Rekayasa Perkerasan Jalan

Overview
Bahan perkerasan jalan
• Perkerasan jalan adalah segala jenis material
konstruksi yang dihampar dan dipadatkan di atas
lapisan tanah dasar
• Konstruksi perkerasan jalan:
– Perkerasan lentur/flexible pavement
• Agregat, sebagai tulangan
• Aspal, sebagai pengikat
– Perkerasan kaku/rigid pavement
• Agregat, sebagai tulangan
• Semen, sebagai pengikat
• Uji terhadap bahan:
– Jenis bahan
– Keadaan fisik bahan
– Kualitas bahan
• Konstruksi jalan:
– Tanah dasar, merupakan tanah yang dipadatkan,
baik dari hasil galian maupun timbunan.tanah
dasar memberi bentuk jalan
– Lapis pondasi, terdiri dari lapisan pondasi atas dan
pondasi bawah. Distribusi beban dan kekuatan
struktur ditentukan pada lapisan ini
– Lapis permukaan, merupakan lapisan yang kontak
langsung dengan beban (roda kendaraan). Sudah
termasuk lapis aus. Lapisan ini harus kuat, juga
stabil dan memiliki daya tahan yang cukup kuat.
Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur
Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur
Bahan Agregat
Siklus
Batuan Pemadatan
Sementasi
Kristalisasi
Sedimentasi

Batuan
Sedimen Pemindahan
(Transport)
Erosi
Pelapukan Pelapukan
Sempurna
Metamorfosis

Batuan
Beku Tanah
Batuan
Metamorf

Pendinginan
Pemanasan
Magma
Pemilihan Agregat
• Agregat yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan
perkerasan jalan tergantung dari :
– tersedianya bahan setempat
– mutu bahan
– bentuk/jenis konstruksi yang digunakan
Pemeriksaan/penelitian
laboratorium
1. Ukuran dan gradasi (size and grading)
2. Kekerasan/keausan (toughness)
3. Ketahanan terhadap pelapukan (soundness)
4. Daya pelekatan terhadap aspal (affinity for asphalt)
5. Bentuk butir (shape)
6. Susunan/bentuk permukaan (surface texture)
7. Daya absorpsi (absorption)
8. Kebersihan (cleaness)
9. Berat jenis (specific gravity)
Penggolongan Agregat
Berdasarkan Gradasi
a. Agregat bergradasi pekat/rapat (dense-
graded)
b. Agregat bergradasi renggang/terbuka (open
graded)
c. Agregat bergradasi seragam (single
size/uniform graded)
d. Agregat bergradasi halus (fine graded)
e. Agregat bergradasi celah (gap-graded)
 Contoh Grafik Gradasi
100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

% Lolos
50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
0,01 0,1 1 10 100
No. Saringan
Bentuk Agregat

i.Rounded; ii. Irregular; iii. Angular; iv. Flaky;

v. Elongated; vi. Flaky and Elongated
 Alat Uji Agregat

Aggregate Crushing Machine

Aggregate Impact Machine

 Alat Uji Agregat

Los Angeles Abrasion Test

 Alat Uji Agregat

Alat Pengukur Kepipihan Agregat

Alat Pengukur Kelonjongan Agregat

Bahan Aspal
Definisi:
• Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present
in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits. It is most commonly
modeled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the
continuous phase (though there is some disagreement amongst chemists
regarding its structure). In U.S. terminology, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the
carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils.
Outside North America, the product is called bitumen.

Wikipedia
• Asphalt is a dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by
petroleum refining and containing bitumens as the predominant component.
Bitumen is a generic term for natural or manufactured black or dark-colored
solid, semisolid, or viscous cementitious materials that are composed mainly of
high-molecular weight hydrocarbons. The term includes tars and pitches derived
from coal. Asphalt is used primarily for road construction and roofing materials
due to its remarkable waterproofing and binding properties. The hard surfaces of
roads, for example, depend on the ability of asphalt to cement together
aggregates of stone and sand.

