UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA

FM-UII-AA-FKA-07/R3
MATERI/ BAHAN MATA KULIAH

Fakultas : TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI Pertemuan ke : SEMBILAN

Jurusan/Program Studi : Teknik Kimia Modul ke : I
Kode Mata Kuliah : 52112104 Jumlah Halaman : 41
Nama Mata Kuliah : Kimia Dasar Mulai Berlaku : 2011
Dosen : Dra. Kamariah Anwar, MS

Materi : Larutan Elektrolit

Elektrolit dan non Elektrolit

Zat yang larutannya dalam air menghantarkan arus

listrik disebut
elektrolit, misalnya asam , basa, dan garam.
Zat yang larutannya dalam air tidak menghantarkan
arus listrik disebut
non elektrolit, misalnya sukrosa, etanol,
gliserol.

Elektrolit dibagi menjadi 2 golongan :

Elektrolit kuat : NaCl, NaOH, HCl
Elektrolit lemah : amonia, asam asetat
Mempunyai rasa masam. Contoh : Vinegar mengandung
asam asetat. Buah sitrus mengandung asam sitrat.
Bereaksi dengan logam tertentu menghasilkan gas hidrogen.
Bereaksi dengan carbonat dan bikarbonat menghasilkan
gas karbon dioksida (CO2)

Basa
Mempunyai rasa sepet.

Beberapa jenis sabun mengandung sifat basa.

Asam adalah suatu zat yang mengasilkanH+ (H3O+) dalam air

Basa adalah suatu zat yang menghasilkan OH- dalam air

 A __________________ acid is a proton donor

A __________________ base is a proton acceptor

base acid acid base

conjugate conjugate
base acid
acid base
 Acid-Base Properties of Water

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

__________________ of water

+ + H -
H O + H O [ H O H ] O
H H H

conjugate
base
acid
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
acid conjugate
base
 Produk ion dari air

[H+][OH-]
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Kc = [H2O] = constant
[H2O]

Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-]

Konstanata ionisasi air (Kw) adalah hasil kali

konsentrasi molar dari ion H+ and OH- (pada
suhu 25O C)

Sifat larutan
[H+] = [OH-]
At 250C [H+] > [OH-]
Kw = [H+][OH-] = __________
[H+] < [OH-]
Berapa konsentrasi ion OH- dalam larutan HCl solution
whose hydrogen ion concentration is 1.3 M?

Kw = [H+][OH-] = _____________

[H+] = _____________M

Kw
[OH ] =
-
= = _____________ M
[H ]
+
 pH – Mengukur derajad keasaman

pH = - log [ H ]+

Sifat larutan At 250C

netral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1 x 10-7 pH
asam [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1 x 10-7 pH
basa [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1 x 10-7 pH

pH [H+] pH [H+]
pH beberapa cairan

pOH = -log [OH-]

[H+][OH-] = Kw = _____________

-log [H+] – log [OH-] = ________

pH + pOH = _____________
pH air hujan yang ditampung dari suatu daerah
tertentu pada suatu hari tertentun adalah 4.82. Berapa
konsentrasi ion H+ dalam air hujan ?

pH = -log [H+]

-antilog (pH) = -antilog (-log [H+])

antilog -4.82 = [H+]

[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4.82 = _____________ M

Konsentrasi ion OH- dalam ampel darah adalah
2.5 x 10-7 M. Berapa pH ?

pH + pOH = _________

pOH = -log [OH-] = -log (2.5 x 10-7) = _________

pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 – 6.60 = _________

Strong Electrolyte = __________________________
H 2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Weak Electrolyte = __________________________

CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

Strong Acids are strong electrolytes

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)
Asam lemah merupakan elektrolit lemah

HF (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq)

HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Basa kuat merupakan electrolit kuat

H 2O
NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H 2O
KOH (s) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H 2O
Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
Basa lemah adalah elektrolit lemah

F- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HF (aq)

NO2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HNO2 (aq)

Pasangan asam-basa konjugasi:

• The conjugate base of a strong acid has no
measurable strength.
• H3O+ is the strongest acid that can exist in
aqueous solution.
• The OH- ion is the strongest base that can exist in
aqueous solution.
Kekuatan Relative pasangan asam-basa konjugasi
Asam kuat Asam lemah
 Berapa pH dari larutan 2 x 10-3 M HNO3 ?
HNO3 is __________________________ .

Start 0.002 M 0.0 M 0.0 M

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
End 0.0 M 0.002 M 0.002 M

pH = -log [H+] = -log [H3O+] = -log(0.002) = _______

Berapa pH dari 1.8 x 10-2 M larutan Ba(OH)2 ?

Ba(OH)2 is a basa – 100% terdissosiasi.

Start 0.018 M 0.0 M 0.0 M

Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
End 0.0 M 0.018 M 0.036 M
pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 + log(0.036) = _______
Asam lemah (HA) dan konstanta Ionisasi Asam

HA (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

Ka =

Ka adalah konstanta ionisasi asam

weak acid
Ka
strength
Ionization Constants of Some Weak Acids and Their Conjugate Bases at 25ºC
 Berapa pH dari 0.5 M larutan HF (at 250C)?
[H+][F-]
HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq) Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4
[HF]
HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
Initial (M) 0.50 0.00 0.00
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M)

Ka = = __________ Ka << 1 0.50 – x  0.50

Ka  = __________ x2 = __________ x = _______M

[H+] = [F-] = 0.019 M pH = -log [H+] = _________

[HF] = 0.50 – x = 0.48 M
 Kapan dapat menggunakan pendekatan ?
Ka << 1 0.50 – x  0.50

Bila x kurang dari 5% of the value from which it is subtracted.

