Operasi Teknik Kimia I

Jurusan Teknik Kimia

Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya

Minggu ke : 17
Dr.Ir.H.Muhammad Yerizam, M.T
Pertemuan: 17
 LAMA PERKULIAHAN = 18 MINGGU

Minggu ke 1 : Pengantar Perpindahan Massa

Minggu ke 2-5 : Difusi
Minggu ke 6 : Perpindahan Massa Antar Fasa
Minggu ke 7-8 : Koefisien Perpindahan Massa
Minggu ke 9 : UTS
Minggu ke 10-12 : Absorpsi
Minggu ke 13-15 : Ekstraksi Cair-cair
Minggu ke 16-17 : Ekstraksi Padat-Cair (Leaching)
Minggu ke 18 : SEMESTER
LANJUTAN
 JUMLAH SOAL : 10 SOAL
BOBOT SOAL : 40%
WAKTU : 50 MENIT
SIFAT : TUTUP BUKU

JAWABAN TERDIRI DARI A,B,C,D DAN E

PETUNJUK :
1. PILIH SATU JAWABAN YANG TEPAT DAN BENAR
MENURUT ANDA DAN TULIS LENGKAP DARI
JAWABAN TERSEBUT
2. KIRIM JAWABAN LEWAT email : yerizam@polsri.ac.id.
 Soal No.1

Leaching adalah peristiwa menyerapan /

pengambilan zat terlarut dalam zat padat
menggunakan pelarut, sehingga sering
kali peristiwa ini dikenal dengan triple S,
artinya :...
A. Solit, Solut dan Solventer
B. Solite, Salute dan Solver
C. Sulit, Salut dan Solven
D. Salid, Selute dan Sower
E. Solid, Solute dan Solvent
 Soal No.2
Perbedaan antara proses perpindahan massa pada
Ekstraksi dan Leaching adalah :
A. Memiliki fase yang seragam pada Rafinat dan
Ekstrak.
B. Pelarut yang digunakan berupa fase padat pada
Leaching sedangkan fase gas untuk Ekstraksi.
C. Pada Ekstrak tidak memiliki Solute dan pada
Rafinat tidak memiliki solvent.
D. Solute berada pada fase cair untuk Ekstraksi dan
Solute berada pada fase padat untuk Leaching
E. Solute memiliki solubilitas yang tinggi pada
Ekstraksi sedang pada Leaching solubilitasnya
rendah.
 Soal No.3
Pengontakan antara padatan dan pelarut
dilakukan sekaligus yang kemudian disusul
dengan pemisahan larutan dari padatan
sisa.
Ini adalah metode operasi leaching dengan
sistem...
A. Bertahap sinambung
B. Bertahap banyak
C. Bertahap tunggal
D. Bertahap menurun
E. Bertahap mandaki
 Soal No.4
Pengontakan terjadi secara counter current .
Terjadi Aliran atas dan bawah. Proses dimulai
pada tahap pertama dengan mengontakkan
larutan pekat, yang merupakan aliran atas tahap
kedua dan padatan baru. Berlangsung terus
menerus samapai tahap ke n
Ini adalah metode operasi leaching dengan
sistem...
A. Bertahap sinambung
B. Bertahap banyak
C. Bertahap tunggal
D. Bertahap menurun
E. Bertahap mandaki
 Soal No.5

