Klasifikasi

Penggolongan, pengelompokan
All these are same species!

Broccoli, kale, cabbage, califlower: members
same species! Brassica oleracea
Mengapa harus diklasifikasi?
Kemudahan dan keteraturan
Economy of Memory
Menentukan jauh dekatnya
kekerabatan
Alat Penyimpan informasi
Alat prediksi
Klasifikasi
Mengelompokkan individu ke dalam
suatu Takson
Dasarnya kesamaan fenetik atau
hubungan kekerabatan
Menggolongkan ke dalam katagori
hirarki taksonomi
Klasifikasi
Proses Klasifikasi

Produk Klasifikasi Sistem klasifikasi
Pre-Darwin Periode
Post-Darwin periode


Pendekatan dalam Klasifikasi
Tumbuhan
Pendekatan artificial a priori
Theophrastus (De Historia Plantarum)
Dioscorides (De Materia medica)
Carolus Linnaeus(Species Plantarum, 1753)
Pendekatan Alamiah a posteriori
Antoine de Jussieu
A.P de Candolle (Prodomus Syatematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Bentham dan Hooker



Pendekatan dalam Klasifikasi
Tumbuhan
Pendekatan Phylogenetik
A.W.Eichler (1839-1887)
Pendekatan Fenetik derajat
persamaan ciri, semakin banyak ciri
yang sama semakin dekat kerabatnya
Sneath dan Sokal (1963) Taksonomi
Numerik

Pendekatan dalam Klasifikasi
Tumbuhan
Pendekatan Cladistic berdasarkan
persamaan moyangnya. Jenis-jenis
yang memiliki ciri apomorf yang sama
akan berkerabat dekat
Hennig
Klasifikasi Evolusi pendekatan
eklektik, gabungan unsur-unsur
terbaik dari fenetik dan cladistik.
Scientific Classification
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Subclass
order
Family
Genus
Species
Katagori Hirarki Taksonomi
1. Divisi (Divisio) Magnoliophyta
Anak divisi (SubDivisio)
2. Kelas (Classis) Magnoliopsida
Anak Kelas (SubClass)
3. Bangsa (Ordo) Cucurbitales
Anak Bangsa (Suborders)
4. Suku (Family) Cucurbitaceae
Anak suku: Cucurbitoidea
Puak: Trichoasantheae
anakpuak: Trichosantinae


5. Marga (Genus) Trichosanthes
Anak Marga
Seksi: Involucraria
Anak seksi
6. Jenis (Species) T. borneensis
Anak jenis
Varietas
forma
Eichler Classification
Kingdom
1. Plantae
2. Animalae
Division
1-1. Thallophyta
1-2. Bryophyta
1-3. Pteridophyta
1-4.
Spermatophyta
Class
1-4-1.
Gymnospermae
1-4-2.
Angiospermae
Subclass
1-4-2-1.
Monocotyledonae
1-4-2-2.
Dicotyledonae

Modern Classification
Divisions
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/taxaform.html
4-1. Bryophyta Mosses
4-2. Psilophyta - Wisk Ferns (Psilotum)
4-3. Lycophyta - Club Mosses
4-4. Sphenophyta - Horsetails
4-5. Pterophyta (Pteridophyta) - Ferns



More Divisions
4. (Spermatophyta)
4-6. Pinophyta Conifers (Gymnosperms)
4-7. Cycadophyta - Cycads
4-8. Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba
4-9. Gnetophyta Gnetum
4-10. Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
Class
4-10-1. Liliopsida (Mocotyledons)
4-10-2. Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Major Systems of classification
Phyletic
Phenetic
cladistic
Old trees of life = linear.
The point of classification
Necessary in order to talk about
things
No complete agreement on a single
system
Names and systems can change
The species is the only real entity
all other categories are human
constructs that attempt to show
relationship as accurately as possible

Major System Classification
Bentham & Hooker
Engler & Prantl
John Hutchinson
Armenn Takhtajan
Arthur Cronquist
APG System (Angiosperm Phylogenetic
Group)
pattern based on relationship known from
fossil record.
No special rules about
classification
Types of Classification: Phylogenic
Phenetics
Phenetics bases the classification of an organism entirely on measurable
similarities and differences; no assumptions of homology are made. Phenetics
compares as many anatomical characteristics as possible to determine
relatedness. Skeptics of this approach claim that phenotypic similarity alone is
not sufficient to judge phylogenetic relationships.
Result a chart of
relationship based on the
concept that structural
similarity = relationship

Problems; convergence, and
which characters you pick.
Weighted characters.

