JURUSANTEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN
FAKULTAS KEBUMIAN DAN ENERGI
UNIVERSITASTRISAKTI
2012
TEKNOLOGI KOMPUTASI
Teknologi komputasi (bahasa Inggris: computing) adalah
aktivitas penggunaan dan pengembangan teknologi komputer,
perangkat keras, dan perangkat lunak komputer. Ia merupakan
bagian spesifik komputer dari teknologi informasi.
Ilmu komputer adalah kajian dan ilmu dasar teori informasi dan
komputasi serta implementasi dan aplikasinya dalam sistem
komputer.
PERTAMBANGAN
Pertambangan adalah rangkaian kegiatan dalam rangka upaya pencarian,
penambangan (penggalian), pengolahan, pemanfaatan dan penjualan bahan
galian (mineral, batubara, panas bumi, migas)
Paradigma baru kegiatan industri pertambangan ialah mengacu pada konsep
Pertambangan yang berwawasan Lingkungan dan berkelanjutan, yang
meliputi :
Penyelidikan Umum (prospecting)
Eksplorasi : eksplorasi pendahuluan, eksplorasi rinci
Studi kelayakan : teknik, ekonomik, lingkungan (termasuk studi amdal)
Persiapan produksi (development, construction)
Penambangan (Pembongkaran, Pemuatan,Pengangkutan, Penimbunan)
Reklamasi dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan
Pengolahan (mineral dressing)
Pemurnian / metalurgi ekstraksi
Pemasaran
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Pengakhiran Tambang (Mine Closure)
RISIKO
BIAYA
WILAYAH
SURVAI
TINJAU
100 %
N Ha
WILAYAH
CADANGAN
40
PERTAMBANGAN
<10 %
N Ha
20
10
STUDI
KELAYAKAN
ENDAPAN
HIPOTETIK
SUMBERDAYA
TEREKA
2
TERTUNJUK/
TERUKUR
CADANGAN
TERBUKTI
WAKTU (TH)
KONSTRUKSI
DAN EKSPLOITASI
CADANGAN
LAYAK TAMBANG
STAGE
RESEARCH
Data collection;
prepare GIS data
TASKS
Study regional
geological setting
EXPLORATION RESULTS
JORC STAGE:
RECONNAISSANCE
Reconnaissance
mapping
Outcrop Logging
Preliminary
Coal rank / quality
depositional model assessment
Check
environmental
issues / land status
FIELD MAPPING
INITIAL
DRILLING
DRILL
TESTING
Detailed Satellite
Imagery Interp
Wide spaced
drilling
Typically 2 to 4
km spacing
Field Mapping
Quality, seam
Estimate
thickness,
inferred
resource potential resources
Scout Drilling
PREFEASIBILITY
FEASIBILITY
Geotechnical
drilling
Reliable
topographic
maps
Estimate
Indicated
Resources
Bulk Sample; or
large diameter
core
Estimate
Measured
Resources
Increasing confidence
RESERVES
Probable
Proved
Model Topografi,
Design Open Pit,
Animasi 3D
InSite_WindowsM
edia_XLarge.wmv
MineSched_Wind
owsMedia_XLarge
.wmv
MODEL GEOLOGI
Model Geologi adalah sebuah representasi atau interpretasi
MODEL GEOLOGI
MODEL GEOLOGI 2D
Model 2D menggunakan grid/mesh dalam bentuk
MODEL GEOLOGI 2D
MODEL GEOLOGI 2D
Model 2D sangat cocok untuk deposit yg berupa lapisan-
MODEL GEOLOGI 2D
MODEL GEOLOGI 2D
Seam data diambil dari data lubang bor sebagai interval. Interval
MODEL GEOLOGI 2D
MODEL GEOLOGI 2D
MODEL GEOLOGI 3D
Model 3D menggunakan block dalam bentuk kubus atau
MODEL GEOLOGI 3D
MODEL GEOLOGI 3D
MODEL 2D VS MODEL 3D
Model 2D lebih disukai untuk permodelan geologi deposit-deposit
dengan karakteristik :
Ketebalan dari ore body. Seam atau vein diharuskan menggunakan
grid/block berukuran kecil yang memadai untuk
memrepresentasikan ore body. Untuk batubara,
batubara, phosphate, atau
lapisan tipis dengan ketebalan yang bervariasi,
bervariasi, lebih akurat
menggunakan model 2D, karena ketebalan dapat diekivalensikan
dengan tonase,
tonase, dan tonase ekivalen dengan dollar.
Deposit sedimen biasanya terdapat pada area yg luas,
luas, block model
akan sangat besar memakan reseources komputer,
komputer, sehingga akan
lambat.
lambat.
