HGF432

Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Pautan Air-Tenaga-Makanan
 Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Pautan Air-Tenaga-Makanan

• Air, tenaga dan makanan adalah sangat penting kepada

kesejahteraan manusia, pengurangan kemiskinan dan
pembangunan lestari.

• Unjuran global menjangkakan permintaan untuk air tawar,

tenaga dan makanan akan meningkat dengan signifikan akibat
pelbagai tekanan
• Pautan air-tenaga-makanan menggambarkan hubungan
kompleks and hubungan antara sistem sumber global

• Interaksi pautan ini adalah kompleks dan dinamik, isu sektoral

tidak dapat dilihat secara berasingan

• Pautan ini wujud dalam konteks yang lebih luas dalam proses
transformasi

http://www.water-energy-food.org/fotos/charts/01/nexus_en_450_b.jpg
• Tekanan terhadap air tawar, tenaga dan makanan
o pertumbuhan dan mobiliti populasi,
o pertumbuhan ekonomi,
o perdagangan antarabangsa,
o pembandaran,
o kepelbagaian pemakanan,
o perubahan budaya dan teknologi dan
o Perubahan cuaca
• Air digunakan untuk
o pengeluaran pertanian,
o perhutanan dan perikanan,
o digunakan sepanjang rantaian agri-makanan
o Digunakan dalam penghasilan tenaga pengangkutan

• 70% jumlah penggunaan air tawar global adalah

untuk pertanian
• 30% jumlah tenaga global digunakan dalam penghasilan
makanan dan rantaian pembekalan
• Tenaga diperlukan untuk
o menghasil, mengangkut dan mengedar makanan
o Mengeluar, pam, angkat, kumpul, angkut dan rawat air

• Bandar, industri dan pengguna lain memerlukan air, tenaga

dan sumber tanah.

• Pada masa yang sama, menghadapi masalah kemerosotan alam

sekitar dan dalam sebahagian kes kekurangan sumber.
• Keadaan akan semakin meruncing dalam masa
terdekat

o Lebih daripada 60% makanan perlu dihasilkan untuk

memenuhi keperluan populasi pada tahun 2050.

o Penggunaan tenaga global diunjurkan akan bertambah

sehingga 50% pada 2035

o Jumlah air global untuk pengairan diunjurkan akan

bertambah sebanyak 10% pada tahun 2050.
• As demand grows, there is increasing competition for
resources between water, energy, agriculture, fisheries,
livestock, forestry, mining, transport and other sectors with
unpredictable impacts for livelihoods and the environment.

• Large-scale water infrastructure projects, for instance, may

have synergetic impacts,
o producing hydropower and
o providing water storage for irrigation and urban uses.
• Large-scale water infrastructure projects, for instance, may
have synergetic impacts,
o producing hydropower and
o providing water storage for irrigation and urban uses.

• However, this might happen at the expense of

o downstream agro-ecological systems and
o social implications, such as resettlements.
• Similarly, growing bioenergy crops in an irrigated
agriculture scheme may help improve energy supply and
generate employment opportunities,
• but
• it may also result in increased competition for land and
water resources with impacts on local food security.
 Narratives v. Story Tellers

Pendekatan analisis
Nexus perlu
mengambil kira
perkara berikut:
Skala (Scale)
Masa (Time)
Ruang (Space)
• Contoh
o The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Red River Basin in
Vietnam
o A cross-sectoral perspective on groundwater pumping
A cross-sectoral perspective on groundwater pumping

The introduction of affordable groundwater pumps has

transformed irrigated economies and now underpins the
food security of countries, such as China, India and
Pakistan.

However, groundwater pumping has accelerated the

depletion of water resources and aquifers.

Food production has become increasingly vulnerable to

energy prices, often resulting in the farmers’
dependency on energy subsidies.
• At the same time, farmers are left with little choice but to
pump water, as services by public irrigation agencies are often
poor and unreliable.

• The solution commonly advocated is to revise tariff and

metering systems and to improve the technical efficiency of
pumps.
• Looking at the problem from a Nexus perspective can help us
to understand
o the wider implications for water, energy and food, and broaden the
scope of interventions to include water demand management,
investment frameworks for public funding for improved surface
irrigation,
o groundwater management, irrigation technologies, agricultural
practices, as well as food procurement and trade policies (e.g. Swain
and Charnoz 2012).
• These interventions are likely to have an impact on the drivers
and pressures that have led to over pumping in the first place.
 Keselamatan Makanan
FAO defines food security as the state in which “all people at all times have
physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to
meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active, healthy life’ (FAO
1996).
• Bagi tujuan pengurusan pautan air-tenaga-makanan terdapat 3
aspek utama:
• 1. bukti (evidence)
• 2. pembangunan senario (scenario development
• 3. pilihan tindakbalas (response option)
• Agricultural revolution
o From hunting and gathering to agriculture
• Green Revolution
o Most recent increase in human carrying capacity
o Use modern plant breeding to create high yield varieties
o Figure: increase in carrying capacity and human population since the industrial
revolution
• Social mechanisms of population control
• Cooking fuel and deforestration in India

http://www.gerrymarten.com/human-ecology/images/01-1-
english.jpg
• Chain of effects through social system and ecosystem when biofuel generators are
introduced to villages

http://www.gerrymarten.com/human-ecology/images/01-1-
english.jpg
 Intensity of demands on ecosystems =
Population x Level of Consumption x Technology

Intensity of demands on ecosystems:

- The total quantity of material and energy resources required for industrial and agricultural
production; plus
- Pollution generated by industrial and agricultural production

Population: the no. of people who use the industrial and agricultural products

Level of consumption: the per capita quantity of industrial and agricultural production (closely
connected to society’s material affluence)

Technology: the quantity of resurce used and pollution generated per unit of industrial and
agricultural production
• Systems development
• Unintended consequences
• There is a close connection between the sustainability of human -
ecosystem interaction and the intensity of demands that people place on
ecosystems

http://www.gerrymarten.com/human-ecology/images/01-1-
english.jpg
 Intensity of demands on ecosystems =
Population x Level of Consumption x Technology

Intensity of demands on ecosystems:

- The total quantity of material and energy resources required for industrial and agricultural
production; plus
- Pollution generated by industrial and agricultural production

Population: the no. of people who use the industrial and agricultural products

Level of consumption: the per capita quantity of industrial and agricultural production (closely
connected to society’s material affluence)

Technology: the quantity of resurce used and pollution generated per unit of industrial and
agricultural production
 tutorial
Perbincangan tutorial:
- Berdasarkan kawasan lembangan sungai bincangkan isu dan
pengurusan nexus air-tenaga-makanan bagi kawasan tersebut.
Kemukakan bukti, senario dan response action dalam
perbincangan anda. Kerja secara berkumpulan.