Degradasi tanah

Degradasi adalah proses penurunan status.

Lahan (nilai suatu benda mengalami
penurunan)
bahaya alam adalah di luar sebab, akan tetapi
aktivitas manusia merupakan efek tidak
langsung yang dapat dilihat berupa fenomena
banjir dan kebakaran semak.
Diperkirakan lebih dari 40% lahan pertanian di
dunia telah terdegradasi secara serius
 Degradasi tanah

Overgrazing by livestock can lead to land degradation

 Degradasi lahan merupakan masalah global, terutama
yang berhubungan dengan usaha pertanian. Sebab-
sebab utama termasuk:
Land clearance, such as clearcutting and deforestation
Agricultural depletion of soil nutrients through poor
farming practices
Livestock including overgrazing
Urban conversion
Irrigation and overdrafting
Land pollution including industrial waste
Vehicle Off-roading
Weeds
Walking tracks
Kliring, seperti penggundulan hutan dan tebang habis
Deplesi pertanian hara tanah karena praktek-praktek pertanian
yang buruk
Termasuk penggembalaan ternak
konversi perkotaan
Irigasi dan berlebihan
Polusi tanah termasuk limbah industri
Off-road kendaraan
gulma
trails
Table 1. Estimates of all degraded lands (in million km2) in dry areas (Dregne
and Chou, 1994).
Continent Total area Degraded area % degraded
Africa 14.326 10.458 73
Asia 18.814 13.417 71
Australia and the
7.012 3.759 54
Pacific
Europe 1.456 0.943 65
North America 5.782 4.286 74
South America 4.207 3.058 73
Total 51.597 35.922 70
Comprises land and vegetation.
 Perkiraan semua terdegradasi tanah (juta km2) di daerah kering
(Dregne dan Chou)
Wilayah yang
Negara Total area %d
Terdegredasi
Afrika 14.326 10.458 73
Asia 18.814 13.417 71

Australia 7.012 3.759 54

Eropa 1.456 0.943 65

Amerika Utara 5.782 4.286 74
Amerika Selatan 4.207 3.058 73
Total 51.597 35.922 70
Terdiri atas daratan dan Tumbuh-Tumbuhan
Tabel 2. Perkiraan lingkup (juta km2) dari degradasi lahan (Oldeman 1994).

Strong +
Type Light Moderate Total
Extreme

Water erosion 3.43 5.27 2.24 10.94

Wind erosion 2.69 2.54 0.26 5.49

Chemical
0.93 1.03 0.43 2.39
degradation

Physical
0.44 0.27 0.12 0.83
degradation

Total 7.49 9.11 3.05 19.65

Table 4. Vegetation degradation in pastoral areas of Australia (Woods, 1983; Mabbutt, 1992).

Type Area (000 km2)

Total 3.4

Undegraded 1.5

Degraded 1.9

i. Vegetation degradation with little erosion 1.0

ii. Vegetation degradation and some erosion 0.5

iii. Vegetation degradation and substantial

0.3
erosion

iv. Vegetation degradation and severe erosion 0.1

v. Dryland salinity 0.001

tidak terdegradasi
lereng
I. Degradasi vegetasi dengan erosi kecil
Ii. Degradasi vegetasi dan beberapa erosi
Iii. Degradasi vegetasi dan erosi
substansial
Iv. Degradasi vegetasi dan erosi yang
parah
V. salinitas lahan kering
Table 5. Land degradation on cropland in Australia (Woods, 1983; Mabbutt, 1992).

Type Area (000 km2)

Total 443

Undegraded 142

Degraded 301

i. Water erosion 206

ii. Wind erosion 52

iii. Combined water and wind erosion 42

iv. Salinity and water erosion 0.9

v. Others 0.5
Table 6. Cumulative soil loss and runoff in relation to crop yield in three ASIALAND Sloping Lands Network countries (Sajjapongse, 1998).

