Toxicity
Hantoro Ishardyanto, dr., SpB (K)Onk
Pendahuluan
• Terapi sistemik pisau bermata dua
o Mayoritas menyerang sel tubuh normal dan sel kanker
o Perkecualian targeting therapy
http://
www.yourdictionary.com/
Can we anticipate
Chemotoxicity?
The Past
• Faktor prediktor toksisitas kemoterapi
Usia
ECOG/Karnofsky
Hasil laboratorium
Tipe tumor
Jenis kemoterapi
3. Hurtia. 2011
3. Hurtia. 2011
Available at: http://www.mycarg.org/Chemo_Toxicity_Calculator
3. Hurtia. 2011
Where and how
will it develop?
Organ yang terkena
• Sistemik
o Sistem saraf
o Kardiovaskuler
o Pulmonal
o Myeloid
o Nefrologi
o Hepatobilier
o Gastrointestinal
• Lokal
o Ekstravasasi
o Alopecia 1. McDermott et al. 2002
o Reaksi kulit
Neurotoxicity
Sentral
• Nyeri kepala (26% penggunaan cetuximab pada kanker payudara
&kolorektal)
• Kejang (karena obat/ efek samping imbalans elektrolit)
• Gangguan kesadaran
• Ensefalopati (politerapi/ kemoradiasi)
• Ataksia
• Penyakit serebrovaskuler (hiperkoagulasi akibat obat/ kanker)
• Gangguan Keseimbangan (tremor karena obat, efek samping anti-
emetik)
1. McDermott et al.
2002
Pulmonary Toxicity
• Patofisiologi:
o Pembentukan metabolit ROS
o Radikal bebas oksigen muncul dari formasi kompleks Fe
o Deposisi kolagen berlebih dan fibrosis pulmoner
o Inaktivasi antiprotease pada paru menyebabkan aktivitas enzim
proteolitik meningkat
o akumulasi eosinofil pada reaksi hipersensitivitas
Anemia
Trombositopenia
• Patofisiologi
o Peningkatan ROS
o Komorbid (fatty liver)
o Steatosis hepatitis
o Kerusakan sinusoid hepar
1. McDermott et al.
2002
Gastrointestinal
• NAUSEA & VOMITING
• STOMATITIS
• ANOREXIA
• DIARE
• KONSTIPASI
Gastrointestinal
• Nausea
o (Subyektif) Rasa tidak enak di lambung akibat rangsangan dari area di
medulla
• Vomiting
o Pengeluaran isi lambung atau jejunum melalui mulut, secara kuat dan
disemprotkan; biosanya disertai
Air liur berlebihan
Takikardi sebelum terjadi
Bradikardi saat terjadi
Hipotensi
Rasa lemas
21. Skeel. 1991
22. Weiner. 2000
23. Yasko. 1993
Faktor Resiko Nausea & Vomiting:
• Adanya riwayat mudah mual saat stress
• Usia di atas 50 tahun
• Riwayat mabuk perjalanan
• Riwayat mual muntah saat kemoterapi
• Faktor resiko
o Kondisi imunosupresi karena kanker atau pengobatan kanker
( ANC<1000)
o Dehidrasi
o Status gizi (terutama protein-kalori-vitamin) jelek
o Merokok dan minum alkohol
o Penggunaan antibiotika spektrum luas jangka lama
o Infark ginggival karena infiltrasi sel tumor (leukemia)
KONSTIPASI
• Keluarnya tinja secara tidak enak, nyeri, lebih jarang dan keras
• Sering pada pemberian vinca alkaloid (vincristin-vinblastin)
• Gejala:
Papular rash
Kulit mengelupas
Kemerahan dan rasa gatal
Folikulitis
• Gejala dapat berupa eritema difus dan disertai papul/pustula
Hand-Foot Syndrome
• Gejala: eritema pada telapak tangan dan kaki, nyeri,
pembentukan bula
• Disebabkan: Fluorouracil-Methotrexate-Cytarabine
21. Skeel. 1991
22. Weiner. 2000
23. Yasko. 1993
Hiperpigmentasi
• Terjadi di kulit, sepanjang perjalanan vena, mukosa mulut,
persendian jari hingga seluruh tubuh
• Muncul 2-3 minggu setelah pemberian kemoterapi dan
menghilang 10-12 minggu setelah penghentian obat
• Muncul pada pemberian: Doxorubicine-Bleomycine-
Cyclophosphamide-Fluorouracil
• Cara mengatasi penjelasan bahwa sifatnya sementara
TIDAK AMAN
• Faktor resiko:
o Pembuluh darah rapuh
o penderita tua
o riwayat penyakit vaskuler
o Edema ekstrimitas karena pembedahan/radiasi
o Hipertensi
o Lokasi pungsi (di pergelangan/persendian)