Cladistics is the new fad = favored system because it results in an
Unambiguous classification.(read less ambiguous)
Basic rule all groups must be monophyletic (have a single common
ancestor)
Apomorphy a derived or shared character
Synaptomorphy an apomorphy shared by two or more groups and their last
common ancestor
Plesiomorphy an ancestral or primitive character

So each new character = branch point. Each branch point = name change
Bentham & Hooker (1862 1883)
Natural System
Phanerogame or Seed Plant:
- Class 1. Dikotiledons (14 series, 25
orders, 165 families)
- Class 2. Gymnospermae (3
families)
- Calss 3. Monocotyledons ( 7 series,
34 families)
Engler & Prantl
Yang mengusulkan sistem Plant Kingdom,
Klasifikasi sampai tingkat genus
berdasarkan informasi morfologi, anatomi,
geografi
Divisi 1 11 Thallophytes
Divisi 12 Embryophyta Asiphonogamae
(Bryophyta, Pterydophyta)
Divisi 13 Embriophyta Siphonogamae
(Gymnospermae, Angiospermae:monokotil
dan Dikotil)
John Hutchinson
Yang pertama mengkalsifikasi
Angiospermae (Flowering Plants)
24 prinsip penggolongan, diantaranya
Prinsip umum, berdasarkan
Perawakan tumbuhan, Struktur
tumbuhan berbunga, Bunga dan buah
Armen Takhtajan
Evolusi dan sistem klasifikasi
philogeni
Division Magnoliophyta
Class 1. Magnoliopsida (Dikots)
Class 2. Liliopsida (Monokots)

Arthur Cronquist
Konsep sama dengan Sistem
Takhtajan (Evolusi dan philogeni),
menggunakan Magnoliophyta yang
terbagi menjadi liliopsida dan
magnoliopsida
Lebih detail dalam dasar
pengelompokan yang dibuat dalam
sistem klasifikasi (hampir semua
sumber pendekatan/bukti taksonomi)
The point of classification
Necessary in order to talk about
things
No complete agreement on a single
system
Names and systems can change
The species is the only real entity
all other categories are human
constructs that attempt to show
relationship as accurately as possible

Penentuan Batasan Jenis
Beberapa Kelompok populasi
Karakter morfologi berbeda Karakter morfologi sama
Takson berbeda
Allopatric
Sympatric
Persebaran
Takson berbeda
Tidak Terjadi
persilangan
Terjadi persilangan
Kemungkinan tjd persilangan
Takson sama
Allopatric
Kemungkinan terjadi persilangan
Genetic
compatible
Genetic
incompatible
Takson
berbeda
Pengelompokan
secara ekologi
Ekologi sama
Takson sama Takson
berbeda
Ekologi tidak sama
Infraspecific level (takson dibawah
jenis)
Katagori Karakter
Perbedaa
Morfologi
Pola
Persebaran
Variasi
genetik
Hibridisasi
alami
Tingkat
fertilitas
Anak Jenis Beberapa
perbedaan
nyata
Allopatric/
Peripatric
Multi gen Masih
dimungkinkan
kontak
< 60 %
Varietas Satu-dua
perbedaan
nyata
Allopatric Multi gen Dimungkinkan
kontak
> 60%
Forma Satu
perbedaan
nyata
Sporadik,
sympatric
Gen
tunggal
Selalu kontak Fertilita
s
100
%
Subspecies Categories
1. Variety
Botanical (natural) Variation
Buxus microphylla Sieb.&Zucc. var.
japonica Rehd.&Wils.
koreana Nakai
2. Cultivar
Man-made Variation
Hordeum vulgare cv. Wintex or
Wintex
Subspecies
3. Hybrids
A. Interspecific same genus
Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (8n)
F. virginiana (2n) x F. chiloensis (2n) x2
B. Intergeneric different genera
X Cupressocyparis leylandii Leyland
Cypress
Cupressus macrocarpa (Cypress) x
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ) Western Yellow
Cedar
Sterile

Subspecies
Groups
Brassica oleracea L.
(Capitata) cv. King Cole - Cabbage
(Italica) - Broccholi
(Gemifera) - Brussels Sprouts
(Botrytis) - Cauliflower
Brassica rapa Turnip
Brassica napus - Rudibaga