XENOBIOTIK
Lebih toksik
Ekskresi
Efek lokal Bioaktivasi
Penyimpanan Efek
Ekskresi
Exposure Site (skin, Gastro
Intestinum, respiratory, placenta)
D
Absorption e
Presystemic Elimination
Distribution L Distribution Away from
Reabsorption I Target Excretion
V
Toxication E
Detoxication
R
y
Ultimate Target
Target molecule
(protein, lipid, DNA,
RNA)
Uptake Barriers
1. Cell membrane
2. Cell wall/cuticles/stomata
3. Epithelial cells of GI tract
4. Respiratory surface (lung, gill
tracheae)
5. Body surface
Gb. Beberapa membran yang harus dilewati
oleh suatu senyawa xenobiotik
Foreign substances cross
• Filtration through pores
• Passive diffusion through membrane
phospholipids
• Active transport
• Facilitated diffusion
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
BIOTRANSFORMASI
Mekanisme ;
1. Glukoronid
2. Sulfat
3. Metilasi
4. Asetilasi
5. Glutation
b. Cytotoxic
Merupakan penyebab kanker sebagai implikasi dari iritasi
kronis, kemudian menjadi agen yang mengakibatkan sel
menjadi degeratif sebagai konpensasi proliferasi yang
menaikkan risiko kanker.
Misalnya. Nitrolotriacetic Acid ( NTA)
c. Hormon Modifying
Pada Usia di atas 40 tahun, hormon terumata estrogen
dapat menyebabkan kanker.
Misalnya. Estrogen, Androgen, 3-Aminotriazole,
Ethylenethiourea
Imunopressor
Proses pemberian kekebalan kadang-kadang dapat
menimbulkan kanker. Misalnya pemberian serum
azathioprine pada hewan dapat menaikkan risiko
leukemia dan pemberian obat 6-mercaptopurine dapat
menaikkan risiko lymphoma.
d. Solid
Bahan padat dapat mendukung untuk proliferasi sel,
sehingga menjadi kanker.Misalnya. Asbestos, Kompleks
Iron-Carbohidrat
The use of lead in residential paint was banned in
1977
Lead-containing pigments still are used for
outdoor paint products because of their bright
colors and weather resistant properties
Tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead are still used as
additives in gasoline in several countries
Soil and dust Pica
Paint chips Developmental
Contaminated water delay
Parents lead-
related occupation
Folk remedies
Congenital
exposure
Absorption:
◦ Lungs: depends on size particle
◦ GI:
Adults: 20-30%
Children: as much as 50% of dietary lead
Inadequate intake of iron, calcium, and total calories are
associated with higher lead levels
◦ Skin:
Inorganic lead is not absorbed
Organic lead is well absorbed
Lead is carried bound to the RBC
Distributed extensively throughout tissues:
bone, teeth, liver, lung, kidney, brain, and
spleen
◦ Body lead storage: bones- can constitute a
source of remobilization and continued toxicity
after the exposure has ceased
Lead crosses the BBB and concentrates in
the gray matter
Lead crosses the placenta
Excretion:
◦ Kidneys. The excretion increases with increasing
body stores (30g-200 g/day)
◦ Feces
Acute toxicity
◦ Acute encephalopathy, renal failure and severe GI
symptoms
Lead has affinity for SH groups and is toxic to zinc-
dependent enzyme systems
◦ Heme synthesis: hemoglobin, cytochromes
◦ Steroid metabolism and membrane integrity
◦ Interference in vitamin D synthesis in renal tubular cells
(conversion of 1-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-hydroxyvitamin
D)
Mitochondrion
Heme Cytoch-C
Heme
Oxidase Ferro-C Glycine
4Fe++
(microsomal) Pb Succinyl-Coa
Pb Protoporphyrin IX* ALA-S
Bilirubin
+ Pb ALA*
Copro-0
Fe Pb Pb
Copro
ALA-D
ALA- aminolevulinic acid
in plasma and urine
COPRO- coprorphyrinogen Copro* Uropor PBG
in urine
Protoporphyrin
accumulates in the RBC
Fatigue Motor neuropathy
Irritability Encephalopathy
Lethargy
Cerebral edema
Paresthesis
Myalgias Seizures
Abdominal pain Coma
Tremor Severe abdominal
Headache cramping
Vomiting Epiphyseal lead lines in
Weight loss children (growth
Constipation arrest)
Loss of libido Renal failure
Blood lead Adults Children
levels
10 g/dL Hypertension may occur •Crosses placenta
•Impairment IQ, growth
•Partial inhibition of heme
synthesis
20 g/dL Inhibition of heme synthesis Beginning impairment of nerve
Increased erythrocyte conduction velocity
protoporphyrin
a. Asphyxian
Asphyxian ialah zat kimia yang menyebabkan asfiksia
(kekurangan oksigen), yang dibedakan dalam dua
kategori yaitu “simple asphyxian” dan “chemical
asphyxian”.
Simple asphyxian mengakibatkan tubuh mengalami
kekurangan oksigen karena berkurangnya tekanan
parsiil oksigen dalam darah.
Sedang pada chemical asphyxian, kekurangan oksigen
terjadi karena adanya zat kimia yang mengikat
hemoglobine sehingga pengangkutan oksigen ke sel
jaringan oleh hemoglobine menjadi terganggu.
Contoh zat kimia penyebab asfiksia :
Asetonitril Asetilen
Akrilonitril Argon,Neon,Helium,hidrogen
Merkuri
g. Hematoksik (meracuni darah)
Bahan yang memberikan efek pada sel darah dan sum-sum
tulang.
k. Mutagen
Bahan yang dapat menimbulkan mutasi/perubahan
genetik).
Jalur Masuk Bahan Toksik
Metabolism and Excretion
Efek Akut dan Kronis