1. Menipisnya lapisan
ozon
1979 1998
2. Pemanasan global
kadar CO yang tinggi akibat
aktivitas manusia
menyebabkan suhu
permukaan bumi meningkat
Cahaya PenambahanCO2 di
Efek Rumah Kaca: Pengurangan CO2 dari udara oleh
Matahari udara dapat tumbuhan dan alga fotosintetik
Cahaya matahari masuk ke bumi meningkatkan efek
Kemudian dipantulkan. Oleh CO2 akan mengurangi efek rumah kaca
rumah kaca
Cahaya matahari tersebut
dipantulkan kembali ke bumi
kembali
CO2
Panas
CO2 CO2
One-way flow
of energy from Sun
Cycling of
Crucial Elements
Gravity
Gigantic nuclear
fusion 93 million
miles away sustains
life.
•One-billionth of
sun’s energy reaches
earth.
•Energy in MUST
equal energy out…
WHY?
Definisi :
Ekologi adalah bagian dari biologi yang
mempelajari jasad beserta lingkungannya sebagai
satu unit. Atau
Ekologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan
timbal balik (interrelationship) makhluk-makhluk
hidup / jasad-jasad hidup dengan lingkungannya.
Kerjasama Kompetisi
B. Interaksi Antar Populasi yang berbeda
Bentuk interaksi antar populasi dalam ekosistem antara lain dapat
berupa predasi, kompetisi, atau simbiosis
Predasi Simbiosis
Kompetisi
Konsumen
ke 3 10 kcal
Konsumen
100 kcal
Ke 2
Konsumen 1,000
Ke 1 kcal
Abiotic chemicals
Photosynthesis
Producers
(autotrophs)
Consumers
(heterotrophs)
Aerobic
respiration
Decomposers Kuliah Biologi_Y.Th.Maria Astuti Fig. 4-17 p. 67
FUNGSI EKOSISTEM
When energy
transformations
First law Second law occur, energy is
neither created
nor destroyed
(1st Law) but
there is always
loss of usable
energy, usually
as heat (2nd
Law).
Heat
Generally, only
about 10% of Heat
Tertiary
usable energy is consumers
Decomposers
10 Secondary
consumers
Limiting factors
may include:
•Salinity
•Ph
•Sunlight
•Dissolved oxygen
•Temperature
food sources
Trophic Levels: producer to primary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Omnivore
Decomposers
Kuliah Biologi_Y.Th.Maria Astuti
Connections: Food Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Pyramid of
energy flow
Ecological
efficiency
Pyramid of
biomass
Pyramid of
numbers
90% energy loss each step!
Ranges from 60 to 98% (90% is typical)
Kuliah Biologi_Y.Th.Maria Astuti
Ecological Pyramid
Rabbits
Mushrooms
Environmental temperature
Is an important factor in the distribution of
organisms because of its effects on biological
processes
Figure 50.9
Kuliah Biologi_Y.Th.Maria Astuti
Rocks and Soil
Many characteristics of soil limit the
distribution of plants and thus the animals that
feed upon them
Physical structure
pH
Mineral composition
North Pole
60N
Low angle of incoming sunlight
30N
Tropic of
Cancer
Tropic of
Capricorn
30S
60N
30N
Descending Descending
dry air Ascending dry air
0 (equator)
absorbs moist air absorbs
moisture releases moisture
30S
moisture
60S
0 23.5
30 23.5 30
Arid Arid
Figure 50.10 zone Tropics zone
Arctic
Circle
60N
Westerlies
30N
Northeast trades
Doldrums 0
(equator)
Southeast trades
30S
Westerlies
60
S
Antarctic
Circle
Figure 50.10
Cooler
3
air sinks
over water.
Figure 50.11
and drops a large amount deepest snow packs occur here. precipitation. As a result of
thrive here.
