Kompresor

Tujuan
• Menjelaskan dua macam kompresor dasar dan
aplikasi mereka
• Menjelaskan bagaimana persamaan untuk
perancangan bagi kompresor diturunkan dari MEB
dan kesetimbangan dari keseluruhan energi(total
energy balance -TEB) (mengerti akan asumsi-
asumsi yang ada)
• Menggunakan persamaan perancangan untuk
menganalisa permasalahan yang timbul pada
kompresor
 Jenis-Jenis Kompresor
Gas dapat dikompresi melalui beberapa cara berikut ini:
• Reciprocating piston compressors
• Tingkat aliran rendah (Low flow rates)
• Rasio Kompresi tingkat tinggi (High compression
ratios)
• Rotating centrifugal compressors
• Tingkat aliran tinggi (High flow rates)
• Rasio kompresi kompresor rendah (Low
compression
ratios)
• Untuk memperoleh rasio kompresi yang lebih
tinggi
digunakan beberapa tingkat (stage) kompresor
Jenis-Jenis Kompresor
Tipe dari Kompresor

Reciprocating Compressor
Cara kerja
Reciprocating
Compressor
Tipe dari Kompresor
Tipe dari Kompresor

Centrifugal Compressors
 Tipe dari Kompresor

Radial Flow Compressors (bertingkat)

Tipe dari Kompresor

Axial Compressor
FAN MOVIE
COMPRESSOR MOVIE
 Example of Centrifugal
Flow

Airflow being
forced around
body of engine
Centrifugal
Compressor

I
n
t
a
k
 Example of Axial
Flow
Multistage
Axial
Compressor

Center
Shaft

Intake airflow is forced down the center shaft

of the engine.
 Example of Combination
Flow
Centrifugal
Compressor

Intake Air
Flow
Axial Compressor

Intake air flow is forced down the center shaft

initially by axially compressor stages, and
then forced against engine perimeter by the
centrifugal compressor.
Centrifugal Compressor
Operation

Centrifugal compressors rotate ambient air about an

impeller. The impeller blades guide the airflow toward
the outer perimeter of the compressor assembly. The air
velocity is then increased as the rotational speed of the
impeller increases.
 Axial Turbine
Operation Hot combustion gases
expand, airflow
pressure and
temperature drops. This
drop over the turbine
blades creates shaft
work which rotates the
compressor assembly.

Airflow through stator

Airflow around rotor

Axial Turbine with airflow
 Radial Turbine
Operation
• Same operation
characteristics as axial flow
turbine.

• Radial turbines are simpler

in design and less
expensive to manufacture.

• They are designed much

like centrifugal
compressors.
Radial Flow Turbine
• Airflow is essentially
expanded outward from the
center of the turbine.
Persamaan Disain dari Kompresor
Kesetimbangan Energi Mekanik

Wˆ    u 2  gZ   p  dp   f

2

 2 p1 
h

Faktor apakah yang menjadi asumsi yang tidak terduga?
Perubahan viskositas (Viscous) diabaikan!

hf akan diperhitungkan melalui

effisiensi kompresor
 Kesetimbangan Energi Mekanik

ˆ p  dp 
2

W  p1 


Ŵ adalah kerja yang dilakukan fluida oleh kompresor

 harus tetap berada didalam fungsi integral karena  berubah dengan p.

 Kesetimbangan Total Energi
 Q ˆ
  u  gZ  H  
2
Wc
 2  m
Kompresi adiabatik

Wˆc  H  C p T2 
T 
Perlu dicatat
1 bahwa Ŵc pada TEB termasuk
didalamnya effisiensi sementara Ŵ pada MEB tidak
termasuk effisiensi
 Kerja Isentropik pada waktu kompresi
Pada pendekatan pertama, sebuah kompresor tanpa
pendinginan internal dapat diasumsikan sebagai adiabatik.
Jika proses diasumsikan sebagai proses reversible, maka
akan menjadi isentropik.
p p
  
1

1
const.

