Kuat Geser Tanah

Direct Shear Test

(Uji Geser Langsung)

Reza P .
 DR. Ir. H.

 DR. Ir. H. Kol (Purn TNI AL) Eko

Maulana Ali Suroso, M.Sc,
Determination of shear strength parameters of
soils (c, f or c’, f’)

Percobaan Laboratorium Percobaan Lapangan

menggunakan sampel
tanah tidak terganggu
(undisturbed sample)

Percobaan lab yang umum, 1. Vane shear test

2. Torvane
1.Direct shear test 3. Pocket penetrometer
2.Triaxial shear test 4. Fall cone
5. Pressuremeter
Percobaan laboratorium lainnya, 6. Static cone penetrometer
Direct simple shear test, torsional 7. Standard penetration test
ring shear test, plane strain triaxial
test, laboratory vane shear test,
laboratory fall cone test
Percobaan Laboratorium
Kondisi Lapangan

Model sampel
tanah z z
svc svc + Ds

shc shc shc shc

svc svc + Ds

Sebelum konstruksi Selama dan

sesudah konstruksi
 svc + Ds
Percobaan Laboratorium
Simulasi kondisi lapangan shc shc
di laboratorium
0 svc svc + Ds

svc
0 0 shc shc
t

0 svc t

Model sampel Step 1 svc

tanah dari Step 2
lapangan Atur alat tes dan
sampel sedemikian Berikan tegangan
rupa untuk kondisi seperti yang akan
tegangan awal diberikan dilapangan
Direct shear test
Skema alat percobaan direct shear
Direct shear test
Direct shear test adalah percobaan yang paling sesuai untuk
kondisi percobaan consolidated drained khususnya pada tanah
granular (contoh: pasir/sand) atau lempung keras/stiff clays

Persiapan sampel pasir

Porous
plates

Komponen dari shear box Persiapan sampel pasir

Direct shear test
Persiapan sampel pasir
Pressure plate

Leveling the top surface Specimen preparation

of specimen completed
Direct shear test
Steel ball
Prosedur Percobaan P
Pressure plate
Porous
plates

Proving ring
to measure
shear force

Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation
Direct shear test
Steel ball
Prosedur Percobaan P
Pressure plate
Porous
plates

Proving ring
to measure
shear force

Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation

Step 2: Lower box is subjected to a horizontal displacement at a constant rate

Direct shear test
Dial gauge to
measure vertical
Shear box displacement

Proving ring
to measure
shear force

Loading frame to Dial gauge to

apply vertical load measure horizontal
displacement
 Direct shear test
Analisis hasil percobaan

Normal force (P)

s  Normal stress 
Area of cross section of the sample

Shear resistance developed at the sliding surface (S)

t  Shear stress 
Area of cross section of the sample

Note: Cross-sectional area of the sample changes with the horizontal

displacement
Direct shear tests pada pasir
Stress-strain relationship

Shear stress, t
Dense sand/
OC clay
tf
Loose sand/
tf NC clay

Shear displacement
Expansion
Change in height
of the sample

Dense sand/OC Clay

Shear displacement
Compression

Loose sand/NC Clay

 Direct shear tests pada pasir
Cara menentukan parameter kuat geser c dan f
Shear stress, t

Normal stress = s3
Normal stress = s2
Normal stress = s1
tf2
tf1
tf3
Shear displacement
Shear stress at failure, tf

Garis keruntuhan Mohr – Coulomb

f

Normal stress, s
 Direct shear tests pada pasir
Hal penting menggenai parameter kuat geser c and f pada pasir

Percobaan Direct shear

Pasir = tanah non-kohesi, adalah drained dan
maka c = 0
tekanan air pori
terdissipasi, maka u = 0

Kesimpulan,
f’ = f dan c’ = c = 0
 Direct shear tests pada lempung
In case of clay, horizontal displacement should be applied at a very
slow rate to allow dissipation of pore water pressure (therefore, one
test would take several days to finish)

Failure envelopes for clay from drained direct shear tests

Shear stress at failure, tf

Overconsolidated clay (c’ ≠ 0)

Normally consolidated clay (c’ = 0)

f’

Normal force, s
Interface tests on direct shear apparatus
In many foundation design problems and retaining wall problems, it
is required to determine the angle of internal friction between soil
and the structural material (concrete, steel or wood)
P

Soil
S

Foundation material

t f  ca  s ' tan 
Where,
ca = adhesion,
 = angle of internal friction
 Kelebihan percobaan direct shear

 Drainase yang cepat dapat diperoleh, karena ketebalan sampel

percobaan yang kecil.

