Fisika Statistik1
Fisika Statistik1
A. DATA DIRI
B. Riwayat Pekerjaan
1.Dosen Tetap Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar, 1990 - sekarang.
2.Ketua Program Studi Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar, 2003 - 2004.
3.Pembantu Dekan Bidang Akademik FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar, 2004 - sekarang.
4.Dosen Program Pascasarjana UNM Makassar, 2006 - sekarang
Fisika Statistik
Rujukan Utama :
Introdution to Statistical Physics for Students
by
Pointon
Longman, England
Rujukan Tambahan :
Buku Buku Fisika Zat Padat, Fisika Kuantum dan Fisika
Modern yang relevan
Pokok Bahasan
1. Pengantar
2. Statistik Maxwell Boltzmann
3. Aplikasi Statistik Maxwell Boltzmann
4. Statistik Bose Einstein
5. Statistik Fermi Dirac
6. Temperatur dan Entropy
7. Aplikasi Statistik Termodinamika
8. Ensemble Kanonik
9. Grand Ensemble Kanonik
Pokok Bahasan
1. Pengantar
2. Statistik Maxwell Boltzmann
3. Aplikasi Statistik Maxwell Boltzmann
4. Statistik Bose Einstein
5. Statistik Fermi Dirac
6. Temperatur dan Entropy
7. Aplikasi Statistik Termodinamika
8. Ensemble Kanonik
9. Grand Ensemble Kanonik
Sistim Termodinamika, Parameter Makroskopik
Mean : Rata-rata
Mode : yang paling mungkin
Median : Titik tengah
Varians : Ragam, Lebar Distribusi
Pengertian Dasar Statistik
3 4 4 3 6 3 5 28
X 4
7 7
x1 x 2 x3 x 4 x5 x6 x7
X
7
x i
X i
N
Pengertian Dasar Statistik
kontinyu
Hasil ini diperoleh dari pengembangan bentuk
f .( x ).x
f (x ) 1
i i
f ( x ).x
diskrit
X i
i
i i
f ( x ) i i
i
Jika fungsinya kontinyu maka : X x. f ( x)dx
Ruang Euclid
dV dxdydz
dV
z
y dz
x dx
dy
Ruang Euclid dan Ruang Fase
p x2 p y2 p z2
2m
d dxdydzdpx dp y dp z
Ruang fase Ruang momentum
p(N)
x(N)
Rata Rata Sifat Assembly
X X x( N ), p( N ) P x( N ), p( N ) d
6 N
6N
X x( N ), p( N ) P x( N ), p( N ) d
6 N
6N
X
P x( N ), p( N ) d
6 N
6N
Rata Rata Sifat Assembly
p i
i
X pi X i
i
Assembli Klasik dan Kuantum
a. Klasik
- Terbedakan antara satu dengan lainnya (distinguishable)
- Energi kontinu
- Tak memenuhi prinsip larangan Pauli
Distribusi Energi
…………………….
Sistem N dengan energi εN
Statistik Maxwell Boltzmann
Distribusi Energi
…………………….
Sistem N dengan energi εN
Statistik Maxwell Boltzmann
Prinsip Kekekalan
Statistik Maxwell Boltzmann
Empat partikel dengan notasi a,b,c dan d didistribusi pada dua pita energi 2 pada pita 1 dan 2
pada sistim 2. Bobot masing-masing adalah 3 dan 4.
Jadi : N1 = N2 = 2 g1 = 3 , g2 = 4
N!
W g12 .g 22
N 1!.N 2 !
4!
W 3 2.4 2 864
2 !.2!
Contoh Pemakaian
a b a b c,a
c d c d d b
Rumus Stirling
Distribusi Maxwell Boltzmann
2N
n( )d e / kT 1 / 2 d
kT 3 / 2
g() P()
exp g C
k T
B
=
0 0 0
Aplikasi Statistik Maxwell Boltzmann
ky Untuk partikel kuantum dalam kotak 2D (e.g., electron pd FET):
2D n n y
k kx x ky
2
k kx ky
2
Lx Ly
kx 1 k2 k 2 area k2 1 2m
Nk G k G
4 4 4 4 2
Lx L y
g 2D
2s 1 m - Tak
# states within ¼ of
a circle of radius k 2 2 bergantung pd
Lx
1 4 / 3 k 3 k 3 volume
3/ 2
k3 1 2m
3D Nk G k G
kz 8 6 2 6 2 6 2 2
Lx Ly Lz
g()
3D
3D
2 s 1 2m
3/ 2
1/ 2
2D
g 2
kx 4 2
ky 1D
3/ 2
Thus, for 3D electrons 1 2m
g 3D 2 2
1/ 2
(2s+1=2): 2
Distribusi Kecepatan Maxwell
" volume" v v dv
3/ 2
m mv 2 vy
f v fv exp 4v 2 dv
2 k BT 2 k BT 4v 2 dv
Nampak bahwa persamaan ini merupakan perkalian v
antara faktor Boltzmann dengan sebuah tetapan.