Penyelesaian untuk , substitusikan ke MEB, dan integrasikan

Kerja Isentropik pada waktu Kompresi

Pada waktu integrasi


 
p1 1
  p2 

W S  1
0 1  1  p1 
ˆ  

Ini merupakan kerja isentropik pada waktu kompresi.

Besaran/kuantitas dari p2/p1 merupakan perbandingan
kompresi.
 Kerja dari Kompresor
Kompresi tidak dapat dikembalikan (reversible), akan
tetapi deviasi dari kelakukan ideal harus
diperhitungkan untuk untuk memperkenalkan effisiensi
kompresor isentropik seperti kerja kompresi yang
dilakukan oleh
kompresor diberikan sebaga i berikut:
ˆ WˆS
Wc  0
ad
Bagaimana ad diperoleh?

Wˆ c  C p T2  T1 
 Kompresi Isotermal
Jika pendinginan bagus diberikan untuk membuat kompresi
dari proses isotermal, kerja kompresi sebagai berikut:

RT1 p2
W T  M ln p
0 1
ˆ
Untuk rasio kompresi dan kondisi hisap yang telah
ditentukan, kerja yang diperlukan pada kompresi isotermal
kurang dari kompresi adiabatik. Ini merupakan salah satu
alasan mengapa pendinginan berguna bagi kompresor.
 Kompresi Polytropic
Secara aktual jalur dari S = 0 diasumsikan secara tertulis
dalam p/  const. akan tetapi ini bukan merupakan jalur
termodinamika yang benar dari gas pada kompresor
berukuran besar dan kompresi tidak dalam bentuk adiabatik
maupun isotermal. Jalur polytropic direpresentasikan:

p  p1 n 
 n
const. 1

Dimana n bergantung kepada sifat dasar dari gas dan
keadaan dari proses kompresi.
 Kompresi Polytropic
 n1 
p1n
ˆ
Wp   p2  n 1
1 n 1  p1
 

  untuk kompresi polytropic
dimana Ŵp adalah kerja

Sekali lagi kerja aktual dari kompresi lebih besar dari

perhitungan dan:
Wˆ p
Wˆc 
p
 Kompresi Polytropic
Effiesiensi polytropic p sering dipergunakan oleh
manufaktur. Dari effisiensi ini hubungan yang berguna
dapat dinyatan untuk mengkonversikan polytropic ke
adiabatik:
Untuk mendapatkan n dari eksponen polytropic :
p 
n or n p
1  p  
n 1  1
 
Untuk mendapatkan hubungan antara T atau  dan rasio
n1
kompresi menggantikan  dengan n.
T2   p2 
n

e.g.
1  1

T p
 Kompresi bertingkat
(Multistage Compression)
Pertimbangkan proses kompresi tingkat dua p1→p2→p3
dengan intercooling sempurna (temperatur diturunkan
ke T1 setelah tiap proses kompresi)
  1    1 
Wˆ S   RT1  p2   1   RT1  p3   1
0  1  p1    1  p2  
 
Sekarang carilah p2 yang akan meminimalkan kerja, yang
merupakan diferensi dari wrt p2
p opt
2  p1 p 3
 Kompresi Bertingkat
(Multistage
2
p
Comp ression) p  p3
2 1
 3
p1 
p2
 p1 
Rasio kompresi untuk meminimumkan kerja total pada setiap tingkat
memiliki rasio yang identik.
Dapat digeneralisasikan untuk tingkat ke n stages adalah:
1
n
p p p  p n1 
p1  p 2    p n   
2 3 n1

 pn 
 1


 p  
 Ti  pi1
Ketika T tidak didinginkan ke T1: i i1
 pi  pi 
T const.
 Kompresi Bertingkat
(Multistage Compression)
Contoh metode grafik (P-H )

P = 300 psia P = 900 psia

Natural Gas (methane)

