Isolasi DNA
DNA is the genetic material of
all organisms on Earth.
HOW GENES IN DNA CAN
1. penghancuran (lisis)
2. ektraksi atau pemisahan DNA dari bahan padat
seperti selulosa dan protein
3. pemurnian DNA
Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam
proses isolasi DNA
• DNA yang telah diekstraksi dari dalam sel selanjutnya perlu dipisahkan dari
kontaminan komponen penyusun sel lainnya seperti polisakarida dan protein
agar DNA yang didapatkan memiliki kemurnian yang tinggi. Fenol seringkali
digunakan sebagai pendenaturasi protein, ekstraksi dengan menggunakan
fenol menyebabkan protein kehilangan kelarutannya dan mengalami
presipitasi yang selanjutnya dapat dipisahkan dari DNA melalui sentrifugasi
• Setelah sentrifugasi akan terbentuk 2 fase yang terpisah yakni fase
organik pada lapisan bawah dan fase aquoeus (air) pada lapisan atas
sedangkan DNA dan RNA akan berada pada fase aquoeus setelah
sentrifugasi sedangkan protein yang terdenaturasi akan berada pada
interfase dan lipid akan berada pada fase organik. Selain fenol, dapat
pula digunakan campuran fenol dan kloroform atau campuran fenol,
kloroform, dan isoamil alkohol untuk mendenaturasi protein.
Buffer TE dan penyimpanan suhu pada -20ºC bertujuan agar sampel DNA
yang telah diekstraksi dapat disimpan hingga waktu berminggu-minggu.
• Fish fins are an excellent and reliable source of high quality DNA with a number
of advantages.
• In most cases DNA is obtained from the collection of blood from the fish.
• In the case of rare or endangered species, this method is not advisable.
Therefore, fin tissue is often used for DNA extraction because sampling is
relatively fast, logistically simple, and is non-lethal.
• A small piece of tissue provides plenty of DNA for PCR. Most importantly,
collection of fish fin sample does not harm the fish. This is a very
important consideration especially relevant regarding rare and the ornamental
species.
• Fish fin samples are used for DNA-based studies on genetic diversity, mating
systems and parentage determination of fish populations with minimal
disturbance.
Lysis and extraction
Ingredients:
1. sodium chloride which provides an osmotic shock
to the cells;
2. Tris HCl, which is a buffer to retain constant pH;
3. EDTA, which sequesters the divalent metal ions
that is required for nuclease activity and thereby
inhibiting its action;
4. a detergent, usually SDS, which disrupts the cell
membrane and nuclear envelope, causing the
cells to burst open and release their DNA.
The DNA is still rapped very tightly around histone proteins. Proteinase K (a serine
protease) is the common enzyme used in DNA extraction that cuts apart the
histones to free the DNA and finally results in the breakdown of cells and dissolving
of membranes.
Purification
1. The nucleic acids are then purified with a mixture of organic solvents
namely Phenol, Chloroform and Isoamyl alcohol in a ratio of 25:24:1.
• Phenol dissociates proteins from DNA.
• Chloroform denatures the proteins and lipids and helps to maintain the
separation of the organic and aqueous phase. It also makes the DNA less
soluble in the phenol, thus reducing losses to the organic phase.
• Isoamyl alcohol is often added to prevent foaming. At pH 7-8, the DNA
partitions to the aqueous phase while the protein is denatured and is
separated from the nucleic acid containing aqueous phase by
centrifugation. When large amount of protein is present, it forms a white
precipitate between the organic and aqueous phase.
2. The DNA is then precipitated with cold ethanol or isopropanol. The alcohol
is then removed, and DNA is stored in a biological buffer, like TE (Tris-
EDTA) buffer.