Tetapan tersebut dapat diperoleh dari normalisasi vx
3/ 2
m
f v dv 1
vz
C
0 2 k T
B P(v)
dN NP d N exp d
k BT
Distribusi energi, N – the total # of particles
3/ 2
m mv 2
dN v NP v dv N 4v exp
2
dv
2 k T
B 2 k T
B
v
speed distribution (distribusi kecepatan) P(vx)
1/ 2
m mv 2
dN v x NP v x dv N exp dv
2 k T
B 2 k T
B
1 2E 3k BT
E m vrms
2
vrms
2 m m
vmax v vrms v
dP v 2 k BT
Harga kec.maksimum :
dv 0 v max
v vmax m
m mv 2 8k BT
Kelajuan rata-rata : v v P v dv 4v exp
3
dv
0 2 k BT 0 2 k BT m
3/ 2 3/ 2
m1 m1v 2 m2 m2 v 2
4v exp
2
4v exp
2
2 k BT 2k BT 2 k BT 2 k BT
3 m1v 2 3 m2 v 2
ln m1 ln m2
2 2k BT 2 2k BT
m1
3k BT ln
3 m1 v2 m2 3 1.38 10 23 300 ln 2
ln m1 m2 v 1.6 km/s
2 m2 2k BT m1 m2 2 1.7 10 27
Soal (Maxwell distr.)
Find the temperature at which the number of molecules in an ideal Boltzmann gas
with the values of speed within the range v - v+dv is a maximum.
P v, T
3/ 2
m mv 2
P v, T , m 4v exp
2
maximum: 0
2 k T
B 2 k T
B
T
1/ 2 3/ 2
3 m m mv 2 m mv 2 mv 2
exp
2
exp 0
2
2 2 k BT 2 k BT 2k BT 2 k BT 2k BT 2k BT
3 mv 2 mv 2
0 T
2 2 k BT 3k B
At home:
Find the temperature T at which the rms speed of Hydrogen molecules exceeds their
most probable speed by 400 m/s.
Answer: 380K
o
Bagian ini adalah salah satu contoh penerapan distribusi laju dari
o
statistik Maxwell Boltzmann, yakni pelebaran spektrum akibat efek
Doppler.
Misalkan molekul gas melakukan radiasi dengan panjang
gelombang dalam arah x dengan kecepatan vx menuju kepada
seorang pengamat. Pengamat akan menerima radiasi dengan
panjang gelombang.
o
vx
o 1
c
c o
v
o
c
dv x d
o
o
mc 2 o 2 c
3/ 2
m
f d exp d
2 k BT 2 k BT o o
2
o
Intensitas radiasi :
mc 2 o 2
I d Cf ( ) d I o exp d
2 k BT o
2
o
o
p / 2me e / KT d
2
x
e
e / kT
dT
Jika energi sistem dinyatakan dalam bentuk kuadrat posisi dan momentum maka tiap
bentuk kuadrat tersebut akan memberikan energi rata-rata ½ kT
Contoh molekul gas dengan massa m, energinya dapat dinyatakan dengan
p x2
x
2m
x d
2 e / KT
p / 2 m e
e / kT
e dT
Prinsip Ekipartisi Energi
p x2
2m
Nyatakan energi sebagai dan
x
p x2 p x2
exp ( ) / kT dxdydzdp y dp z exp( p 2
x / 2mkT ) dp x
2m 2m
x
Misalkan
p x2 = u2 maka
2mkT
2
u 2
kT e u du
x
e
u 2
du
Prinsip Ekipartisi Energi
Hasilnya memberikan : e
u 2
u du
2 1
2 e
u 2
du
p x2
1 u
Maka : x kT 2mkT
2
p x2 1 2
x x
2m 2
Prinsip Ekipartisi Energi
Maka :
2 1 2 e / kT
x
p / 2 m x e d
2
x
e d
e / kT
xdx p x2 1 2
dp
2 1 2
px 2 x exp 2m 2 x / kT dxdpx
x
p x2 1 2
exp 2m 2 x kT dxdpx
p x2 1 2
r 2 sin 2 , x r 2 cos 2
2m 2
1
dp x dp y 2(m / ) rdrd
2
Prinsip Ekipartisi Energi
Maka :
2x
2
d e r / kT
r 3 dr
0
2x
0
kT
2
d e r / kT
rdr
0 0
E
3R 5,94 kal/ K/gr.atom
o
T v
Panas jenis gas
E
3R 5,94 kal/ K/gr.atom
o
T v
STATISTIK BOSE-EINSTEIN
g s g s 1 n s !