Pengambilan minyak dalam biji-bijian dan

daun-daunan menggunakan larutan ethanol
atau hexane. Peristiwa di atas merupakan
contoh proses Leaching dimana yang
berperan sebagai solute adalah ......
A. Ethanol
B. Hexane
C. Biji-bijian
D. Minyak
E. Ethanol dan Hexane
 Soal No.6
Mekanisme leaching terjadi dimana bahan
organik dan anorganik akan bergantung pada
kontak pelarut dengan solut, sehingga perlu
perlakuan awal untuk memperluas permukaan
kontak. Umumnya hal yang dilakukan adalah :
A. Memperbesar ukuran padatan dengan cara di
panaskan.
B. Memperkecil ukuran padatan dengan cara
digrinding.
C. Memilah ukuran padatan dengan diayak.
D. Menyesuaikan padatan dengan pelarut
E. Mengurangi konsentrasi pelarut dan
memperbesar ukuran partikel
 Soal No.7
Bagian dari seperangkat alat soxlet yang
berfungsi sebagai tempat sampel padat
yang telah ditumbuk dan siap untuk
diekstrak dengan pelarut yang telah
terkondensasi menjadi fasa cair yaitu...
A. Siphon arm
B. Boiling flask
C. Thimble
D. Heating mantle
E. Thimble flask
 Soal No.8

Ekstraksi antara padat dan cair yang

digunakan untuk memisahkan analit yang
terdapat pada padatan menggunakan
pelarut organik adalah...
A. Ekstraksi distilasi
B. Ekstraksi bertingkat
C. Ekstraksi soxlet
D. Ekstraksi tunggal
E. Ektraksi paralel
 Soal No.9
Seperangkat alat ekstraktor soxlet yang
berfungsi sebagai system pendingin uap pelarut
panas, sehingga uap pelarut tersebut berubah
menjadi fasa cair karena proses kondensasi
yaitu.:...
A. Consider
B. Compressor
C. Bypass sidearm
D. Condensor
E. Composser
 Soal No.10
Diagram kesetimbangan leaching
terdapat komposisi A dalam liquid
dinyatakan dalam fraksi kg solute per
kg larutan yaitu...
A.xA. Sebagai Overflow liquid
B.xA. Sebagai liquid in slurry
C.xA. Sebagai Underflow
D.yA. Sebagai Overflow liquid
E.yA. Sebagai Liquid Over in liquid
 JUMLAH SOAL : 1 SOAL
BOBOT SOAL : 60%
WAKTU : 100 MENIT
SIFAT : TUTUP BUKU
Kerjakan soal sesuai dengan
petunjuk yang telah dibuat.
Soal No.1 – 7 sumber buku:

Soal No.8-15 sumber buku:

SOAL No.1, Nomor Absen 1 dan 22

12.9-1. Leaching of oil from soybeans in a

Single State. Repeat Example 12.9-1 for single-
stage leaching of oil from soybeans. The 100 kg
of soybeans contaings 22wt% oil and the solvent
feed is 80 kg of solvent containing 3 wt%
soybean oil.

Ans: L1 = 520 kg, yA1 = 0,239, V1 = 500 kg,

xA1 = 0,239, N1 = 1.5
SOAL No.2, Nomor Absen 2 dan 23

12.9-2. Leaching a Soybean in a Single State.

A slurry of flaked soybeans weighing a total of
100 kg of contains 75 kg of inert solid and 25 kg
of solution with 10 wt% oil and 90 wt% solvent
hexane. This slurry is contacted with 100 kg pure
hexane in a single stage so that the value of N
for the outlet underflow is 1.5 kg insoluble
solid/kg solution retained. Calculate the amounts
and compositions of the overflow V1 and the
underflow L1 leaving the stage.
SOAL No.3, Nomor Absen 3 dan 24

12.10-1. Constant Underflow is Leaching Oil

from Meal. Use the same conditions as given in
Example 12.10-1, but assume constant
underflow of N = 1.85 kg solid/kg solution.
Calculate the exit flow and composition and the
number of stage required. Compare with
Example 12.10-1