MODEL 2D VS MODEL 3D
Poligon 3D dan model block tidak cukup mampu mendetailkan sesar
yang melewati beberapa seam. Seam model mempunyai fasiltas untuk
mendefinisikan struktur dan menyebarkannya di dalam model
Model 2D menggunakan pendekatan secara stratigraphic.
stratigraphic. Ini akan
menghindarkan terjadinya tabrakan (crossing) atau tumpang tindih
(overlapping) antar seam.
Model 2D lebih mudah diperbaiki (maintained), karena datadata-data
baru dapat secara efisien ditambahkan ke model dengan cepat.
cepat.
SURVEYTOPOGRAFI
SUMBERDAYA : SKALA 1 : 50.000, 1 : 25.000
CADANGAN : SKALA 1 : 1.000, 1 : 2.000
CALIPER, RESISTIVITY.
SURVEY TOPOGRAFI
SURVEYTOPOGRAFI DAPAT DIHASILKAN DARI :
ATAS PERMUKAAN TANAH
SATELITE
AERIAL LASER SURVEY
DI PERMUKAAN TANAH
GPS
ALAT UKUR (THEODOLITE / TOTAL STATION)
HASIL PEMBORAN
BOREHOLE COMPLETION
HASIL PEMBORAN
DATA SURVEY LUBANG BOR
HASIL PEMBORAN
DATA LITOLOGI LUBANG BOR
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
XBBU15C
0.00
14.00
21.00
22.50
24.50
30.00
34.00
34.50
56.00
56.85
57.60
57.95
58.96
60.17
60.90
63.50
64.00
70.00
73.75
75.85
76.20
76.70
76.90
78.35
79.00
79.75
79.95
80.35
14.00
21.00
22.50
24.50
30.00
34.00
34.50
56.00
56.85
57.60
57.95
58.55
60.17
60.90
63.50
64.00
70.00
73.75
75.85
76.20
76.70
76.90
78.35
79.00
79.75
79.95
80.35
85.00
14.00
7.00
1.50
2.00
5.50
4.00
0.50
21.50
0.85
0.75
0.35
0.60
1.21
0.73
2.60
0.50
6.00
3.75
2.10
0.35
0.50
0.20
1.45
0.65
0.75
0.20
0.40
4.65
SO
BX
CS
SS
CS
SS
CS
SS
CS
CO
CS
CO
SH
CS
SS
CS
SS
CS
CO
XC
CO
XC
CO
XC
CO
XC
CO
CS
200U
200L
300U
300U
300U
300L
300L
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
CW_A08
0.00
3.10
8.00
10.10
12.30
13.00
13.90
17.50
18.10
19.00
19.80
21.70
23.10
23.50
23.70
26.80
35.20
36.30
36.90
37.40
41.00
42.00
42.30
42.60
53.60
59.60
60.60
61.60
3.10
8.00
10.10
12.30
13.00
13.90
17.50
18.10
19.00
19.80
21.70
23.10
23.50
23.70
26.80
35.20
36.30
36.90
37.40
41.00
42.00
42.30
42.60
53.60
59.60
60.60
61.60
70.50
3.10
4.90
2.10
2.20
0.70
0.90
3.60
0.60
0.90
0.80
1.90
1.40
0.40
0.20
3.10
8.40
1.10
0.60
0.50
3.60
1.00
0.30
0.30
11.00
6.00
1.00
1.00
8.90
SO
SS
CL
SS
CL
SS
SL
SS
SL
SS
SL
SS
SL
SS
SL
SS
CO
SL
CO
SL
CO
ZH
CO
CL
CO
SL
CO
CL
100U
100L
200U
200L
300U
300L
HASIL PEMBORAN
DATA KUALITAS HASIL PEMBORAN
DH No. No. Sample From
To
Thick
Seam
Notes
TM
IM
ASH
VM
FC
TS
CV
RD
HGI
adb
CW_B01 CW_B01_01 69.50 69.70
0.20
Roof
Roof
17.38
9.12
55.24
23.37
12.27
1.30
2608
1.75
1.60
100
Coal
19.98
9.66
36.18
32.84
21.32
2.21
4144
1.57
0.20
Floor
Floor
12.71
5.76
62.84
28.48
2.92
0.72
2644
1.79
0.20
Roof
Roof
20.35
9.59
66.31
13.67
10.43
1.42
1526
1.99
1.80
200
Coal
28.09
15.67
15.43
33.66
35.24
1.40
5091
1.41
0.20
Floor
Floor
16.42
8.01
70.78
14.79
6.42
0.31
1396
2.03
0.20
Roof
Roof
15.50
7.73
53.61
25.14
13.52
2.35
2840
1.77
1.50
300U
Coal
19.67
10.43
16.52
46.33
26.72
2.11
5825
1.36
71
1.50
300U
Coal
24.22
12.85
12.54
43.1
31.51
2.04
5805
1.36
66
68
61
1.50
300U
Coal
28.88
15.04
17.88
36.07
31.01
1.18
5110
1.39
72
1.10
300U