g s g s 1 n s !
ws
g s 1!ns !
g s 1 ns !
g s 1 ns !
s g s 1!ns ! g s 1!ns !
w ws
s
STATISTIK BOSE-EINSTEIN
g s 1 ns !
s g s 1!ns !
w ws
s
STATISTIK BOSE-EINSTEIN
log w
s n
x
s dn s 0
s
log w
x s 0
n s
log w log ws
s
log w
log g s 1 n s log n s
n s
log w g ns
log s
n s ns
g ns
log s x s 0
ns
gs
e x s 1
ns
STATISTIK BOSE-EINSTEIN
gs
ns
e x s 1
gs
ns
1 s / kT 1
e
A
gs!
ws
n s ! g s n s !
STATISTIK BOSE-EINSTEIN
gs
ns
e x s 1
gs
ns
1 s / kT 1
e
A
gs!
ws
n s ! g s n s !
STATISTIK BOSE-EINSTEIN
STATISTIK FERMI-DIRAC
W ws
s
gs!
ws
ns ! g s ns !
Jumlah untuk semua kemungkinan susunan
yang berbeda untuk satu tingkatan energi
gs!
W Jumlah untuk semua kemungkinan susunan
s n s ! g s n s ! yang berbeda
STATISTIK FERMI-DIRAC
gs!
log W log
s n s ! g s n s !
g s log g s n s log n s g s n s log g s n s
s
log W
s n s dns 0 Gunakan rumus Stirling
s
log W
s 0
n s
STATISTIK FERMI-DIRAC
log W g s ns
log
n s ns
g s ns
log s 0
ns
gs s
e 1
ns
STATISTIK FERMI-DIRAC
~ k BT
1
f
e F kT 1
1
T =0 F 0 , f 1
e 1
1
F 0 , f 0
e 1
=
(with respect to )
STATISTIK FERMI-DIRAC
gs
ns Distribusi jumlah partikel partikel
e s 1
This fact leads to the concept of photons as quanta of the electromagnetic field. The
state of the el.-mag. field is specified by the number n for each of the modes, or, in other
words, by enumerating the number of photons with each frequency.
G N F F T ,V
Instead, we can use G F PV P
V T V
- by increasing the volume at T=const, we proportionally scale F
In order to calculate the average number of photons per small energy interval d, the
average energy of photons per small energy interval d, etc., as well as the total
average number of photons in a photon gas and its total energy, we need to know the
density of states for photons as a function of photon energy.
1 4 / 3 k 3 k 3 volume k3
Nk G k
8 6 2 6 2
kx
Lx L y Lz
ky dG 3 2
g cp ck G g
3D
6 2 c 2 2 c
ph
d 3 3
extra factor of 2:
g g
3D 3D d
h 2
h
2
8 2
3
8 2
g 3
3D
two polarizations c
ph ph ph
d 3
c c
Spektrum Radiasi Benda Hitam
Rata-rata jumlah foton per satuan volume denga frekwensi dan +d:
8 h 3
g f d u S , T d u s , T h g f 3
c exp h 1
d
u adalahfungsi energi: u , T d u , T d u , T u , T u h , T h
d
8 3
Radiasi spektrum u , T
benda hitam hc 3
exp 1
k T
B
Hukum Rayleigh-Jeans
8 k BT
u , T large 1
4
4
frekwensi tinggi , Hukum Pergeseran Wien’s
8 h 3
u s , T exp h - Ditemukan secara eksperimen oleh Wien Wien
c3
Nobel 1911
h 3
du d k BT 3x 2 x 3e x
const const x 2
0
max 2.8
k BT d h
d
h
exp 1 e 1 e 1
x
h k BT k BT
3 x e x 3 x 2. 8
h max Hukum
2.8 Pergeseran
k BT
Wien
u(,T)
hc
5 x exp1 / x 1 exp1 / x max
5 k BT
T = 300 K max 10 m
g 8 5 k BT
4
Energi total foton per satuan volume : (apat U
uT d
energi gas foton) V 0 exp 1 15 hc
3
2 5 k B
4
Tetapan Stefan-Boltzmann 4 4 Hukum Stefan-
uT T Boltzmann
15h 3c 2 c
uT 8 5 k BT hc 4
4 3
k BT 2.7 k BT
15 hc 8 k BT 2.4 15 2.4
3 3
N
For the “uni-directional” motion, the flux of energy per unit area c u
energy density u
1m2
c 1s
Integration over all angles provides a factor of ¼:
1
power emitted by unit area cu
4
(the hole size must be >> the wavelength)
Consider a human body at 310K. The power emitted by the body: T 4 500 W / m 2
While the emissivity of skin is considerably less than 1, it emits sufficient infrared
radiation to be easily detectable by modern techniques (night vision).