Ans: yAN = 0,111, xA1 = 0,623, 4.3 stages

 SOAL No.4 , Nomor Absen 4

12.10-2. Effect of Less Solvent Flow in

Leaching Oil from Meal. Use the same
conditions as given in Example 12.10-1, but the
inlet fresh solvent mixture flow rate per hour is
decreased by 10% to 1179 kg of benzene and
18 kg of oil. Calculate the number of stage
needed.
 SOAL No.5 , Nomor Absen 5
12.10-3. countercurrent Washing of Ore. A treated
ore containing inert solid gangue and copper sulfate
is to be leached in a countercurrent multistage
extractor using pure water to leach the CuSO4. the
solid charge rate per hour consist of 10 000 kg of
inert gangue (B), 1200 kg of CuSO4.(solute A), and
400 kg water (C). The exit wash solution is to contain
92 wt% water adn 8 wt% CuSO4. a total of 95% of
the CuSO4.in the inlet ore is to be recovered. The
underflow is constant at N = 0.5 kg inert gangue
solid/kg aqueous solution. Calculate the number of
stage required.
 SOAL No.6 , Nomor Absen 6 dan 7
12.10-3. countercurrent Multistage Leaching of Halibut
Livers. Fresh halibut livers containing 25.7 wt% oil are to be
extracted with pure ethyl ether to remove 95% of the oil in a
countercurrent multistage leaching process. The feed rate is
1000 kg of fresh livers per hour. The final exit overflow
solution is to contain 70 wt% oil. The retention of solution by
the inert solids (oil-free liver) of the liver varies as follows
(C1), where N is kg inert solid/kg solution retained and yA is
kg oil/kg solution.
N 4.88 3.50 2.47 1.67 1.39
yA 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81
Calculate the amounts and composition of the exit streams
and the total number of theoretical stages.
 SOAL No.7 , Nomor Absen 8 dan 9
12.10-5. countercurrent Leaching of Flake Soybeans.
Soybean flakes containing 22 wt% oil are to be leached in a
countercurrent multistage process to contain 0.8 kg oil/100
kg inert solid using fresh and pure hexane solvent. For
every 1000 kg soybeans, 1000 kg hexane is used.
Experiment (S1) give the following retention of solution with
solids in the underflow, where N is kg inert solid/kg solution
retained and yA is wt fraction of oil in solution.

N 1.73 1.52 1.43

yA 0 0.20 0.30
Calculate the exit flow and compositionstreams and the
number of theoretical stages needed
 SOAL No.8, Nomor Absen 10
Illustration 13.2 Caustic soda is being made by treatment of
slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, with a solution of sodium carbonate.
The resulting slurry consists of particles of calcium carbonate
CaCO3, suspended in a 10% solution hydroxide, NaOH, 0.125
kg suspended solid/kg solution. This is settled, the clear
sodium hydroxide solution withdrawn and replaced by an
equal weight of water, and the mixture thoroughly
agitated.after repetition of this procedure (a total of two
freshwater washes), what fraction of the original NaOH in the
slurry remains unconvered and therefore lost in the sludge?
The setling characteristics of the slurry, determined under
condition representing the practice to be followed in the
process [Armstrong and Kammermeyer, Ind.Eng.Chem.,
34,1228 (1942)], show adsorption of the solute on the solid..
 Data untuk SOAL No.8, Nomor Absen 10
x = wt fraction NaOH N = kg CaCO3/kg soln y* = wt fraction NaOH in
in clear soln in settled sludge soln of the settled sludge
0.0900 0.495 0.0917
0.0700 0.525 0.0762
0.0473 0.568 0.0608
0.0330 0.600 0.0452
0.0208 0.620 0.0295
0.01187 0.650 0.0204
0.00710 0.659 0.01435
0.00450 0.666 0.01015
 SOAL No.9 , Nomor Absen 11
Illustration 13.3 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is to be made at
the rate 400 kg/h (dry weight) by reaction of soda ash,
Na2CO3, with slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, using a flowsheet of the
type shown in Fig. 13.13a. The reagents will be used in
stoichiometric proportions, and for simplicity it will be assumed
that reaction is complete. Pure water is to be used to wash the
calcium carbonate, CaCO3, precipated, and it is desired to
produce as overflow from the first thickener a solution
containing 10% NaOH. It will be assumed that the settling
data of illustration 13.2 apply.
a) If three thickeners are the, detemine the amount of wash
water reuired and the presentage of the hydroxide lost in
the discharge sludge.
b) How many thickeners would be required to reduce the lost
to at least 0.1% of that made?
 SOAL No.10 , Nomor Absen 12
Illustration 13. 4 Flaked soybeans are to beleached with
hexane to remove the soybean oil. A 0.3-m-thick layer of the
flakes (0.25-mm flake thickness) will be fed onto a slowly
moving perporated endless belt which passes under a series
of continuously operating spray [40]. As the solid passes
under each spray, it is showered with liquid which percolates
through the bed, collects ini trough below the belt, and is
recycled by a pump to the spray. The spacing of the sprays is
such that the solid permitted to drain 6 min before it reaches
the next spray. The solvent also passes from trough to trough
in a direction countercurrent to that of moving belt, so that a
truly continous countercurrent stagewise operation in
maintained, each spraying and draining constituting one
stage. Experiment [40] show that the flakes retain solution
after 6 min drain time extent depending upon the oil content of
 Lanjutan SOAL No.10 , Nomor Absen 12
the solution, as follows :
Wt % oil in soln 0 20 30
Kg soln retained/kg insoluble solid 0.58 0.66 0.70