Wind
direction East
Pacific
Ocean
Sierra
Nevada
Coast
Range
Figure 50.12
Kuliah Biologi_Y.Th.Maria Astuti
Seasonality
50
0
Altitude (m)
3,000
2,000
Sierra Nevada
1,000 Great Basin
0 Plateau
Seed collection sites
Kuliah Biologi_Y.Th.Maria Astuti
Lakes
Are sensitive to seasonal temperature change
Experience seasonal turnover
In spring, as the sun melts the ice, the surface water warms to 4°C
2
and sinks below the cooler layers immediately below, eliminating the
In winter, the coldest water in the lake (0°C) lies just
1 thermal stratification. Spring winds mix the water to great depth,
below the surface ice; water is progressively warmer at
bringing oxygen (O2) to the bottom waters (see graphs) and
deeper levels of the lake, typically 4–5°C at the bottom.
nutrients to the surface.
O2 (mg/L) Winter Spring O2 (mg/L)
0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12
8 8
16 16
0 4
2 4
24 4 4 24
4 4
4 4
O2 concentration 4C 4C
High
Medium
Low
O2 (mg/L) O2 (mg/L)
0 4 8 12
0 4 8 12
8 4 22 8
4 20
4 18
16 4 8 16
4 6
4C 5 24
24 4C
Autumn Thermocline Summer
In autumn, as surface water cools rapidly, it sinks below the
Figure 50.13 4
underlying layers, remixing the water until the surface begins
3 In summer, the lake regains a distinctive thermal profile, with
warm surface water separated from cold bottom water by a narrow
to freeze and the winter temperature profile is reestablished. vertical zone of rapid temperature change, called a thermocline.
Wind East
direction
Pacific
Ocean
Sierra
Coast Nevada
Range
8 8
16 16
0° 4°
2° 4°
24 4° 4° 24
4° 4°
4° 4°
4°C 4°C
O2 concentration
High (>8 mg/L)
Medium (4–8 mg/L)
Low (<4 mg/L)
O2 (mg/L) O2 (mg/L)
0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12
8 4° 22° 8
4° 20°
4° 18°
4° 8°
16 6° 16
4°
5°
4°C 4°C
24 24
Autumn Thermocline Summer
Biomes
Role of
climate
Aquatic
life zones
30°N
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Continental
Tropic of
shelf
Capricorn
30°S
Key
Littoral
zone Limnetic 0
zone Photic zone
200 m
Continental Pelagic
shelf
zone
Benthic Aphotic
Photic zone zone
zone
Pelagic
Benthic
zone
zone
Aphotic
zone
2,500–6,000 m
Abyssal zone
(deepest regions of ocean floor)
(a) Zonation in a lake. The lake environment is generally classified on the basis of (b)
three physical criteria: light penetration (photic and aphotic zones), distance from Marine zonation. Like lakes, the marine environment is generally classified
shore and water depth (littoral and limnetic zones), and whether it is open water on the basis of light penetration (photic and aphotic zones), distance from
Figure 50.16a, b
(pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic zone). shore and water depth (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones), and whether it
is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic and abyssal zones).
Kuliah Biologi_Y.Th.Maria Astuti
b. Ekosistem air tawar lontik
Ciri : Memiliki air yang berarus
Zona
fotik
Zona Pelagik
Lantai Samudra
Zona
afotik
Figure 34.7A
Zona
fotik
Zona
Lantai Samudra Zona Pelagik
afotik
30
Temperate
Annual mean temperature (ºC)
broadleaf
15
forest
Coniferous
forest
0
Arctic and
alpine
tundra
15
100 200 300 400
Tropic
of Cancer Oriental
(23.5°N)
Ethiopian
Equator
Neotropical
(23.5°S)
Australian
Tropic of
Capricorn
Figure 34.10
Figure 34.12
Figure 50.20
A typical savanna in Kenya
Figure 34.13
Figure 50.20
Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota
Figure 34.15
Figure 50.20
Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina
Figure 50.20
Figure 34.18
Kuliah Biologi_Y.Th.Maria Astuti