Encyclopedia of Earth
 Klasifikasi Aspal
Berdasarkan Sumber Dan Penggunaannya

Aspal Buatan Aspal Keras atau Aspal Panas

(petrolueum asphalt) (AC, asphalt cement)
·Asphaltic Base Crude Oli
·Parafin Base Crude Oli Aspal Cair (cut back)
·Mixed Base Crude Oli ·Rapid Curing (AC+benzene)
·Medium Curing (AC+kerosene)
·Slow Curing (AC+minyak berat)
ASPAL
Aspal Emulsi (AC+air+asam/basa)
·Cathionic/Anionic Rapid Setting
Aspal Alam
·Cathionic/Anionic Medium Setting
(Native Asphalt)
·Cathionic/Anionic Slow Setting
·Lake Asphalt (Trinidad Lake)
·Rock Asphalt (Perancis,
Swiss, Pulau Buton)
 Klasifikasi Aspal
Menurut AASHTO
Nilai Penetrasi
40-50 60-70 85-100 120-150 200-300
Berdasarkan Nilai Penetrasi
min max min max min max Min max min max

Penetrasi (25°C, 100 gr, 5 detik) 40 50 60 70 85 100 120 150 200 300

Titik Nyala (Cleveland Open), °C 232 - 232 - 232 - 218 - 177 -

Daktilitas (25°C, 5 cm per menit) 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 -

Kelarutan pada trichloroethele, % 99 - 99 - 99 - 99 - 99 -

Kehilangan berat, % - 0.8 - 0.8 - 1.0 - 1.3 - 1.5

Penetrasi setelah kehilangan berat 58 - 54 - 50 - 46 - 40 -

Daktilitas setelah kehilangan berat - - 50 - 75 - 100 - 100 -

Nilai Viskositas
Berdasarkan Nilai Viskositas
AC-2.5 AC-5 AC-10 AC-20 AC-30 AC-40

Viskositas, 60°C (140°F), poises 250± 50 500±100 1000± 200 2000±­400 3000±600 4000± 800

Viskositas, 135°C (275°F),Cs, Min 125 175 250 300 350 400

Penetrasi (25°C, 100 gr, 5 detik) 220 140 80 60 50 40

Titik Nyala (°C) 163 177 219 232 232 232

Kelarutan pada trichloroethene, % 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0

Kehilangan Berat, % - 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Penyulingan Aspal Buatan
Skema Analisis
Menentukan Struktur Hidrokarbon Aspal
Pengujian-Pengujian
Karakteristik Aspal
1. Pengujian Penetrasi
2. Pengujian Daktilitas
3. Pengujian Titik Lembek
4. Kepekaan Aspal terhadap Perubahan Suhu
5. Pengujian Viskositas
6. Pengujian Titik Nyala dan Titik Bakar
7. Pengujian Berat Jenis
8. Hilang dalam Pemanasan
9. Penyulingan Aspal Cair
10. Kadar Air dalam Minyak Bumi dan Bahan yang
Mengandung Bitumen
11. Kelekatan Aspal dalam Batuan
Alat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Penetrasi
 Alat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Titik Lembek Ring and Ball

 log PEN (dmm)

log PEN = AT + K

log PEN T2

log PEN T1

T1 T2 T (oC)

Hubungan Suhu dan log Pen Aspal

log Viskositas
(cSt)

log (280 ± 30)

log (170 ± 20)

Suhu (oC)
Suhu pemadatan Suhu pencampuran

Hubungan Suhu dan Viskositas Aspal

Temperature Susceptibility
Persamaan dasar:

logP = AT + K

A = (log pen T1 – log pen T2)/(T1 – T2)

A = (log pen T1 – log 800)/(T1 – SP)
A  0,015 sampai 0,06

Persamaan PI:

50 A = (20 – PI)/(10 + PI)

?
PI = (1952 – 500 log pen – 20SP)/(50log pen – SP – 120)
 Alat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Daktilitas Aspal

Cetakan Benda Uji dalam Pengujian Daktilitas

 Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Titik Nyala dengan Alat Cleveland Open Cup

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Hilang dalam Pemanasan dengan

Alat Thin Film Oven
Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Penyulingan Aspal Cair

 Jenis Aspal vs Penggunaan

M S -2 h , H F M S -2 h
Asphalt Cements Emulsified Asphalts 9 Cutback-Asphalts

M S -2 , H F M S -2
M S -1 , H F M S -1
Viscosity Graded Viscosity Graded Medium Curing Rapid Curing
Penetration Graded Anionic Cationic
-Original -Residue (MC) 8 (RC) 8