It will be assumed that the retained solution contain the only

oil in the drained flekes.
the soybean flakes enter containing 20% Oil and are to be
leached to 0.5% oil (on a solvent-free basis). The net forward
flow of solvent is to be 1.0 kg hexane introduced as fresh
solvent per kilogram lakes, and the fresh solvent is free oil.
The solvent draining from the flakes is generally free of solid
except in the first stage: the rich miscella contains 10% of the
insoluble solid in the feed as a suspended so?lid, which falls
through the perporated of the belt during loading. How many
stages ae required ?
 SOAL No.11 , Nomor Absen 13
13. 3 In order to eliminate the solid in final miscell of
Illustration 13.4, it is decided to pass liquid from
stage 3 to stage 1, where the liquid will contact freh
solids. The drained liquid from stage 1, containing
the suspended solids, will then be passed to stage 2,
where it is filtered by passage of the liquid through
the bed of solids in this stage. The final miscella is
then withdrawn as a clear solution from stage 2. how
many stage will then be required for the same
solvent / seeds ratio and the same oil concentration
in the discharged solids ?

Ans.: 6.
 SOAL No.12, Nomor Absen 14 dan 15
13. 7 In the manufacture of potassium nitrate,KNO3,
potassium chloride, KCl is add to a hot, concentrated aqueous
solution of sodium nitrate, NaNO3.
KCl + NaNO3 ↔ KNO3 + NaCl
Because of its relatively low solubility, part of the sodium
chloride, NaCl, precipatates and is filtered off. A little water is
added to the filtrate to prevent further precipitation of NaCl,
the mixture is cooled to 20oC, and pure KNO3 crystallizes. The
resulting slurry contains, per 100 kg precipitated KNO3, 239 kg
of solution analyzing 21.3% KNO3, 21.6% NaCl, and 57.1%
water. The slurry is fed to the first of a cascade of four
continuous classifiers, where each 100 kg crystals is
countercurrently washed with 75 kg of saturated solution of
KNO3, containing 24.0% KNO3, in order to free them of NaCl.
The wet crystals leaving each classifier retain 25% liquid, and
 Lanjutan SOAL No.12, Nomor Absen 14 dan 15
The washed crystals discharged from the fourth clssifier,
conttaining 25% liquid are sent to a continuous drier. All liquid
except that discharged with the washed crystals leaves in the
overflow from the firstclassifier. Equilibrium between solid and
liquid is attained in each classifier, and the clear overflow have
the same composition as the liquid retained by the crystals.
The solubility of KNO3 in NaCl solution (KNO3 is the
equilibrium solid phase) at the prevailing temperature is given
by the following table:
% NaCl 0 6.9 12.6 17.8 21.6
% KNO3 24.0 23.2 22.6 22.0 21.3