Soil loss Cumulative yield

Country Treatment Period Crop Runoff(mm)
(Mg ha-1) (Mg ha-1)

China Control 199295 Corn 122 762 15.3

Alley cropping 199295 Corn 59 602 15.9

Philippines Control 199094 Corn 341 801 5.6

Alley cropping (low

199094 Corn 26 43 14.3
input)

Alley cropping (high

199094 Corn 15 31 18.7
input)

Thailand Control 198995 Rice 1,478 1,392 4.5

Hillside ditch 198995 Rice 134 446 4.8

Alley cropping 198995 Rice 330 538 4.0

Agroforestry 198995 Rice 850 872 5.3

Control = Farmers practice

Table 7. Relationship between yield of sisal and soil fertility (020 cm depth) decline in Tanga
region of Tanzania (Hartemink, 1995).

Land properties Sisal yield (Mg ha-1)

Yield levels 2.3 1.8 1.5

Property value

pH (1:2.5 in H2O) 6.50 5.40 5.00

Soil organic carbon

1.60 1.90 1.50
(%)

Total soil nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.16 0.12

Cation exchange
9.30 7.00 5.00
capacity (cmol kg-1)

Al saturation (%
0 20.00 50.00
ECEC)
 Effects

Erosi tanah di lahan gandum dekat Pullman, USA.

Outcome utama dari degradasi lahan adalah menurun secara substansial
produktivitas lahan]
Terutama stress lahan yang digunakan antara lain karena;The major
stresses on vulnerable(digunakan/dikenakan) land include:
Erosi tanah dipercepat oleh angin dan air
Pemasaman tanah atau alkaliniasi
Kerusakan struktur tanah termasuk kehilangan bahan organik
(tanah tidak diurus)
Lahan yang sering dipijak
Penyebaran degradasi lahan berpengaruh secara signifikan pada lahan
yang sering digunakan, berkurangnya kesejahteraan dan perkembangan
ekonomi bangsa
Degradasi lahan dapat ditunda lebih lanjut melalui perbaikan pola budidaya
pertanian. Dan mengurangi pertumbuhan populasi.
 Unless land rehabilitation measures are effective a downward
eco-social spiral is created when marginal lands are nutrient
depleted by unsustainable land management practices resulting
in lost soil resilience leading to soil degradation and permanent
damage.
We often assume that land degradation only affects soil fertility.
However, the effects of land degradation often more
significantly affect receiving water courses (rivers, wetlands and
lakes) since soil, along with nutrients and contaminants
associated with soil, are delivered in large quantities to
environments that respond detrimentally to their input.
Land degradation therefore has potentially disastrous effects on
lakes and reservoirs that are designed to alleviate flooding,
provide irrigation, and generate hydroelectricity.
Soil erosion in a wheat field near Pullman, USA.
 Climate change
Significant land degradation from
seawater inundation, particularly in
river deltas and on low-lying islands, is a
potential hazard that was identified in a
2007 IPCC report. As a result of
sea-level rise from climate change, salinity
levels can reach levels where agriculture
becomes impossible.
 References
^ Conacher, Arthur; Conacher, Jeanette (1995). Rural Land Degradation in
Australia. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press Australia.
pp. 2. ISBN 0195534360.
^ Ian Sample (2007-08-31). "
Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertil
e land
". The Guardian. Retrieved on 2008-07-23.
^ "Land: Programmes and Activities".
United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved on 2008-07-19.
"Human Induced Land Degradation is Preventable".
United States Department of Agriculture -
Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved on 2006-06-20. This
article incorporates text in the public domain produced by the USDA Natural
Resources Conservation Service
[edit] Further reading
Eswaran, H.; R. Lal and P.F. Reich. (2001). "Land degradation: an
overview". Responses to Land Degradation. Proc. 2nd. International
Conference on Land Degradation and Desertification, New Delhi, India:
Oxford Press. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.
D.L. Johnson and L.A. Lewis Land Degradation:Creation and Destruction,
2nd edition, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto,
Oxford, 2007.