Kemosintesis

01 Alifah Muliana

Anggota 02 Arya Fitrah

Kelompok
03 Muh. Rais Turangga
Apa itu kemosintesis?
Kemosintesis adalah konversi biologis dari satu atau lebih
molekul yang mengandung karbon (biasanya karbon
dioksida atau metana) dan nutrien menjadi bahan organik
menggunakan oksidasi senyawa anorganik (misalnya, gas
hidrogen, hidrogen sulfida) atau metana sebagai sumber
energi, bukannya sinar matahari seperti dalam fotosintesis.
 Latar Belakang Kemosintesis
Dalam pembuatan energi dari bahan anorganik menjadi bahan organik itu
ternyata tidak selalu menggunakan energi matahari. Ada kelompok organisme
yang mampu membuat bahan organik dari anorganik itu tanpa menggunakan
cahaya tetapi menggunakan energi dari hasil reaksi kimia.
Anabolisme tanpa energi matahari yaitu dengan menggunakan energi yang
berasal dari reaksi reaksi kimia, energi hasil reaksi kimia itu digunakan untuk
membentuk bahan anorganik menjadi bahan organik peristiwa biologi tersebut
dikenal dengan kemosistesis.
 Fungsi dan
• Menghasilkan glukosa yang digunakan
sebagai sumber energi
Manfaat
• Menghasilkan molekul-molekul organic kemosintesis
yang dibutuhkan oleh banyak organisme
• Sebagai proses anabolisme agar suatu
organisme tertentu dapat tetap hidup
• Sumber penghasil energi dan nutrient
bagi organisme yang hidup di daerah
ekstrim
• Mengoksidasi senyawa-senyawa tertentu
dan menjadikannya sumber energi
Organisme yang melakukan kemosintesis disebut kemoautotrof. Kemampuan
melakukan kemosintesis hanya dimiliki oleh beberapa jenis mikroorganisme, misalnya
bakteri belerang, dan bakteri nitrogen. Banyak mikroorganisme di daerah laut dalam
menggunakan kemosintesis untuk memproduksi biomassa dari satu molekul karbon.
Dua kategori dapat dibedakan. Pertama, di tempat yang jarang tersedia molekul
hidrogen, energi yang tersedia dari reaksi antara CO2 dan H2 dapat menjadi cukup besar
untuk menjalankan produksi biomassa. Pada kasus kedua, mikroorganisme
kemosintetik bergantung pada fotosintesis yang berlangsung di tempat lain dan
memproduksi O2 yang mereka butuhkan.
 A. BAKTERI
NITRIFIKASI
Nitrifikasi adalah suatu proses oksidasi enzimatik yakni perubahan senyawa amonium
menjadi senyawa nitrat yang dilakukan oleh bakteri-bakteri tertentu.

Bakteri nitrifikasi sangat sensitif terhadap lingkungan mereka, lebih dari heterotrof pada
umumnya. Akibatnya kondisi tanah mempengaruhi kemampuan tumbuhan dari nitrifikasi
yang membutuhkan perhatian tertentu.

Proses ini berlangsung dalam dua tahap dan masing-masing dilakukan oleh grup bakteri
yang berbeda. Tahap pertama adalah proses oksidasi amonium menjadi nitrit yang
dilaksanakan oleh bakteri Nitrosomonas dan tahap kedua adalah proses oksidasi enzimatik
nitrit menjadi nitrat yang dilaksanakan oleh bakteri Nitrobakter.

Beberapa bakteri nitrifikasi antara lain : bakteri Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter,

dan Bactoderma.
 Nitrosococcus dan Nitrosomonas (bakteri Nitrat)
mengoksidasi amonia menjadi nitrit

 Bactoderma dan Nitrobacter (bakteri nitrat) mengoksidasi nitrit

menjadi nitrat dalam keadaan aerob
 B. BAKTERI BELERANG

Bakteri belerang dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa jenis, salah satunya adalah

bakteri belerang ototrofik tanpa pigmen, contoh Beggiatoa dan Thiospirillum.

Beggiatoa dan Thiospirillum ditemukan pada sumber mata air panas yang
mengandung hydrogen sulfida. Kelompok bakteri ini mengoksidasi logam sulfida
menjadi sulfur menurut reaksi berikut ini.
 C. BAKTERI BESI

Beberapa bakteri besi pada umumnya, misalnya Leptothrix,

Crenothrix, Cladothrix, Galionella, Spiruphyllum, dan Ferrobacilus
mengoksidasi ion ferro menjadi ion ferri.
D. BAKTERI HIDROGEN
Salah satu contoh bakteri hidrogen adalah Bacillus
panctothropus.