A R -1 6 0 0 0

H F M S -2 s
Type of Construction

A R -1 0 0 0
A R -2 0 0 0
A R -8 0 0 0
A R -4 0 0 0

1 2 0 -1 5 0
2 0 0 -3 0 0

C M S -2 h

C S S -1 h
A C -2 . 5

8 5 -1 0 0

C M S -2
C R S -1

C R S -2

C S S -1
S S -1 h
A C -4 0
A C -2 0
A C -1 0

4 0 -5 0
6 0 -7 0

3000
R S -2

3000
A C -5

R S -1

S S -1

250
800

250
800
30

70
70
Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
Asphalt Concrete and
Hot Laid Plant Mix
Pavement Base and Surfaces
Highways X X X X X7 X X X X X7 X X X X X7
Airports X X X X X X X X
Parking Areas X X X X X X X X X
Drivewas X X X X X X
Curbs X X X
Industrial Floors X X X X X X
Blocks X X X
Groins X X X X X X
Dam Facings X X X X X X
Canal and Reservoar Linings X X X X X X

Cold-Laid Plant Mix 10

Pavement Base and Surfaces
Open-Graded Aggregate X X X X
Well-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X X X X
Patching, Immediate Use X X X X X
Patching, Stockpile X X X X

Mixed-in-Place (Road Mix) 10

Pavement Base and Surfaces X X X X X X X X
Open-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X X
Well-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X
Sand X X X X X X X X X
Sandy Soil X X X X X X X X X X
Patching, Immediate Use X X X X
Patching, Stockpile

Recycling
Hot-Mix X X X X X X X X X
Cold-Mix 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X

Asphalt-Aggregate Applications
Surface Treatments
Single Surface Treatment X X X X X X X X
Multiple Surface Treatment X X X X X X X X
Aggregate Seal X X X X X X X X X X
Sand Seal X X X X X
Slurry Seal X X X X

Asphalt Applications
Surface Treatments
Fog Seal X5 X2 X2 X2 X2
Prime Coat X16 X1 X1 X1 X1 X1 X X X
Tack Coat X X2 X2 X X2 X2
Dust Laying X5 X2 X2 X2 X2 X X X X X
Mulch X2 X2

Membrane
Canal and Reservoar Linings X X
Embankment Envelopes X X X X X X

Crack Fillings
Asphalt Pavements X3 X3 X3 X3
Portland Cement Concrete
Pavements X4 X4 X4

1 Mixed-in Prime Only 5 Diluted with water by the manufacturer 8 Before using MC's for spray applications (other than prime coats) check with local pollution control agency
2 Diluted with water 6 MS-2 only 9 Emulsifed asphalts shown are AASHTO and ASTM grades and may not include all grades produced in all geographical areas
3 Slurry mix 7 For use in cold climates 10 Evaluation of emulsified asphalt-aggregate system required to determine the proper grade of emulsified asphalt to use
4 Rubber asphalt compounds
 Spesifikasi Bitumen
(Japan Road Association)
Penetration Grade 60 - 80 80 - 100 100 - 120 120 - 150

Penetration (25oC, 100g, 5 sec) 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120 120 – 150

o
Softening Point C 44.0 – 52.0 42.0 – 50.0 40.0 – 50.0 38.0 – 48.0
Ductility (15oC) min. cm 100 100 100 100
Loss on Heating maz. % (1) 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5
Retained Penetration aft er Heating min. % 80 80 75 (3) 70
Penetration Ratio adfter Heating maz. % (2) 110 110 - -
Loss of Weight after Thin Film Oven Test maz. % (1) 0.6 0.6 - -
Retained Penetration after Thin Film Oven Test min. % 55 50 - -
Solubility in Carbon Tetrachloride min. % 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
o
Flash Point (Cleaveland) min. C 260 260 210 210
Specific Gravity (25oC/25oC) min. 1.000 1.000 - -

Note :

1) In some cases, the test will be resulted in weight increase.

Penetratio n after heating withou any stirring of the sample
2) Penetration ratio after heating (%) =
Penetratio n after heating on the sample thoroughly stirred
3) It is desirable for asphalts having more than 47.5oC softening point, percentage of retained penetration exceeds 80.
4) As for asphalts of penetration grade 60 – 80 and 80 –100, it is necessary to inform the Kinematic-viscosity
measurement results at the temperature of 120 oC, 140oC, 160oC and 180oC respectively. For the penetration grades
100 – 120, 120 – 150, not only the viscosity-temperature relationship the specific gravity – temperature relationship is
also needed.
Karakteristik Campuran
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 1
1a. Gradasi Menerus (skematis)
Proporsi

Grafik
Komulatif

Ukuran
Butir
Grafik Ilustrasi Setting

- Prinsip Interlocking
- Sifat Kaku
- Kebutuhan Aspal Sedang
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 2
1b. Gradasi Menerus (ilustrasi visual)