o Konsentrasi obat 21. Skeel. 1991
22. Weiner. 2000
23. Yasko. 1993
Chemotherapeutic agent, vesicant Chemotherapeutic agent, irritant
Doxorubicin HCl Bleomycin sulfate
Dactinomycin Cisplatin
Daunorubicin HCl Dacarbazine
Idarubicin Etoposide
Mitomycin Fluorouracil
Vinblastine sulfate Mitoxantrone
Vincristine sulfate Paclitaxel
Vindesine sulfate Teniposide
Vinorelbine
1. McDermott et al.
2002
Terapi spesifik neurotoksisitas (1)
1. McDermott et al.
2002
Cardiotoxicity
Algoritma tatalaksana angina
1. McDermott et al.
2002
Cardiotoxicity
Algoritma tatalaksana gagal jantung
1. McDermott et al.
2002
HITAM patologi jantung karena kemoterapi
BIRU obat kardioprotektif
HIJAU terapi kardiotoksisitas sesuai patologi 9. Albini et al. 2010
Pulmonary Toxicity
Algoritma tatalaksana toksisitas sistem pulmonal
1. McDermott et al.
2002
Hepatotoxicity
Algoritma tatalaksana toksisitas hepar
1. McDermott et
al. 2002
Gastrointestinal
Pencegahan stomatitis
• Mulut diusahakan jangan kering (mouthwash/ permen karet)
• Hindari makanan dan minuman yang tinggi kadar asam
• Makanan disesuaikan dengan temperatur ruangan (jangan
terlalu dingin/panas)
Protokol II
Ondansentron HCl iv 8-16 mg dlm 30 menit sebelum & 4-8 jam
PZ 500 cc sesudah
Dexamethasone iv 10-20 mg 30 menit sebelum
Tatalaksana reaksi pada
kulit
• Hand lotion
• Kortikosteroid topikal-oral
• Turunkan dosis obat
• Stop penggunaan obat bila efek berat (seluruh tubuh/ Steven-
Johnson Syndrome)
Semoga bermanfaat
Referensi
1. McDermott U et al. Drug-related Emergencies. In: Johnston PG & Spence
RA, Oncologic Emergencies. 2002. UK: Oxford university Press. p 341-70.
2. Chatelut E et al. Toxicity patterns of cytotoxic drugs. Investigational New
Drugs 2003; 21:141-8.
3. Hurria A. Chemotherapy and Toxicity Assessment. Cancer and Aging
Research Program 2011: pp 1-22. available at
http://siog.org/files/public/p2.2.pdf. cited on 10th Feb 2017.
4. Hurria A et al. Predicting Chemotherapy Toxicity in Older Adults With
Cancer: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;
29(25): pp 1-9.
5. James SE et al. Anti-Cancer Drug Induced Neurotoxicity and Identification
of Rho Pathway Signaling Modulators as Potential Neuroprotectants.
Neurotoxicology. 2008 July ; 29(4): pp 605–12.
6. Stone JB, DeAngelis LM. Cancer Treatment-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Focus
on Newer Treatments. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016 February ; 13(2): 92–105.
7. Schlegel U.Central Nervous System Toxicity of Chemotherapy. European
Association of NeuroOncology Magazine 2011; 1 (1): pp 25-9.
8. Cascella M. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: limitations in
current prophylactic strategies and directions for future research. Current
Referensi
9. Albini A et al. Cardiotoxicity of Anticancer Drugs: The Need for
Cardio-Oncology and Cardio-Oncological Prevention. J Natl Cancer
Inst 2010;102: pp 14–25.
10. Mosenifar Z. Drug-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity. 2017. Available at:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1343451-overview. Cited on
20th Feb 2017.
11. Kurtin S. Myeloid Toxicity of Cancer Treatment. J Adv Pract Oncol
2012;3: pp209–224.
12. Armstrong TS et al. Risk analysis of severe myelotoxicity with
temozolomide: The effects of clinical and genetic factors.
NeuroOncology 2008 : pp 825-33.
13. Remesh A et al. Toxicities of anticancer drugs and its management.
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology July-August
2012; 1(1): pp 1-12.
14. Perazella MA. Onco-Nephrology: Renal Toxicities of
Chemotherapeutic Agents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7: 1713–1721.
15. Grigorian A et al. Hepatotoxicity secondary to chemotherapy. Journal
of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2014; 2:95–102.
Referensi
16. Ribas A et al. Hepatotoxicity with Combination of
Vemurafenib and Ipilimumab. n engl j med 2013; 368(14): pp
1365-6.
17. Maor Y & Malnick S. Liver Injury Induced by Anticancer
Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy. International Journal
of Hepatology 2013: pp 1-8.
18. Hirose Y et al. Hair Cell Toxicity in Anti-cancer Drugs:
Evaluating an Anticancer Drug Library for Independent and
Synergistic Toxic Effects on Hair Cells Using the Zebrafish
Lateral Line. JARO 2012; 12: 719–728.
19. Wasil T, Lichtman SM. Clinical Pharmacology Issues
Relevant to the Dosing and Toxicity of Chemotherapy Drugs
in the Elderly. The Oncologist 2005;10:602–612.
20. Hermanson T et al. Toxicity and Costs of Toxicity Associated
With New Cancer Drugs: International Implications. Journal
of Clinical Oncology Des 2014; 32(32): 1-4.
Referensi
21. Skeel RT, Ed. Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy, Little,
Brown an Boston/Toronto/London, 1991.
22. Weiner LM, Ed. The Cancer Protocol Guide, Lippincott
Williams & W Care, Philadelphia, 2000.
23. Yasko JM, ed, Nursing Management of Symptoms Associated
with Chemotherapy. Meniscus Health Care Communication,
1993.