Radiative transfer:
Liquid nitrogen is stored in a vacuum or Dewar flask, a container surrounded by a thin
evacuated jacket. While the thermal conductivity of gas at very low pressure is small, energy
can still be transferred by radiation. Both surfaces, cold and warm, radiate at a rate:
i=a for the outer (hot) wall, i=b for the inner (cold) wall,
J rad 1 r Ti
4
W / m2
r – the coefficient of reflection, (1-r) – the coefficient of emission
Let the total ingoing flux be J, and the total outgoing flux be J’:
Dewar
J 1 r Ta4 rJ J 1 r Tb4 rJ
1 r
The net ingoing flux: J J Ta4 Tb4
1 r
If r=0.98 (walls are covered with silver mirror), the net flux is reduced to
1% of the value it would have if the surfaces were black bodies (r=0).
Efek Rumah Kaca
Absorption: 2
4 RSun
Power in RE TSun
2
Rorbit
the flux of the solar radiation energy
received by the Earth ~ 1370 W/m2
Power out 4 RE TE
2 4
Emission:
2 1/ 4
R
TE Sun TSun
4 Rorbit
Rorbit = 1.5·1011 m
Transmittance of the Earth atmosphere RSun = 7·108 m
2 5 k B
4
W
P power emitted by a sphere 4R 2 T 4 5 .7 10 8
15h 3c 2 m2K 4
This result is consistent with the flux of the solar radiation energy received by the Earth
(1370 W/m2) being multiplied by the area of a sphere with radius 1.5·1011 m (Sun-Earth
distance).
4
P 4 RSun
2 hc
W
4 7 108 m 5.7 108 2 4 5,740K 4 3.8 1026 W
2
2.8 k B max m K
dm P 3.8 10 26 W
the mass loss per one second 2 4 .2 10 9
kg/s
dt c 3 10 m
8
2
1% of Sun’s mass will be lost in 0.01M 2 10 28 kg
t 4.7 1018 s 1.5 1011 yr
dm / dt 4.2 10 kg/s
9
Fungsi Distribusi untuk gas Fermi Ideal
The probability of the i-state with energy i to be occupied 1 n ni
P i , ni exp i i
by ni particles (the total energy of this state ni i) : Z k BT
The grand partition function for all particles in the ith single- n
particle state (the sum is taken over all possible values of ni) : Z i exp i i
ni k BT
If the particles are fermions, n can only be 0 or 1:
Z i 1 exp
k B T
The mean number of particles in this state:
exp
ni ni P ni 0 P 0 1 P1 k BT 1
1 exp 1 exp
ni
k B T k
B T
1
n - the Fermi-Dirac ~ k BT
distribution
exp 1
k BT
1
1 Z x 1 e x ni
1 e
1 Distribusi Bose
ni
Z x x 1 e x 1 e x e x 1 exp 1 Einstein
k BT
The mean number of particles in a given state for the BEG can exceed unity, it diverges as
, and is nonexistent for > .
Probabilitas, Fungsi Distribusi, Rapat Keadaan ….
f E n E
While f(E) is often less than unity (much less in the case of an ideal gas), it is not a
probability. (e.g., it can exceed unity in a Bose gas).
f E n
i
where n=N/V – the density of particles
where g() is the
If we can neglect the
n g f d density of states
spectrum discreteness:
0
Kaitan Termodinamika, Potensial Kimia
Consider the grand potential k BT ln Z which is a generalization of F=-kBT lnZ
- the appearance of μ as a variable, while computationally very convenient for the grand
canonical ensemble, is not natural. Thermodynamic properties of systems are
eventually measured with a given density of particles. However, in the grand canonical
ensemble, quantities like pressure or N are given as functions of the “natural” variables
T,V and μ. Thus, we need to use / T ,V N to eliminate μ in terms of T and
n=N/V.