P = 100 psia
 Axial Compressor
Design
• Assumption of Needs
• Determination of Rotational Speed
• Estimation of number of stages
• General Stage Design
• Variation of air angles
 Assumption of
Needs
• The first step in compressor design in the
determination of the needs of the system
• Assumptions:
– Standard Atmospheric Conditions
– Engine Thrust Required
– Pressure Ratio Required
– Air Mass Flow
– Turbine inlet temperature
Rotational Speed
Determination
•First Step in Axial Compressor Design
– Process for this determination is based on
assumptions of the system as a whole
– Assumed: Blade tip speed, axial velocity,
and hub-tip
ratio at inlet to first stage.

Rotational
Speed Equation
 Derivation of Rotational
Speed
• First Make Assumptions:
– Standard atmospheric conditions
– Axial Velocity: C a 1 50  2 00 sm
m
– Tip Speed: t U 3 5 0
s
– No Intake Losses
– Hub-tip ratio 0.4 to 0.6
 Compressor Rotational
Speed
• Somewhat of an iterative process in
conjunction with the turbine
design.
• Derivation Process:
– First Define the mass flow into the
m
system
dot   AU where U = C a1

– Ca1is the axial velocity range from the

root of the compressor blades to the tips
of the blades.
 Axial Velocity
Relationship
 rr Radius to root of blade
 r r 
2

C a1  1    * a
rt
  r t   Radius to tip of blade
C

r rr
 Tip Radius
Determination
•By rearranging the mass flow rate equation we can
obtain an iterative equation to determine the blade tip
radius required for the design.

rt 2 
m dot
 2
 r r 
1 Ca 1 1   
  rt 
•Now Looking at the energy equation, we can determine the

entry temperature of the flow.

U 2
U12
T1   C a1
2

c pT0  2  cp T1  2
0
2c p
T0
 Isentropic
•
Relationships
Now employing the isentropic relation between
the temperatures and pressures, then the
pressure at the inlet may be obtained.

 T 1    1 
P1  P 0  
T
 0 
• Now employ the ideal gas law to obtain the
density of the inlet air.
P
1 
RT
1
1
Finally Obtaining Rotational
Speed
• Using the equation for tip speed.
U t  2rt N
• Rearranging to obtain rotational speed.

Ut
N  2rt

• Finally an iterative process is utilized to

obtain the table seen here.
 Determining Number of
• Stages
Make keen assumptions
– Polytropic efficiency of approximately 90%.
– Mean Radius of annulus is constant through all
stages.
• Use polytropic relation to determine the exit
temperature of compressor.

n1 n = 1.4, Ratio of Specific Heats,

n Cp/Cv
T02  01
 P0 2  P02 is the pressure that the
T  P01  compressor outputs
To1 is ambient
 Determine Temperature
•Change
Assuming that Ca1=Ca
• λ is the work done factor
• Work done factor is estimate of stage efficiency
• Determine the mean blade speed.
U m  2rmea n N
• Geometry allows for determining the rotor blade
angle at the inlet of the compressor.
Um
tan1 
 Ca
 Temperature Rise in a
Stage
• Determine the speed of the flow over the blade profile.

Ca Velocity
V1 
cos1 flow over
 blade V1.
• This will give an estimate of the maximum possible rotor
deflection. C
cos 2   a
2  1  Blade _
V2
Deflection
• Finally obtain the temperature rise through the stage.

T0s  U m C a tan1  tan 2

cp

 Number of Stages
•
Required
The number of stages required is dependent
upon the ratio of temperature changes throughout
the compressor.

