Lingkungan Eksternal
Steph Subanidja
The Strategic Management Process
External
Analysis
Internal
Analysis
Barney Model
Strategic Management Model, Wheelen & Hunger (2016)
External Mission
Reason for
Societal
existence
Environment Objectives
General Forces
What results
to
Task Strategies
accomplish
Environment
by when Plan to
Industry Analysis
achieve the
Policies
mission &
Internal objectives Broad
guidelines for Programs
Structure decision Process
Chain of Command making Activities to monitor
needed to performance
Culture Budgets and take
accomplish
Beliefs, Expectations, a plan corrective
Cost of the
Values action
programs
Procedures
Resources
Sequence
Assets, Skills
of steps
Competencies,
needed to
Knowledge do the job Performance
Feedback/Learning
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Lingkungan Organisasi
Lingkungan Organisasi
adalah semua faktor, kondisi,
pihak/ pelaku, dan kekuatan
(forces) yang berpengaruh
langsung maupun tidak
langsung terhadap
keberadaan dan operasional
suatu organisasi.
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Organizational Adaptation
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What is Environmental Scanning?
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Threats
External Environmet
TOWS
Strengths Analysis Opportunities
Internal Environmet
Weaknesses
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FOM 5.9
What is External Audit?
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Organizational Environment
Macro Environment
(General/Societal)
Demographic
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MACRO/SOCIETAL/GENERAL
Economic Forces
Political/Legal Forces
Socio-cultural Forces
Demographic Forces
Technological Forces
Global Forces
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Macro/General Environment Components
Economic
Global Political/Legal
External Environment
Macro/Social/
General
Technological Socio-Cultural
Demographic
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(1) Kekuatan Ekonomi
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ECONOMIC FORCES
Key Economic Factors That Affect Virtually All Organizations
• Stability of Government
• Stability of Safety
• Consumers protection laws
• Tax laws
• Special incentives
• Antitrust regulations
• Patent protection
• Attitudes toward foreign company
• Environmental protection laws
• Foreign trade regulations
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(3) Kekuatan Sosial- Budaya
19
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SOCIO-CULTURAL FORCES
• Lifestyle change
• Consumer activism
• Consumption pattern
• Life expectancies
• Society Value,
• Beliefs
• Perceptions
• Attitudes
• Education,
• Social status
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(4) Kekuatan/Faktor Demografis
Demografi adalah studi karakteristik populasi
manusia, meliputi antara lain: Tingkat
pertumbuhan penduduk (kelahiran/kematian)
Formasi keluarga, Tingkat kepadatan penduduk,
Distribusi usia, Tingkat harapan hidup, Jenis
kelamin.
21
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DEMOGRAPHIC FORCES
• Birth rates
• Population growth rates
• Rate of family formation
• Age distribution
• Population density
• Regional shift in population
• Gender
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(5) Kekuatan/Faktor Teknologi
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TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES
• Total spending for R & D
• Focus of technological efforts
• Number of new products
• Technology availability
• Automation
• Technology transfer
• Technology mastery
• Number of research &
development
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The Role of the External Environment
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THREATS & OPPORTUNITIES
Faktor-faktor lingkungan memiliki pengaruh yang
berlainan pada industri yang berbeda. Jumlah ancaman
dan peluang akan tidak sama pada industri yang
berbeda.
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THREATS & OPPORTUNITIES
Potential External Threats
THREATS OPPORTUNITIES
• Pertumbuhan pasar & industri yg lamban • Adanya pasar dan daerah pemasaran baru
• Perubahan nilai tukar uang yang fluktuatif • Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang baik/kondusif
• Mudahnya pesaing/ pendatang baru masuk • Daya beli konsumen tinggi
• Selera pasar mudah berubah • Adanya pergeseran selera konsumen
berubah-ubah integrasi
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EFE Matrix atau EFAS
(External Factor Analysis Summary)
Critical External Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score
Opportunities
a.
b.
c.
d.
Threats
a.
b.
c.
Total 1,00 ?
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