2H2 + O2 2H2O + energi (137 kkal)

2H2 + CO2 + energi (115 kkal) CH2O +H2O

 E. BAKTERI
METANA
Salah satu bakteri metana adalah
Methanomonas. Bakteri ini mampu
mengoksidasi metana menjadi CO2

CH2 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + energi

Energi yang dihasilkan dari proses tersebut akan

digunakana untuk proses fosforilisasi dan reduksi CO2
menjadi karbohidrat.
PERBEDAAN FOTOSINTESIS DAN
KEMOSINTESIS
FOTOSINTESIS KEMOSINTESIS

Senyawa yang CO2, H2O Senyawa organik O2, CO2, H2O

terlibat

Tempat
Kloroplas Pigmen semacam klorofil
berlangsung

Oksidasi senyawa-senyawa
Sumber energi Cahaya matahari
anorganik

Organisme yang memiliki

Pelaku Organisme kemoautotrof
klorofil

Hasilnya Karbohidrat sederhana Karbohidrat sederhana

TERIMA
KASIH
PREFIXES AND THEIR MEANINGS
Generate examples of words that can be created using
the prefix provided

PREFIX MEANING EXEMPLES

a-, an- without amoral, …

circum- around circumvent, ...

co- with copilot, …

extra- beyond, more than extracurricular, ...

il-, im-, in- not, without illegal, ...

ORIGINS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
5.8%
FRENCH GREEK
Venus is a beautiful Jupiter is the
place 32.6% biggest planet

32.6%
LATIN
Mars is red and a
GERMANY cold place
Saturn is the ringed 29.1%
planet
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 MULTIMEDIA
REVIEW
Despite being red, Mars is a cold place, not hot.
It’s full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet
its reddish cast

Insert your multimedia content here

 04
SUFFIXES
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 WORD STRUCTURE

UNCOMFORTABL
E

UN- CONFORT -ABLE

Prefix Root Word Suffix

 ROOT WORD, SUFFIX, AND PREFIX
REVIEW
Look at each group of words. Use what you know
about the words to write

REARRANGE CALLIGRAPHY CENTIPEDE

Your text Your text Your text
Common Word Part Common Word Common Word
Your text Your text Your text
Type Word Part PartType Word Part PartType Word Part
Your text Your text Your text
Word Part Meaning Word Part Meaning Word Part Meaning
A PICTURE
IS WORTH
A
THOUSAN
D WORDS
05
HOMOPHON
ES
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 AWESOME
HOMOPHONES
 PUNS WITH HOMOPHONES
Circle the homophone in each pun.
Example: This bread recipe is a family secret. I can only share it on a
knead to know basis. need

1st. When a clock is hungry, it goes back four seconds your word

2nd. When Kelly got married, she got a new name and a dress your word

3th. My bicycle can’t stand on its own. It’s two tired your word

Use this circle

333,000.00
earths is the Sun’s mass

9h 34m 23s
is Jupiter’s rotation period

386,000 km
distance from Earth and the Moon
 STEPS TO SOLVE AN EXERCISE

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

Mars actually a Venus has a Jupiter is a gas It’s the closest planet
cold place beautiful name giant planet to the Sun
HOW IS THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WORD?

20% 30% 50%

THEORY MEMORIZE PRACTICE

It’s the biggest planet in the Venus has a beautiful name, Saturn is the ringed one and a
Solar System but it’s hot gas giant
 YOUR EVOLUTION

VENUS
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

MARS
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place

MERCURY
It’s the closest planet to
the Sun

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 06
LATIN &
GREEK
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS

LATIN ROOT MEANING GREEK

MEANING
ROOT
uni one
mono one
bi two
di two
aqua water
hydro water
scrib to write
graph/gram to write
WHERE ARE LATIN & GREEK SPOKEN?

GREEK
Venus is a beautiful
name

LATIN
Mars is red and a
cold planet
4,498,300
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 ROOT WORD GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

Your word Your word

Choose a latin or greek root and
and write it in the rectangle and
put its meaning. Then fill in the ROOT
spaces with words derived from
the root
Your word Your word
 PROGRAMME SCHEDULE

SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

01 02 03 04 05

06 07 08 09 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31

VENUS JUPITER MARS

 THIS IS AN EXERCISE
Match the word with the meaning. What is the root that they have in
common? What is its meaning?

one hundred years part of one hundred

centipede your word here your word here centimeter

percent a creature that may have century

one hundredth of a meter
100 feet
your word here your word here
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