S U F
n, T T
N U ,V N S ,V N T ,V
MB < 0: - the occupancy nB exp cannot be negative for any
k BT
Potensial Kimia untuk Gas Fermi
1 g
Fermi nF f F n g f d d
Gas T , n
exp 1 0 0
exp 1
k BT k BT
T ,V , N n N / V T , n
When the average number of fermions in a system (their density) is known, this equation
can be considered as an implicit integral equation for (T,n). It also shows that determines
the mean number of particles in the system just as T determines the mean energy.
However, solving the eq. is a non-trivial task.
/ EF
k BT
2
2
depending on n and T, for 1
1 .... fermions may be either
EF 12 E F positive or negative. 1 kBT/EF
The limit T0: adding one fermion to the system at T=0 increases its energy U by EF. In
this situation F = U-TS = U (S is also 0: all the fermions are packed into the lowest-energy
states), so that the chemical potential, which is the change in F produced by the addition
of one particle, is EF: T 0 EF
3/ 2
The change of sign of (n,T) indicates the crossover from the n 4 EF
degenerate Fermi system (low T, high n) to the Boltzmann statistics.
nQ 3 k BT
The condition kBT << EF is equivalent to n >> nQ:
The crossover occurs at n~nQ When n<<nQ the chemical potential
n
becomes negative: Boltzmann k BT ln Q 0
n
Potensial Kimia untuk Gas Bose
g
1
Bose nBE n g f d d
Gas
exp 1 0 0
exp 1
k BT k T
B
The occupancy cannot be negative for any , thus, for bosons,
0 ( varies from 0 to ). Also, as T0, 0 T
0, 0
nBE T 0 1
nBE T 0
exp 0 / 0 1 1, 0
For bosons, the chemical potential is a non-trivial function of the density and temperature
(for details, see the lecture on BE condensation).
Pendekatan Klasik
The Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions must reduce to the Maxwell-
Boltzmann distribution in the classical limit, ni 1 for all i. Hence,
1 the Maxwell-
ni exp
exp 1 and k BT Boltzmann
k T
B exp distribution
k BT
The same result, of course, we would get if we start from the equation for the
average nk in Boltzmann statistics:
N Z Z
ni NP s exp k BT ln 1 1 exp exp exp exp
Z1 k BT N N k BT k BT k BT k BT
=
Pendekatan Klasik (cont.)
3/ 2
In terms of the density, the classical limit 2 mk BT
n nQ 2
corresponds to n << the quantum density: h
We can also rewrite this condition as T>>TC where TC is the so-called degeneracy
temperature of the gas, which corresponds to the condition n~ nQ. More accurately:
2/3
h2 n
TC
2 mk B 2.6
For the FD gas, TC ~ EF/kB where EF is the Fermi energy (Lect. 24) , for the BE gas
TC is the temperature of BE condensation (Lect. 26).
g
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 s 1 2m 2 s 1 2 mk T x1/ 2
n d g 2 2
1/ 2
2
B
dx
0
exp 1 4 4 2
0 exp x 1
Since 0, the maximum possible value of x1/ 2
n is obtained when = 0, and 0 exp x 1 dx 1.3
3/ 2
2 s 1 2mk BT where nQ is the quantum concentration,
ncr 1.3 2.6nQ
4 2 2 which varies as T 3/2
Pendekatan Ketiga Distribusi
S
Fermi-Dirac Nk B
Maxwell-Boltzmann
3
Bose-Einstein
U
k BTC 2
2
T
1 2 3 TC
zero-point 1
energy,
Pauli 2/3
h2 n
principle TC
T 2 mk B 2.6
1 2 3 TC
Comparison between Distributions
CV /NkB
Fermi-Dirac
Maxwell-Boltzmann
Bose-Einstein
2
1.5
0 1 T/TC
Comparison between Distributions
Maxwell Bose Fermi
Boltzmann Einstein Dirac
1 1 1
nk nk nk
exp exp 1 exp 1
k BT k BT k BT
distinguishable indistinguishable indistinguishable
Z=(Z1)N/N! integer spin 0,1,2 … half-integer spin 1/2,3/2,5/2 …
nK<<1
Paramagnetism
Fungsi Partisi
Aplikasi Statistik Termodinamika
Fungsi Partisi
Aplikasi Statistik Termodinamika