 Dapat digunakan untuk menggetahui parameter kuat geser pada

pertemuan tanah.

Kekurangan percobaan direct shear

 Arah bidang keruntuhan sudah diketahui.

 Luas permukaan sliding berubah seiring dengan berjalannya

proses percobaan.
 Ketidak seragaman distribusi kuat geser sepanjang bidang
runtuh.
Contoh Soal
Hasil-hasil pengujian yang diperoleh dari pengujian geser langsung
(direct shear) dengan ukuran sampel 60mm x 60mm pada tanah
lempung berpasir sebagai berikut:

Percobaan Beban Beban Geser pada

Normal (kN) Keruntuhan (kN)

1 0.20 0.205
2 0.40 0.26
3 0.80 0.355

Gambar garis selubung kegagalannya. Tentukan nilai dari

parameter kuat gesernya.
 Penyelesaian

Normal force (P)

s  Normal stress 
Area of cross section of the sample

Shear resistance developed at the sliding surface (S)

t  Shear stress 
Area of cross section of the sample

Percobaan Tegangan Tegangan

Normal (kN/m2) Geser(kN/m2)

1 56 57
2 111 72
3 223 99
Penyelesaian

Shear stress at failure, tf (kN/m2)

Normal stress, s (kN/m2)

In-situ shear tests

 Vane shear test

 Torvane

 Pocket Penetrometer

 Pressuremeter

 Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push

Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)

 Standard Penetration Test, SPT

In-situ shear tests

 Vane shear test (suitable for soft to stiff clays)

 Torvane

 Pocket Penetrometer

 Pressuremeter

 Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push

Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)

 Standard Penetration Test, SPT

Vane shear test
This is one of the most versatile and widely used devices used for
investigating undrained shear strength (Cu) and sensitivity of soft clays
Applied
Torque, T Disturbed Rupture
soil surface
Bore hole
(diameter = DB)

h > 3DB)
Vane T
H Vane

PLAN VIEW
Rate of rotation : 60 – 120 per minute

D Test can be conducted at 0.5 m

vertical intervals
In-situ shear tests

 Vane shear test

 Torvane (suitable for very soft to stiff clays)

 Pocket Penetrometer

 Pressuremeter

 Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push

Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)

 Standard Penetration Test, SPT

Torvane

Torvane is a modification to the vane

In-situ shear tests

 Vane shear test

 Torvane

 Pocket Penetrometer (suitable for very soft to stiff clays)

 Pressuremeter

 Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push

Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)

 Standard Penetration Test, SPT

Pocket Penetrometer
Pushed directly into the soil. The unconfined compression
strength (qu) is measured by a calibrated spring.
Swedish Fall Cone (suitable for very soft to soft clays)

Cu ∞ Mass of the cone

∞ 1/(penetration)2

Soil sample

The test must be calibrated

In-situ shear tests

 Vane shear test

 Torvane

 Pocket Penetrometer

 Pressuremeter (suitable for all soil types)

 Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push

Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)

 Standard Penetration Test, SPT

Pressuremeter
Air

Coaxial tube

Water

Pre – bored or
self – bored hole

Guard cell

Measuring cell

Guard cell
In-situ shear tests

 Vane shear test

 Torvane

 Pocket Penetrometer

 Pressuremeter
 Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)
(suitable for all soil types except very course
granular materials)

 Standard Penetration Test, SPT

 40 mm
Static Cone
Penetrometer 40 mm
test
40 mm
40 mm

Cone penetrometers
with pore water
pressure measurement
capability are known as
piezocones
In-situ shear tests

 Vane shear test

 Torvane

 Pocket Penetrometer

 Pressuremeter
 Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)

 Standard Penetration Test, SPT

(suitable for granular materials)
 Standard Penetration Test, SPT
SPT is the most widely used test procedure to determine
the properties of in-situ soils

Number of blows for the first 150 mm

63.5 kg penetration is disregarded due to the
disturbance likely to exist at the bottom
of the drill hole

Various correlations have been developed

The test to determine
can be conducted soil
at every 1m
m f, ect)
0.76 (c,
strength parameters from
vertical N
intervals

0.15 m Number of blows = N1

Drill rod 0.15 m Number of blows = N2
0.15 m Number of blows = N3

Standard penetration resistance (SPT N) = N2 + N3

Standard Penetration Test, SPT

SPT (Manual operation)