INFEKSI BERBAGAI
AGEN INFEKSIUS
Perkembangan terbaru
Infeksi nosokomial =
Healthcare - associated Infections
(HAIs)
Tujuan Pengendalian Infeksi
Reservoir/
Microorganism
Source
Susceptible
host
INFEKSI Port of exit
Mean of
Port of entry
transmission
Agen infeksi
(infectious agent)
• Bakteri
• Virus
• Jamur
• Parasit
6
Reservoir
• Tempat dimana agen infeksi dapat hidup,
tumbuh, berkembang biak dan siap ditularkan
kepada orang
Petugas Alat
kesehatan kesehatan
Pasien 1 Pasien 2 *
Lingkungan Pengunjung/
Keluarga
• Contact transmission:
- Direct / Langsung:
kontak badan ke badan
transfer kuman penyebab secara fisik
pemeriksaan fisik, memandikan pasen
- Indirect / Tidak langsung: paling sering !!!
kontak melalui objek (benda/alat) perantara
melalui instrumen, jarum, kasa
tangan yang tidak dicuci
Cara Penularan (Transmisi) (2)
• Droplet transmission :
- partikel droplet > 5 μm
- melalui batuk, bersin, bicara
- jarak sebar pendek,
tdk bertahan lama di udara
- “deposit” pada mukosa
konjungtiva, hidung, mulut
- contoh :
Difteria, Pertussis, Mycoplasma
Haemophillus influenza type b (Hib)
Virus Influenza, mumps, rubella
Cara Penularan (Transmisi) (3)
• Airborne transmission :
- partikel kecil ukuran < 5 μm
- bertahan lama di udara
- jarak penyebaran jauh
- dapat terinhalasi
- contoh : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
virus campak
Varisela (cacar air)
spora jamur
Cara Penularan (Transmisi) (4)
Vehikulum :
– Makanan: Salmonella
– Darah: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV
– Air: Hepatitis A, Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentri
Vektor
–Nyamuk: Demam berdarah, malaria
–Lalat makanan
–Tikus: leptospirosis
Port of entry
(Pintu masuk)
• Tempat dimana agen infeksi memasuki
pejamu (yang suseptibel)
• Contoh:
– Kulit
– Sistem pencernaan
– Sistem saluran kencing
– Sistem respirasi
PERTAHANAN TUBUH SECARA KIMIAWI
• Contoh :
– Asam lambung
– Lysosim: menghancurkan kuman dengan merusak
dinding selnya, terdapat pada air mata, air liur, dan
lain-lain
• Lain-lain :
- Gastroenteritis
- Hepatitis B dan C
- HIV / AIDS
- SARS
BAGAIMANA CARA TERJADINYA
INFEKSI YANG DIDAPAT DI RS?
24
Faktor Risiko
“Healthcare-associated infections” (HAIs)
1970 Isolation Techniques for Introduced seven isolation precaution categories with
Use in Hospitals, 1st ed. color-coded
cards: Strict, Respiratory, Protective, Enteric, Wound and
Skin,
Discharge, and Blood
1975 Isolation Techniques for Use Same conceptual framework as 1st edition
in Hospitals, 2nd ed.
1983 CDC Guideline for Isolation Provided two systems for isolation: category-specific and
Precautions in Hospitals disease specific
1987 Body Substance Isolation Emphasized avoiding contact with all moist and potentially
(BSI) infectious
body substances except sweat even if blood not present
Shared some features with UP
1996 Guideline for Isolation Prepared by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory
Precautions in Hospitals Committee (HICPAC), CDC
Melded major features of UP and BSI into Standard
Precautions to be used with all patients at all times
* Derived from Garner ICHE 1996
NEW GUIDELINES !
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf
What is new ?