YY
Djoko Priyatno
PENGERTIAN
Suatu reaksi yang tidak diharapkan
dari respon imun tubuh
Peningkatan reaktivitas/sensitivitas
thd antigen yg pernah dipajankan
Reaksi imun yg patologik akibat
respon imun berlebih kerusakan
jaringan tubuh
Beberapa Istilah Penting
o Alergen:
antigen yg dpt memprovokasi respon
hipersensitif
o Dosis sensitisasi:
juml. pemaparan khusus thd alergen yg
dpt menyebabkan respon imun
o Dosis provokatif :
juml. pemaparan thd alergen yg dpt
menyebabkan gejala reaksi hipersensitif
Pembagian Hipersensitivitas
menurut waktu reaksi
1. Reaksi Cepat
Detik - 2 jam
3. Reaksi Lambat
> 24 jam – 48 jam
Terapi:
Antihistamin, adrenalin, bronkodilator, kortikosteroid,
menghindari paparan alergen dan immunoterapi
Skin test for allergy
Ragweed
Antigen Increased
Ingestants Blood
Food Capillary dilation Volume
Drugs Release of
Pollens Allergen chemical
Dusts interacts mediators :
with Histamine Increased Exudation of
Molds Cell, fluid protein
IgE on mast cell SRS-A Capillary
Kinins permebiality
Injectants
Drugs Prostaglandins Pressure of
Stings exudate
Vaccines
Serum
Nerve
irritation
Constriction
of smooth
muscle
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MANIFESTATIONS CLINICAL EXAMPLES
Respiratorytract
Respiratory tract
1.1. Upper
Upper“sinus
“sinus headache”
headache” Allergic rhinitis
itching
itchingofofeyes
eyes
tearing,
tearing,sneezing,
sneezing,
watery nasal discharge,
watery nasal discharge,
itching of nose, Conjunctivitis
itching
throat of nose,
irritation
throatwheezing,
2. Lungs irritation dyspnea,
2. dry
Lungs wheezing,
cough, tightness dyspnea,
in chest
dry cough, tightness in chest
Asthma
Gastrointestinal
Glossitis, cardiospasm
Nausea, vomitting
Irritable bowel Food allergies
Diarrhea, pruritus ani
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Reaksi Hipersensitivitas tipe II
Antigen
Reaction of IgG Erytrhrocyte Hemolytic
Antigen or hemolysis anemia
Transfusion interacts
reaction IgM antobody
with body with
cell i.e : antigen on cell
Erythroblastosis • Erythrocyte Agranulocytosis Susceptability
fetalis • Leucocyte to infections
• Platelet Activates
Drugs • Vascular Thrombocytopenia
complement Purpura
endotheliu
Autoantibodies m
Vasculitis Vesicular
Unknown purpura
Serum
sickness
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
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Diagnosis:
Biopsijaringan (endapan Ig dan
komplemen)
Kompleks imun pada darah dan
penurunan jumlah komplemen
Terapi:
Anti-inflamasi
Reaksi Hipersensitivitas Tipe IV
Reaction Clinical
Type Histology Antigen and site
time appearance
lymphocytes,
epidermal ( organic
followed by
chemicals, poison
contact 48-72 hr eczema macrophages;
ivy, heavy metals,
edema of
etc.)
epidermis
lymphocytes, intradermal
tuberculin 48-72 hr local induration monocytes, (tuberculin,
macrophages lepromin, etc.)
persistent antigen
macrophages, or foreign body
granuloma 21-28 days hardening epitheloid and presence
giant cells, fibrosis (tuberculosis,
leprosy, etc.)
(delayed type hypersensitivity
Antigen
Release of : Contact
Lymphokines dermatitis
Tuberculin Sensitized Injury and
Migration inhibition Graft vs host
Poison Ivy Lymphocyte destruction of
factor reactions
Chemical reacts with target organ
Interferon Viral infection
Fungi antigen
Killer cells Autoallergic
Transplanted
Transfer factor disease
organs
Virus
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Tabel 7.4. Perbandingan beberapa tipe hipersensitiviti menurut reaksi yang timbul
Parameter Tipe I Tipe II Tipe III Tipe IV
(anafilaktik) (sitotoksik) (imun komplek) (delay)
Antibodi IgE IgG, IgM IgG, IgM Absen
Antigen Exogenous Permukaan sel Agen mudah larut Jaringan/organ
/biologik
Waktu respon 15-30 menit menit- jam 3-8 jam 48-72 jam