EPIDEMIOLOGI
DALAM
KEPERAWATAN
KOMUNITAS
Agus Sri Banowo, M.PH
DISKUSIKAN
1. Definisi Epidemiologi
2. Kegunaan Epidemiologi bagi Perawat
3. Triad Epidemiologi
4. Riwayat Alamiah Penyakit dan Tingkat Pencegahan
5. Jenis Penelitian Epidemiologi
6. Konsep Penyebab
7. Aplikasi Epidemiologi pada Keperawatan Komunitas
DEFINISI EPIDEMIOLOGI
Berasal dari bahasa Greek (Yunani)
Epi = pada, atas
Demos = populasi
Logos = ilmu
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AKTIVITAS EPIDEMIOLOGI (2)
4. Investigasi kejadian luar biasa yang mengarahkan
program pemberantasan atau pencegahan epidemik
dan masalah kesehatan komunitas yang lain
5. Merancang dan melaksanakan penelitian kesehatan
6. Merancang dan melaksanakan registrasi kesehatan
untuk masalah yang menjadi perhatian seperti:
cacat lahir, insidens kanker, atau penggunaan
napza
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AKTIVITAS EPIDEMIOLOGI (3)
7. Skrining (penapisan) untuk penyakit
8. Penilaian efektivitas keberadaan pengobatan
yang baru
9. Mendeskripsikan riwayat alamiah penyakit
10. Identifikasi individu atau kelompok pada
populasi umum terhadap peningkatan risiko
perkembangan penyakit tertentu
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AKTIVITAS EPIDEMIOLOGI (4)
11. Identifikasi keterkaitan etiologi penyakit
12. Identifikasi masalah kesehatan masyarakat dan pengukuran besar
distribusi, frekuensi, atau dampak pada kesehatan masyarakat
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AKTIVITAS EPIDEMIOLOGI (5)
13. Penilaian program kesehatan
14. Menyediakan data yang diperlukan untuk perencanaan kesehatan
atau pembuatan keputusan oleh badan administrasi kesehatan atau
pembuat kebijakan kesehatan
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Kebutuhan
Aplikasi kesehatan
Epidemiologi Audit
penduduk
Etiologi
Pelayanan
Penyakit
Kesehatan
EPIDEMIOLOGI
Keluaran Riset
dan Pelayanan
Prognosis Kesehatan
Lingkungan
Risiko
Genetik
Penyakit
Life style
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KONTRIBUSI EPIDEMIOLOGI (1)
Penyelidikan modus transmisi penyakit baru
Penentuan sebab-sebab penyakit yang dapat
dicegah
Penentuan riwayat alamiah penyakit
Pengamatan spektrum penyakit
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KONTRIBUSI EPIDEMIOLOGI (2)
Penilaian intervensi kesehatan komunitas
Penyusunan prioritas pemberantasan penyakit
Perbaikan diagnosis, pengobatan dan prognosis
penyakit klinis
Peningkatan riset pelayanan kesehatan
Penyediaan saksi ahli dalam pengadilan
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KEGUNAAN EPIDEMIOLOGI
BAGI PERAWAT
Nurses play a key role in the community’s interdisciplinary team:
looking at health,
disease causation, and
how to both prevent and treat illness
Lingkungan
Pejamu Lingkungan
KEADAAN BERPENYAKIT
P
A A P
L L
P
A = Agen
A A P
P = Pejamu
L L L = Lingkungan
BAGAN RIWAYAT ALAMIAH
PENYAKIT
TAHAP-TAHAP RIWAYAT ALAMIAH
PENYAKIT Waktu biasanya
diagnosis ditegakkan
Onset
Perubahan simptom
patologik
Pemajanan
Promosi kesehatan
Gizi yang cukup sesuai dengan Imunisasi Diagnosis dini dan pengobatan Rehabilitasi
perkembangan segera
Perumahan, rekreasi dan tempat Kebersihan perorangan Penemuan kasus, individu dan masal Pembatasan ketidakmampuan Penyediaan fasilitas untuk pelatihan
kerja hingga fungsi tubuh dapat
dimanfaatkan sebaik-baiknya
Perkembangan kepribadian Sanitasi lingkungan Skrining Pengobatan yang cukup untuk Pendidikan pada masyarakat dan
menghentikan proses penyakit dan industriawan agar menggunakan
Konseling perkawinan dan Perlindungan terhadap kecelakaan Pemeriksaan khusus mencegah komplikasi mereka yang telah direhabilitasi
pendidikan seks akibat kerja
Tujuan: Penyediaan fasilitas untuk Penempatan secara selektif
Genetika Perlindungan terhadap kecelakaan Menyembuhkan dan mencegah membatasi ketidakmampuan dan
penyakit berlanjut mencegah kematian Mempekerjakan sepenuh mungkin
Pemeriksaan kesehatan secara Penggunaan gizi tertentu
berkala Mencegah penyebaran penyakit Terapi kerja di RS
Perlindungan terhadap zat yang menular
dapat menyebabkan kanker Penggunaan koloni yang terlindung
Mencegah komplikasi dan akibat
Menghindarkan zat-zat allergen lanjutan
E x p e rim e n t a l S t u d y O b s e rv a t io n a l S t u d y
T r u e e x p e r i m e n ta l D e s c rip t iv e S t u d y A n a ly t ic S t u d y
e .g . R C T
Q u a s y e x p e r im e n ta l
e .g . p re -p o s t te s t C a s e r e p o r t & c a s e s e r ie s C o h o rt S t u d y
C r o s s - S e c ti o n a l S tu d y C a s e - C o n tr o l S t u d y
E c o l o g ic S tu d y C ro s s -S e c t io n a l S t u d y
E c o l o g ic S t u d y
CASE STUDY 9-1 CHURCH
PICNIC
Mary Miles is the nurse epidemiologist for the Warren County Health Department. A local
church contacted Ms. Miles when several church members became sick after the annual church
picnic. Of the 200 people who attended the picnic, 100 were ill with diarrhea, nausea, or
vomiting. Ten people required emergency medical treatment or hospitalization. Incubation
periods ranged from 1.5 to 30 hours, with a mean of 6 hours and a median of 3.5 hours.