T T  T2 
Stages  T amb
0s T
T is the temperature change within a stage
T0 s is the average temperature change over all the stages
 Designing a
• Stage
Make assumptions
– Assume initial temperature change through first
stage.
– Assume the work-done factors through each stage.
– Ideal Gas at standard conditions
• Determine the air angles in each stage.
 Stages 1 to
2
• Determine the change in the whirl velocity.
– Whirl Velocity is the tangential component of the flow
velocity around the rotor.
 Stage 1 to
• Change in whirl2velocity through stage.
C w  C w 2  C w1

C w  c p T
U m
Cw1  Ca tan1 Alpha 1 is zero at the first
stage.
 Um 
tan2 
C w 2C a

C w2
tan 2 
 C a
Compressor Velocity
Triangles
 Pressure ratio of the
Stage
•The pressure ratio in the stage can be determined through
the isentropic temperature relationship and the polytropic
efficiency assumed at 90%.

P03  s T0 s  1 s  0.9
Rs  

P01 1 Ta mb 
 Stage
Attributes
•The analysis shows that the stage can be outlined by
the following attributes:
1.) Pressure at the onset
of the stage.
2.) Temperature at the onset
of the stage.
3.) The pressure ratio of the
stage.
4.) Pressure at the end of the
stage.
5.) Temperature at the end
of the stage.
6.) Change in pressure
Example of a single stage
through the stage.
Variation in Air Angles of
Blade
• Assume the free vortex condition.
C w 2 r  const
• Determine stator exit angle.
Um
tan3   tan1
 Ca
 velocity.
• Then determine the flow
Um
C3 
cos3

 Air Angle Alpha 1 is 0 at

Triangle the
stage
inlet

because there
are no IGV’s.
Thus,
Ca1=C1,
and Cw1
is 0
Note: This is
the whirl
velocity
component
and not a
blade
spacing!
Velocity
Triangle Red is Ca

Ca Green is 

Blue is 

Ca
 Variation in Air Angles of
• Blade the exit temp., pressure, and density of
Determine
stage 1 
P
T3  T0  C
2
P3  P03  T 3   3 
a
2c p 1T
RT
3
  03  3

• Determine the blade height at exit.

mdot
A3  h
A33Ca
2
• Finally determine rthe radii of the blade at stator exit.
mean

h h
rts  mean rrs  mean
r 2 r 2
 Variation in Air Angles of
•
Blade the radii at the rotor exit.
Determine

rtr  rtri  rts rrr  rrri  rrs

2 2
Note: That rtri is the radius of the blade at the tip at rotor inlet.
Note: That rrri is the radius of the blade at the root at rotor inlet.

• Determine the whirl velocities at the blade root and

tip.
r r
C w2r  C w2m mean C w2t  C w2m mean
r rtr
rr
Note:
C w 2 m  C w2 because there is no other whirl velocity component in the first stage.
 Finally determine the Air
tanAngles
• Stator air angle at root of
  C w2r
2r
C blade

 a

• Stator air angle at middle of

C w2m
2m
  Ca blade
tan
 C w2t • Stator air angle at tip of blade
tan 2t 
 Ca
• Deflection air angle at root of
tan2r blade
  U rr C aC w2r
• Deflection air angle at middle
Um
tan2m  
C
C w2m of blade
 a

U • Deflection air angle at tip of

2t tr  C w2t blade
tan  Ca
 Compressor Design
Example
Design of a 5 stage axial compressor:
Givens:
rt  0.2262m Use this and chart
Ta  288K to get Rotational
T2  452.5K speed of engine.
Ca  m
150
  0.98 s

Once rotational speed is found, determine mean blade tip

speed.
 Exampl
e
rmean  rt  rr  0.1697m
2
m
U m  2rmean N  262.6
s

Determine the total temperature rise through the first stage.

T  T2  Ta mb  164.5K

We are designing for more than just one stage,

so we need to define an average temperature
rise per stage:T
T0 s   32.9K
# Stages
Example (Air Angle
Determination)
  tan
1
U1
 60.26
m

Ca
Cw  Cw 2  Cw1

m
C w1  0 s
m
C w  c p T0 s  128.51 
w2
U m C
s
Example (Air Angle
Determination) Um 
 2  tan1  41.78
C w2C a
Ca  201.158
m
V2 
cos2 s

C w2
 2  tan 1
 40.59
Ca