Menurut asalnya:
1) Infeksi berasal dari komunitas
2) Infeksi berasal dari RS
Lingkungan
Kuman Pejamu
Penyebab (Host)
Pengetahuan mengenai rantai penularan sangat
penting pencegahan infeksi
Vektor :
Artropoda (umumnya serangga) atau binatang lain yang dapat
menularkan kuman penyebab dengan cara menggigit pejamu
yang rentan atau menimbun kuman penyebab pada kulit
pejamu atau makanan
Contoh : nyamuk, lalat, pinjal/kutu, binatang pengerat
Definisi (4)
Infeksi nosokomial =
Healthcare - associated Infections
(HAIs)
An infection occurring in a patient during the process
of care in a hospital or other healthcare facility
which was not present or incubating at the time of
admission. This includes infections acquired in the
hospital but appearing after discharge, and also
occupational infections among staff of the facility
Melindungi pasien dari infeksi rumah sakit a.l ISK,
Infeksi Luka Infus (ILI), pneumonia (HAP, VAP),
bakteremia (sepsis)
Susceptible
host
INFEKSI Port of exit
Mean of
Port of entry
transmission
Bakteri
Virus
Jamur
Parasit
18
Tempat dimana agen infeksi dapat hidup, tumbuh,
berkembang biak dan siap ditularkan kepada orang
Pasien 1 Pasien 2 *
Lingkungan Pengunjung/
Keluarga
Vehikulum :
› Makanan: Salmonella
› Darah: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV
› Air: Hepatitis A, Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentri
Vektor
› Nyamuk: Demam berdarah, malaria
› Lalat makanan
› Tikus: leptospirosis
Tempat dimana agen infeksi memasuki pejamu
(yang suseptibel)
Contoh:
› Kulit
› Sistem pencernaan
› Sistem saluran kencing
› Sistem respirasi
Bahan-bahan kimiawi yang membantu tubuh mengatasi
infeksi
Contoh :
› Asam lambung
› Lysosim: menghancurkan kuman dengan merusak dinding
selnya, terdapat pada air mata, air liur, dan lain-lain
1983 CDC Guideline for Isolation Provided two systems for isolation: category-specific and
Precautions in Hospitals disease specific
1987 Body Substance Isolation Emphasized avoiding contact with all moist and potentially
(BSI) infectious
body substances except sweat even if blood not present
Shared some features with UP
1996 Guideline for Isolation Prepared by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory
Precautions in Hospitals Committee (HICPAC), CDC
Melded major features of UP and BSI into Standard
Precautions to be used with all patients at all times
* Derived from Garner ICHE 1996
Guideline for Isolation Precautions:
Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents
In Healthcare Settings 2007
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf
The term “nosocomial infections“
is replaced by
“healthcare-associated infections”
(HAIs)
to reflect the changing patterns in
healthcare delivery
and
difficulty in determining the geographic site of
exposure to an infectious agent and/or
acquisition of infection
New additions to the 1996 Standard Precautions are
Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette and
safe injection practices,
including the use of a mask when performing certain
high-risk, prolonged procedures
involving spinal canal punctures
(e.g., myelography, epidural anesthesia)
PREVENTION IS
PRIMARY!