Hematologi Pemicu 5 Liliani
Hematologi Pemicu 5 Liliani
• Hipersegmentasi:
peningkatan lobulasi
abnormal (≥5 lobus). Sering
disebut sbg myeloid right
shift. Dpt menyertai gg
maturasi sel spt def besi,
dan ditemukan pd anemia
megaloblastik, infeksi,
uremia, leukemia
granulositik kronik
Kelainan morfologi leukosit
KELAINAN INTI SEL
• Anomali Pelger-Huet: gg
kongenital autsomal
dominan dmn nuklei
granulosit gagal mbtk
segmen scr normal. Pykt ini
bersifat benigna, tjdi pd 1 dr
6000 org, fungsi sel normal.
• Vakuolisasi: lubang pd
sitoplasma akibat
degranulasi lisosom.
Memberi kesan spt
berbusa. Bukan krn
perubahan toksik, namun
terkait artefak
penyimpanan (vakuola ini
dapat terjadi dalam waktu 4
jam dari pengambilan
darah).
LO2: MM KELAINAN LEUKOSIT
KUANTITATIF
Kuantitas Leukosit
• Σ leukosit tepi normal pd dws: 4500 – 11000/μL
• Pd penurunan atau peningkatan leukosit, jumlah
absolut dari setiap komponenlah (basofil, eosinofil,
neutrofil, limfosit, dan monosit) yg penting untuk
mengetahui pyb hasil hitung leukosit tsb
Leukopenia
benign white cell disorder
myeloblast
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Myeloblast harus melalui tahap maturasi dr tdk memiliki granul sama
sekali untuk menjadi promielosit yg bergranula
• Tipe I myeloblast tidak py granul primer azurofilik ataupun Auer rods.
• Tipe II myeloblasts memiliki sedikit granul primer azurofilik & Auer rod
mgkn terlihat
• Tipe III myeloblasts memiliki granul primer azurofilik tnp zona Golgi.
• Promyelocytes lebih besar, rasio N/C lebih kecil, kromatin lebih padat, dan
biasanya Golgi paranuklear yg pucat.
• Morfologi:
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
• FAB-L1: Acute
lymphoblastic leukemia
– Morfologi: kecil,
homogenous, inti bulat
teratur, nukleoli tdk
mencolok, sitoplasma
sdkt tnp vakuola
– Pewarnaan: MPO (-)
– Maturasi: dari sel pro B
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
• FAB-L2: Acute
lymphoblastic leukemia
– Morfologi: Sel besar,
heterogenous, inti
bercelah, ≥1 nukleoli
besar, vol sitoplasma
beragam (seringnya byk
& mengandung vakuola)
– Pewarnaan: PAS (+), NSE
& MPO (-)
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
• FAB-L3: Acute
lymphoblastic leukemia
(Burkitt’s Leukemia)
– Morfologi: uk sedang,
homogemous, inti
teratur bulat-oval, ≥1
anak inti mencolok, vol
sitoplasma sedang dg
vakuola
– Pewarnaan: PAS, NSE &
MPO (-)
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
• Leukemia kronis myelocytic (CML), polisitemia vera (PV),
myelofibrosis (MF) dan thrombocythemia esensial (ET)
merupakan proliferasi klonal ganas sel induk multipoten.
• Semua 3 tipe sel (myeloid, erythroid dan megakaryocytic)
yang terlibat dalam setiap gangguan, masing-masing memiliki
kelainan genetik tertentu. Akibatnya sel dominan berbeda di
setiap gangguan dan memungkinkan untuk subklasifikasi
gangguan mieloproliferatif kronis.
– Misalnya, di PV proliferasi didominasi erythroid, namun sel darah
putih dan sel megakaryocytic juga merupakan bagian dari proliferasi
ganas tsb.
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
• Gangguan ini:
– Gangguan klonal maligna didapat
– Dicirikan dg peningkatan jumlah sel pluripoten yg terlihat
– Produksi berlebihan dr 1 atau lebih keturunan mieloid
– Memiliki predisposisi beragam utk berubah mjd leukemia
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Definition: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), (15% of all leukemia), is a malignant
disorder of multipotent stem cells with predominance of mature granulocytes and
their precursors accumulating in excess in the marrow and blood.
• Clinical Course: The initial phase of CML is stable or indolent (usually lasting 2-4
years), but is followed by an acclerated stage (6-12 months), and finally an acute
phase or blast crisis (2-4 months) similar to acute leukemia.
• Blood Cell Count: The peripheral blood WBC count of stable CML is typically
elevated from 20 x 109/L, and is often >100 x109/L. Segmented neutrophils,
myelocytes, and metamyelocytes predominate, but eosinophilia and basophilia
are characteristic PB findings in CML. Less than 2% peripheral blasts or
myelodysplasia accompany CML. Anemia is usually only moderate. Platelet
numbers may be normal or elevated (50%) in most patients.
• LAP (leukocyte alkaline phosphatase) activity in leukocytes of CML is abnormally
low or absent. [LAP: +Control (blue stain); CML]
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Bone Marrow: The bone marrow is hypercellular (100%) with a great
increase in the M:E ratio; a left shifted myeloid series, and increased
eosinophils. Megakaryocytes may be normal or elevated and are often
smaller (as in this case) than normal.
• Progression of Disease: During the accelerated phase eosinophilia and
basophilia increase, and immature cells and blasts increase in number.
The blast phase is reached when the number of blasts exceeds 30% in
either the peripheral blood or marrow. The blasts are usually myeloid
(>60%), but may be lymphoid (30%) reflecting the stem cell origin of the
disorder.
• CML must be differentiated from leukemoid reactions in which there is a
marked increase in myeloid elements secondary to infection, chronic
inflammation and other causes. Occasionally CML will present in blast
crisis and should be distinguished from acute leukemia.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Clinical Characteristics: The average age at presentation is 45 yrs (rare in children).
The incidence is ≈1/100,000/year with equal numbers of men and women.