Duration of illness ranged from 1 to 80 hours, with a mean of 30 hours and a median of 15
hours. The annual church picnic is a potluck lunch buffet. The menu included macaroni
casserole (brought by the Joneses), turkey with gravy and stuffi ng (brought by the Smiths),
potato salad (brought by the Changs), green bean casserole (brought by the Champs), chili
(brought by the Turners), homemade bread (brought by Granny Ivy), chocolate cake (brought by
the Bushes), and cookies (brought by the Beckmans). Ms. Miles interviewed the church
members who were ill and found that three food items were signifi cantly associated with
illness: turkey, gravy, and stuffing. Ms. Miles interviewed the Smiths, who brought the turkey,
gravy, and stuffing to the picnic. Review of food-handling procedures indicated that the turkey
had cooled for 4 hours at room temperature after cooking—a time and temperature suffi cient
for bacterial growth and toxin production. Furthermore, the same utensils were used for both the
turkey and other foods before and after cooking. Ms. Miles talked with the Smiths about proper
food-handling practices, emphasizing hand washing, proper cooling and preserving methods,
and better equipment and utensil sanitation. Ms. Miles also offered a similar class to the church
congregation.
QUESTION
1. For the nurse to evaluate why people at the picnic became sick, what questions should
she ask the people who brought the food?
A. Cooking time and how they cooked the food
B. Hygiene of their equipment
C. Sources of the water used in cooking the food
D. All of the above
2. Identify the agent, host, and environment in this case study.
3. Is Ms. Miles performing descriptive epidemiology or analytic epidemiology?
4. Which level of prevention is Ms. Miles exemplifying?
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
D. Combination of the above
E. None of the above
PEDOMAN PENYEBAB
1. Hub-Temporal: apakah sebab mendahului akibat?
2. Plausibilitas: apakah hubungan konsisten dengan pengetahuan yang
ada?
3. Konsistensi: apakah hasil yang sama ditemukan pada penelitian
yang lain?
4. Kekuatan hubungan: apakah hubungan sebab-akibat mempunyai
hubungan statistik yang kuat?
PEDOMAN PENYEBAB…
5. Dose reponse relationship: apakah peningkatan eksposur diikuti
dengan peningkatan dampak?
6. Reversibilitas: apakah eliminasi eksposur menurunkan resiko sakit?
7. Desain studi: apakah hasil dari studi yang kuat disainnya?
8. Keputusan bukti: berapa banyak bukti yang digunakan untuk
menarik kesimpulan?
APLIKASI EPIDEMIOLOGI PADA
KEPERAWATAN KOMUNITAS
Nurses need to know and be able to use epidemiology
Nurses regularly collect, report, analyze, interpret, and communicate
epidemiological data in many of the areas in which they work
Nurses involved in the care of persons with communicable diseases use
epidemiology daily as they identify, report, treat, and provide follow-up
on cases and contacts of TB, gonorrhea, and gastroenteritis
APLIKASI EPIDEMIOLOGI PADA
KEPERAWATAN KOMUNITAS
School nurses also function as epidemiologists, collecting data on the
incidence and prevalence of accidents, injuries, and illnesses in the
school population
They are also key players in the detection and control of local
epidemics, such as outbreaks of lice
nurses across practice settings are actively involved in activities related
to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
NURSING JOBS
Nurse epidemiologists and environmental risk communicators employed by
local health departments, as well as hospital infection control nurses
Nurses are key members of local fetal and infant mortality review boards,
which examine cases of newborn deaths for identifiable risk factors and
quality of care measures
Members of these review boards may include public health and maternal and
child nurses, as well as representatives from hospital labor and delivery and
neonatal intensive care units
Nurses play a key role in disaster preparedness in their communities
Patient demographics and health histories are often collected or verified by
nurses