACELLULER
SUBSTANCE
ADDED
PLASMA
OSMOLALITY
PLASMA
SODIUM
ECF
VOLUME
ICF
VOLUME
NaCl
Water
Isotonic
NaCl
URINE
SODIUM
ARTERI
VENA
FLUID
FUNGSI ELEKTROLIT
UMUM
- MEMPERTAHANKAN OSMOLALITAS CAIRAN
TUBUH
- REAKSI KIMIA
EKSITABILITAS MEMBRAN
KONTRAKSI OTOT, TRANSMISI IMPULS
SARAF.
KHUSUS:
- Ca++
PEMBEKUAN DARAH
- H+
pH TUBUH
- NaHCO3, NaH2PO4
PENYANGGA
PERUBAHAN pH
TRANSPORT SOLUTE
I
MEMBRAN
II
AIR
SOLUTE
MEKANISME PASIF
AIR
- SIMPLE AND FACILITATED DIFFUSION
- COUPLED TRANSPORT
- SOLVENT DRAG
MEKANISME AKTIF
- ACTIVE TRANSPORT
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
MEMBRAN
II
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
ELECTRICAL FORCES
MEMBRAN
I
Na+
Cl-
Na+
II
K+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
ELECTRICAL FORCES
MEMBRAN
I
Na+
Cl-
Na+
II
K+
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
MEMBRAN
GLUKOS
SPECIFIC A
CARRIER
II
COUPLED TRANSPORT
MEMBRAN
I
SODIUM-GLUKOSA
SPECIFIC CARRIER
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
SPECIFIC CARRIER
II
SOLVENT DRAG
MEMBRAN
ICF
ECF
[K+]
H2O
[K+]
H2O
FAKTOR PENYEBAB:
- KEHILANGAN AIR
MENINGKATKAN K+ INTRASEL
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MEMBRAN
ICF
[K+] = 140
[Na+] = 12
PASSIVE K+ MOVEMENT
K+
ECF
[K+] = 4
[Na+] = 145
PASSIVE Na+ MOVEMENT
Na+
ACTIVE Na+ - K+ PUMP
KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN
CAIRAN MASUK = CAIRAN KELUAR
CAIRAN MASUK:
AIR MINUM
MAKANAN
HASIL OKSIDASI
CAIRAN KELUAR:
URINE
KERINGAT
SALURAN NAPAS
FESES
Total
Obligator
y
Electiv
e
400
1000
850
Obligator Elective
y
Urine
500
Skin
500
Respirat
ory tract
400
Stool
200
1000
350
1600
1000
1600
1000
REAKSI METABOLISME
NUTRIENT
INTEGRITAS SIRKULASI
OSMOLALITAS TUBUH
TERMOREGULASI
TERAPI CAIRAN
RESUSITASI
KRISTALLOIDKOLOID
RUMATAN
ELEKTROLIT
NUTRISI
- GANTI KEHILANGAN
NORMAL
(IWL+URINE+FESES)
- SUPPORT NUTRISI
KOMPOSISI
mEq/L
ELEKTROLIT
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
ClHCO3HPO42SO42Organic acid
Protein
150
ICF
15
150
2
27
ECF
144
Plasma
142
4
5
3
1
10
100
20
63
103
27
2
1
5
16
142
Ion distribution
COMPARTMENT
CATION
ANION
SUITABLE
SOLUTION
ICF
K+ Mg++
HPO4Protein
Containin
g K+,Mg++
and HPO4-
PLASMA
Na+
ClHCO3Protein
High
Na+and Cl-
ISF
Na+
ClHCO3-
ECF
Defisit
Dehidrasi
* haus
* urine output
elektrolit
hipotonik
5% Dextrose
N/2-D5
Hipovolemia
nyeri kepala
mual-muntah
sincope
Elektrolit
isotonik
Ringers acetate
Ringers lactate
Normal saline
Pembagian cairan
berdasarkan osmolaritas thd
plasma
Dehidrasi Isotonik
Dehidrasi hipertonik
Jenis dehidrasi kedua yang tersering
terjadi bila kehilangan air dari CES >
kehilangan solute
Hiperventilasi, panas tinggi, diare air
Ketoasidosis Diabetikum and Diabetes
Insipidus
Penyebab iatrogenik
NPO lama, cairan hipertonik eksesif, sodium
bicarbonate atau makanan via tube dg
kandungan air yang tidak adekuat
Dehidrasi hipotonik
Relatif jarang Kehilangan solute (biasanya
sodium) > water.
Infus isotonic
Ringers acetate
Ringers lactate
Normal saline
Penggantian
Kehilangan akut/
abnormal
Peningkatan CES
CIS
CInt
800 ml
Plasma
200 ml
Infus hipotonik
5% dextrose
CIS
660 ml
CInt
255 ml
Plasma
85 ml
Penggantian
kehilangan
cairan norma
(IWL + urine)
Terapi cairan
Penggantian
Rumatan
Memperbaiki defisit
PRINSIP-PRINSIP
DASAR
Penggantian
Rumatan
IWL + urine
Memperbaiki
defisit
PEMILIHAN CAIRAN
Penggantian : RA, RL, NS
Rumatan: N/2 + D (adult) + K+ 20 mEq
N/4 + D (chlldren) + K+ 20 mEq
Perbaikan defisit : NaHCO3 8,4%
KCl 25 mEq/25 ml
NaCl 3%
Rumatan
IWL + urine
Adults/children : 4:2:1
eg 60 kg 4 x 10 + 2 x 10 + 1 x 40
= 100ml/hr
Kebutuhan
Demam
Restless/delirium
Temperatur lingkungan
hangat
Hiperventilasi
Kebutuhan
Hipothermi
Kelembaban tinggi
Oliguria/anuria
Penurunan kesadaran
Retensi/oedema
Peningkatan tekanan
intrakranial
Rasionalisasi larutan
rumatan
Redistribusi cairan
Kebutuhan basal Kalium dan
natrium
Konsentrasi elektrolit dalam
larutan infus
Larutan Ready for use
meminimalkan resiko komplikasi
Electrolyte solutions
Plasma Larutan isotonik
290
308
Larutan hipotonik
273
278
290
278
Normal Ringers
saline acetate/ lactate
D5
KAEN 3B*
Kebutuhan basal
Potassium
Decreased serum K+
and deficit of TBK (%)
543serum K+ (meq/L)2 1- total body K+ = 50 mEq/kg body weight
05
10
15
20
25
K+ deficit (
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
0 mEq
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
100 mEq
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
200 mEq
3.2
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
400 mEq
Acidosis
cell
ECF
3 K+
3 K+
H+
2 Na+
K+ depletion
7.2
H+
2 Na+
Alkalosis
DCC
H+
K+
Cell
3 K+
H+
2 Na+
ECF
3 K+
H+
2 Na+
Urine
H+
acid urine
K+
low urine K+
Tubulus distal
K+
H+
Urin
H+
K+
Urine Alkali
K+ urin tinggi
< 40mEq/L
KCl
KCl bolus
Kecepatan pemberian
Elektrolit & glukosa
Na+
K+
Ca++
Mg++
100 mEq/hr
20 mEq/hr
20 mEq/hr
20 mEq/hr
-
HCO3
Glucosa
mg/kg/min)*
100 mEq/hr
0,5 gr/kg/hr ( 4
Conclusion