,
M.Farm., Apt
Genetika:
Ilmu yang mempelajari mengenai penyebaran,
ekspresi dan evolusi gen, molekul yang
mengontrol fungsi, perkembangan dan rupa
individu Mendelism: the basic principles of
inheritance
1.
2.
3.
4.
2 sex chromosomes
(X,Y):
XY in males.
XX in females.
22 pairs of
chromosomes named
autosomes.
Lingkungan
Genetik
Migrasi
Kecepatan sperma
Diameter sperma
Kelompok umur
Sistem A B O
Penemu Dr Karl Landsteiner pada tahun
1901
Penentuannya dengan reaksi antigenantibodi
Ada 2 jenis antigen yaitu Antigen A dan
antigen B
Antibodi ada 2 jenis yaitu anti-A & anti-B
Secara biokimia antigen tersusun dari
mukopolisakarida (protein sama dan gula
yang berbeda)
Golongan
darah
(fenotip)
A
B
AB
O
Antigen dalam
eritrosit
Antibodi dalam
serum
A
B
A dan B
-
Anti- B
Anti-A
Anti A dan Anti
B
Antigen
Alel
kromosom
Genotip
IA
IA IA. IAi
IB
IBIB, IBi
AB
A dan B
IA dan IB
IAIB
ii
Codominant
Mitochondrial
Penyakit genetik yg
diwariskan ke anak mll
kromosom ke 2 ortu.
Pd individu yg menerima 2
copi gen autosom
Jk ke 2 ortu carrier 50
% anak mrk akan mjd
carrier, 25% akan mjd sakit
dan 25% tdk carrie dan
tidak sakit.
Jk salah 1 ortu carrier
50% anak mrk akan mjd
carrier dan 50% tidak
sakit.
Ex: cystic fibrosis, anemia
sel sabit, Fenilketonuiria,
dsb
Lingkungan mengandung
mikroba infeksius : virus, bakteri,
protozoa, dsb
penyakit
kematian
Individu normal
sistem
penolakan untuk melimitasi
kerusakan dan memusnahkan
mikroba :
- Exterior defences : kulit,
mukosa, cairan biologik
- Interior defences : respon imun
Fungsi:
Pertahanan lapis
pertama:
Pertahanan fisik
(physical barrier)
Ada 2 sistem kekebalan
tubuh:
1. Sistem kekebalan
nonspesifik (didapat)
(innate immune
system)
2. Sistem kekebalan
spesifik
(dipelajari/adaptif)
25
Tahap:
26
1.
29
31
Ada 5 kelas:
1.
Ig M berperan sbg reseptor permukaan sel B
& disekresi pd tahap awal respons sel plasma
2.
Ig G Ig terbanyak di darah, diproduksi jika
tubuh berespons thd antigen yg sama
Ig M & IgG berperan jika tjd invasi bakteri &
virus serta aktivasi komplemen
3.
Ig E melindungi tubuh dr infeksi parasit &
mrp mediator pd reaksi alergi; melepaskan
histamin dari basofil & sel mast
4.
Ig A ditemukan pd sekresi sistem
perncernaan, pernapasan, & perkemihan (cth:
pd airmata & ASI)
5.
Ig D terdapat pada banyak permukaan sel B;
mengenali antigen pd sel B
IMUNOPATOLOGI
= Gangguan pada Sistem Immun
YY
Rx.
Rx.
Rx.
Rx.
Hipersensitivitas
Hipersensitivitas
Hipersensitivitas
Hipersensitivitas
tipe
tipe
tipe
tipe
I
II
III
IV
CAUSES
Antigen
Ingestants
Food
Drugs
Pollens
Dusts
Molds
Injectants
Drugs
Stings
Vaccines
Serum
MECHANISM
Allergen
interacts
with
IgE on mast cell
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Release of
chemical
mediators :
Histamine
SRS-A
Kinins
Prostaglandins
Capillary dilation
Increased
Capillary
permebiality
Increased
Blood
Volume
Exudation of
Cell, fluid protein
Pressure of
exudate
Nerve
irritation
Constriction
of smooth
muscle
48
MANIFESTATIONS
Respiratory
tract
Respiratory
tract
1.1. Upper
headache
Uppersinus
sinus
headache
itching
itchingofofeyes
eyes
tearing,
tearing,sneezing,
sneezing,
watery nasal discharge,
watery nasal discharge,
itching of nose,
itching
of nose,
throat
irritation
throatwheezing,
irritation dyspnea,
2. Lungs
2. dry
Lungs
wheezing,
cough,
tightness dyspnea,
in chest
Gastrointestinal
Glossitis, cardiospasm
Nausea, vomitting
Irritable bowel
Diarrhea, pruritus ani
Skin
Urticaria, pruritus,
Angioedema, weeping erthematosus vesico-papular lessions
CLINICAL EXAMPLES
Allergic rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
Asthma
Food allergies
Atopic dermatitis
Urticaria
49
CAUSES
Antigen
Transfusion
reaction
Erythroblastosis
fetalis
Drugs
Autoantibodies
Unknown
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MECHANISM
Antigen
interacts
with body
cell i.e :
Erythrocyte
Leucocyte
Platelet
Vascular
endothelium
Reaction of IgG or
IgM antobody with
antigen on cell
Activates
complement
Erytrhrocyte
hemolysis
Agranulocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
Vasculitis
CLINICAL
EXAMPLES
Hemolytic
anemia
Susceptability
to infections
Purpura
Vesicular
purpura
51
CAUSES
MECHANISM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Antigen
Autoantibodies
Drugs
Serum
Chemicals
Foreign antigen
Bacteria
Virus
Antigen and
antibody form
an immune
complex
Tissue
destruction
Inflammation
CLINICAL
EXAMPLES
Glomerulonephritis
Vasculitis
Arthus reaction
Rheumatoid
diseases
Serum sickness
53
Diagnosis :
Biopsi jaringan (endapan Ig dan komplemen)
Kompleks imun pada darah dan penurunan jumlah
komplemen
Terapi :
Anti-inflamasi
contact
tuberculin
granuloma
Reaction time
48-72 hr
48-72 hr
21-28 days
Clinical
appearance
Histology
eczema
lymphocytes,
followed by
macrophages;
edema of epidermis
epidermal ( organic
chemicals, poison
ivy, heavy metals,
etc.)
local induration
lymphocytes,
monocytes,
macrophages
intradermal
(tuberculin,
lepromin, etc.)
macrophages,
epitheloid and giant
cells, fibrosis
persistent antigen or
foreign body
presence
(tuberculosis,
leprosy, etc.)
hardening
Diagnosis:
- Mantoux test dan patch test
Terapi:
- Kortikosteroid dan agen imunosupresif
CAUSES
MECHANISM
Antigen
Tuberculin
Poison Ivy
Chemical
Fungi
Transplanted
organs
Virus
Sensitized
Lymphocyte
reacts with
antigen
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Release of :
Lymphokines
Migration inhibition
factor
Interferon
Killer cells
Transfer factor
Injury and
destruction of
target organ
CLINICAL
EXAMPLES
Contact
dermatitis
Graft vs host
reactions
Viral infection
Autoallergic
disease
58
Allergies
Immune
complex
disease
Delayed-type hypersensitivity
Terima Kasih