0.019 M Less than 5%
x = 0.019 x 100% = 3.8%
0.50 M Approximation ok.

Berapa pH dari larutan 0.05 M HF (at 250C)?

x2
Ka  = 7.1 x 10-4 x = 0.006 M
0.05
0.006 M More than 5%
x 100% = 12%
0.05 M Approximation not ok.
Must solve for x exactly using quadratic equation
or method of successive approximation.
Penyelesaian persoalan ionisasi asam lemah :
1. Identifikasi species yang berpengaruh terhadap pH.
• Dalam hal tertentu, autoionisasi air dapat
diabaikan.
• Abaikan [OH-] sebab ditentukan dari [H+].
2. Gunakan ICE untuk menggambarkan konsentrasi
pada kesetimbangan dalam bentuk single unknown
x.
3. Tulis Ka dalam term konsentrasi kesetimbangan.
Selesaikan x dg metode pendekatan. Jika
pendekatan tidak valid, selesaikan x secara exact.
4. Hitung konsentrasi semua species dan/atau pH dari
larutan.
 Berapa pH dari 0.122 M monoprotic acid,
dimana Ka is 5.7 x 10-4?

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

Initial (M) 0.122 0.00 0.00
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M)

Ka = = __________ Ka << 1 0.122 – x  0.122

Ka  = __________ x2 = _________ x = _______ M

0.0083 M More than 5%

x 100% = 6.8%
0.122 M Approximation not ok.
 x2
Ka = = 5.7 x 10-4 x2 + 0.00057x – 6.95 x 10-5 = 0
0.122 - x
-b ±  b2 – 4ac
ax2 + bx + c =0 x=
2a
x = 0.0081 x = - 0.0081

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

Initial (M) 0.122 0.00 0.00
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M) 0.122 - x x x

[H+] = x = 0.0081 M pH = -log[H+] = 2.09

 Ionized acid concentration at equilibrium
percent ionization = x 100%
Initial concentration of acid

For a monoprotic acid HA

[H+]
Percent ionization = x 100% [HA]0 = initial concentration
[HA]0
Basa lemah dan konstanta ionisasi basa

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]

Kb is the konstanta ionisasi basa

weak base
Kb
strength
Penyelesaian persoalan basa lemah analog
dengan asam lemah.
Ionization Constants of Some Weak Bases and Their Conjugate Bases at 25ºC
Konstanta ionisasi pasangan Aasam-Basa konjugasi

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq) Ka

A- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HA (aq) Kb

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Kw

KaKb = _____

Asam lemah dan basa konjugasi

Kw Kw
Ka = Kb =
Kb Ka
Ionization Constants
of Some Diprotic
Acids and a
Polyprotic Acid and
Their Conjugate
Bases at 25ºC
 Struktur Molekul dan Kekuatan Asam
H X H+ + X-

The The
stronger weaker
the bond the acid

Energi Ikat untuk Hydrogen Halides dan Kekuatan Asam Halogen

HF HCl HBr HI
 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength
1. Oxoacids having different central atoms (Z)
that are from the same group and that have
the same oxidation number.

Acid strength increases with increasing electronegativity of Z

•• ••
O O
••
••

••
••
•• •• •• ••
H O Cl O H O Br O
••

••
•• •• •• •• •• ••

Cl is more electronegative than Br

HClO3 > HBrO3

 Sifat larutan garam dari Asam dan Basa
Larutan Netral :
Garam yang berasal dari ion logam alkali atau alkali
tanah (kecuali Be2+) dan basa konjugasi asam (e.g. Cl-,
Br-, and NO3-).
H 2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Larutan Basa :
Garam yang berasal dari basa kuat dan asam lemah.
H 2O
CH3COONa (s) Na+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)

CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l) CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq)

 Sifat larutan garam dari Asam dan Basa
Acidic Solutions:
Garam yang berasal dari asam kuat dan basa lemah.

H 2O
NH4Cl (s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

NH4+ (aq) NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq)

Salts with small, highly charged metal cations

(e.g. Al3+, Cr3+, and Be2+) and the conjugate
base of a strong acid.

Al(H2O)3+
6 (aq) Al(OH)(H2O)2+
5 (aq) + H (aq)
+
 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
Solutions in which both the cation and the anion hydrolyze:

• Kb for the anion > Ka for the cation, solution will be ________

• Kb for the anion < Ka for the cation, solution will be ________

• Kb for the anion  Ka for the cation, solution will be ________

Acid-Base Properties of Salts

 Definisi Asam
_____________ is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

A __________________ __________ is a proton donor

A __________ is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons

A __________ is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons

•• - ••
H + OH
+
H O H
••

•• ••
acid base
H H
H+ + N H H N H
••

H H
acid base
 Asam and Basa Lewis

F H F H
F B + N H F B N H

••
F H F H

Which is the acid? Which is the base?

Are any protons donated or accepted?