Potongan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 3
2a. Gradasi Senjang (skematis)
Proporsi

Grafik
Komulatif

Ukuran
Butir
Grafik Ukuran Ilustrasi Setting
yang
hilang

- Prinsip Suspensi Mortar

- Sifat Lentur
- Kebutuhan Aspal Tinggi
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 4
2b. Gradasi Senjang (ilustrasi visual)

Potongan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 5
3a. Gradasi Seragam (skematis)
Proporsi

Grafik
Komulatif

Ukuran
Butir
Grafik Ilustrasi Setting
Dominasi
Ukuran

- Prinsip Max Tekstur Makro

- Sifat Kasar
- Kebutuhan Aspal Khusus
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 6
3b. Gradasi Seragam (ilustrasi visual)

Permukaan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

 Rongga dalam Campuran 1

Ilustrasi Umum

0 Rongga Vr = Vtotal – (Vy + Vx)

Wtotal Y Aspal Vy = Y/(SGaspal x air) Vtotal

X Agregat Vx = X/(SGagregat x air)

Berat Volume
Rongga dalam Campuran 2

VMA, VIM, VFB/VFA

Rongga VIM

Kadar VFB
VMA
Aspal Aspal

Absorbed

Agregat
 Specific Gravity 1
Apparent & Bulk SG
Water-permeable
0 Pores Vp

Water-impermeable
Wtotal 0 Vi Vtotal
Pores

Ws Solid Vs
Aggregate

Weight Volume
SG Apparent = Ws / ((Vs + Vi) x water)
SG Bulk = Ws / ((Vs + Vi + Vp) x water)
Specific Gravity 2
Apparent, Bulk & Effective SG

Apparent SG:
Rongga Permeable diisi bitumen sebanyak air yang bisa
mengisinya

Bulk SG:
Rongga Permeable tidak terisi bitumen sama sekali

Effective SG:
Rongga Permeable terisi bitumen sebanyak bitumen
yang bisa mengisinya
 Specific Gravity 3
Effective SG
Bitumen-permeable
0 Pores Vb

Bitumen-impermeable
Wtotal 0 Vc Vtotal
Pores

Ws Solid Vs
Aggregate

Weight Volume
SG Effective = Ws / ((Vs + Vc) x water)
SG Effective = (Apparent SG + Bulk SG)/2
 Perhitungan Proporsi
Selisih
By Weight Berat
Agregat
Proporsi dan
Agregat Campuran

Berat Berat Berat

Agregat Campuran Aspal

By Volume Proporsi
Agregat,
Aspal
SG dan Proporsi SG
Agregat Rongga Aspal Aspal

Berat Volume Volume Volume Berat

agregat Agregat Campuran Aspal aspal
Daur Ulang Perkerasan
 Perkerasan Daur-ulang
• Perbaikan terhadap struktur perkerasan lentur pada prinsipnya
mencakup: pelapisan ulang (overlaying), daur-ulang (recycling)
dan rekonstruksi (reconstruction). Material dari perkerasan yang
rusak (deteriorated) yang dikenal sebagai Perkerasan Aspal
yang Diundang Kembali atau Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
(RAP), sebagian atau seluruhnya digunakan pada konstruksi
Digelar &
baru. + dipadatkan
Diambil
RAP Material
Segar
Aspal
+
Agregat

1: Eksisting 2: Pengambilan 3: Pencampuran 4: Penghamparan Kembali

Jenis Proses Daur-ulang
• Hot in-Place Recycling
(Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi)
• Cold in Place Recycling
(Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi)
• Hot Central Plant Recycling
(Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang)
• Cold Central Plant Recycling
(Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang)
 Hot in-Place Recycling
Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi

Sumber: Lebuhraya Malaysia (2005)

Cold in-Place Recycling
Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi

Sumber: EDP Consultant, USA (2006)

 Hot Central Plant Recycling
Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang
Surge
Hopper
Main Unit

RAP Feeding

Drum
Mixer

Sumber: Fujian South Highway Machinery Co., Ltd., Japan (2006)

 Cold Central Plant Recycling
Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang

Sumber: Public Work Deparment, Malaysia (2005)

Kelebihan Perkerasan Daur-ulang
• Mempersingkat gangguan yang
dirasakan pengguna
• Konservasi kebutuhan energi
• Preservasi kondisi lingkungan
• Memperkecil biaya konstruksi
• Konservasi kebutuhan material dasar
(agregat dan aspal)
• Preservasi geometri perkerasan
eksisting