a. Plot the equilibrium data [N=kg KNO3/kg (NaCl+H2O) for both clear
overflow and wet crystals: x and y = kg NaCl/kg (NaCl+H2O)
b. Calculate the presentage NaCl content which can be
expexted on the dried KNO3 product. Ans: 0.306%
 SOAL No.13 , Nomor Absen 16 dan 17
13.6 Barium, occurring naturally as the sulfate, BaSO4, is put in water-
solution from by heating with coal, thus reducing the sulfate to the sulfide,
BaS. The resulting reaction mixture, Barium “black ash” containing 65%
soluble BaS, is to be leached with water. Black ash is fed to tube mill at
100 t/day, together with the overflow from the second of a cascade of
thickeeners, and the effluent from the mill is fed to the first thickener. All
the barrium is dissolved in the mill. The strong solution overflowing from
the first thickener is to contain 20% BaS by weight. The thickeners will
each deliver is sludge containing 1.5 kg liquid / kg insoluble solid. He
solution in the overflow and that in the sludge leaving any thickener may
be assumed to have the same BaS concentration. It is desired to keep the
BaS lost with the final sludge to at most 1 kg/day.
a. How many thickenere are required ? (Adapt Eq.(5.55) to all except the
first thickener.] Ans:6
b. It is decided to pass the final leached sludge to a continuous filter, as
in Fiq. 13.13b, where the liquid content of the filtered solids will be
reduce to 15% by weight. The filtrate will be returned to last thickener,
but the filter cake will not be washed. How many thickeners will then
be required ? Ans:5
 SOAL No.14 , Nomor Absen 18 dan 19
13.5 Aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, is to be produced by action of sulfuric
acid, H2SO4, on bauxite in a series of agitators, with a cascade of
continuous thickeners to wash the insoluble mud free of aluminium sulfate.
Al2O3 + 3 H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + 3 H2O
The flowshet is similar to that of fiq.13.13a. The reaction agitators are fed
with (1) 25 t bauxite/day, containing 50% Al2O3 and the rest insoluble: (2)
the theoritical quantity of aqueous acid containing 60% H2SO4: and (3) the
overflow from the second thickener. Assume the reaction is complete. The
strong produck solution is to contain 22% Al2(SO4)3 and no more than 25%
of the Al2(SO4)3 produced is to be lost in the washed mud. The last
thickener is to be fed with pure wash water. The underflow from each
thickener will contain 4 kg liquid/kg insoluble solid, and the concentration
of solubles in the liquid of the underflow for each thickener may be assume
to be the same as that in the overflow. Calculate the number of thickeners
required and the amount of wash water required per day. Ans.: 3 Thickeners
Note : in solving this problem, be certain to account for the water in the acid
as well as that produced by the reaction. Adapt Fiq. 5.16 to all but first thickener in
the cascade.
 SOAL No.15 , Nomor Absen 20 dan 21
13.4 A mineral containing 20% elemental sulfur is to be
leached with hot gas oil, in which the sulfur is soluble to the
extent of 10% by weight. The solvent will be repeatedly
pumped over the batch of ground mineral, using 1.5 kg fresh
solvent/kg mineral. After no further solution of sulfur is
obtained, the liquid will be drained and replaced with a fresh
batch of 1.5 kg oil/kg original mineral, and the operation
repeated. On drainage, the solid material retain the solution to
the extent of one-tenth the weight of undissolved solid (sulfur
and gangue). No preferential adsorption takes place.
a. Calculate the equilibrium data and plot them in the usual
manner.
b. Determine the amount of sulfur unextracted and the sulfur
concentration of the composited leach liquors.
c. Repeat part (b) if a two-stage Shanks system is used, with
3 kg fresh solvent / kg unleached solid. Assume steady
state has been reached.