Coal
24.92
11.65
23.28
37.12
27.95
0.58
5033
1.42
63
0.20
Floor
Floor
23.45
8.66
49.66
21.89
19.79
0.39
2812
1.69
0.20
Roof
Roof
19.35
5.67
51.07
35.12
8.14
0.40
2282
1.94
1.40
300L
Coal
29.97
17.27
16.53
33.2
33.00
0.41
4862
1.41
0.20
Floor
Floor
23.73
13.46
43.78
22.12
20.64
0.36
2994
1.62
0.20
Roof
Roof
24.73
11.23
50.65
19.27
18.85
3.48
2391
1.81
0.80
200
Coal
21.92
11.59
42.58
28.71
17.12
2.20
3228
1.63
0.20
Floor
Floor
20.82
9.31
59.11
19.74
11.84
1.19
1702
1.89
0.20
Roof
Roof
18.46
6.43
45.96
34.98
12.63
3.42
3669
1.62
1.50
300U
Coal
21.63
9.7
15.95
46.22
28.13
1.87
5912
1.35
74
1.50
300U
Coal
25.16
12.33
14.78
41.47
31.42
1.02
5664
1.35
73
2.30
300U
Coal
19.03
10.71
28.94
38.82
21.53
0.56
4783
1.45
77
0.20
Floor
Floor
23.69
9.97
59.73
17.96
12.34
0.63
1638
1.86
0.20
Roof
Roof
15.82
6.53
62.86
24.05
6.56
0.58
1679
1.95
1.20
300L
Coal
24.42
13.32
28.75
32.99
24.94
0.41
4114
1.52
57
87
64
INTERPOLASI
MAKSIMUM DAN MINIMUM UNTUK KETEBALAN
LAPISAN BATUBARA (SEAM) DAN KETEBALAN
PARTING
SESAR
URUTAN LAPISAN BATUBARA (DISUSUN DARI
ATAS KE BAWAH)
SEAM SPLITTING
TOPOGRAFI
PERBANDINGAN HASIL KORELASI DENGAN CROSS
SECTION
PERBANDINGAN HASIL PERMODELAN DENGAN DATA
HASIL PEMBORAN (KETEBALAN, ELEVASI ROOF, FLOOR,
DAN QUALITY)
PEMBUATAN KONTUR ISOPACH UNTUK KETEBALAN,
KONTUR STRUKTUR ROOF, FLOOR, DAN QUALITY (CV,
TM, ASH, IM, VM, TS, FC, DLL)
MODEL GEOLOGI
TERSEDIA/DIGUNAKAN.
MODEL TIDAK AKAN PERNAH 100% BENAR/AKURAT
JORC CLASSIFICATION
Optimisation Theory
Optimasi Pit Sangat tergantung terhadap ketepatan dari model geologi dan data
topographi
Efek pengaruhnya dalam optimasi akan terjadi terhadap:
Keadaan dan kondisi endapan
Strategi Bisnis Management
Kepercayaan Pembeli dan peminjam atau penanam modal
Setiap Quality Coal menghasilkan Harga yang berbeda beda sehingga penentuan
Stripping Ratio di setiap seam memungkinkan berbeda.
Analisa Biaya merupakan bagian acuan
dari optimasi Pit, adapun parameter
biaya ini yang biasanya digunakan
adalah:
Coal Value per seam ($/Tonnage)
Fixed Cost (Untuk Operational)
Jarak Angkut Pemindahan
Jenis Material yang dipindahkan
(terutama untuk soil atau
lumpur)
Optimisation Theory
Simple geology one seam
Topography
Cost
$3/block
Revenue $20/block
Coal
Optimisation Theory
Air blocks
$0
-$3
-$3
-$3
-$3
-$3
-$3
-$3
-$3
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$3 $17 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$3 -$3 $17 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$3 -$3 -$3 $17 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 $17 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 $17 -$3 -$3
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 $17 -$3
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 $17
Coal block
Optimisation Theory
Step 1: Sum the cells vertically
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
Maximum value vertical pit
Value = 14+11+8+5+2=$40
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
Bigger pit has less value
Value = 14+11+8+5+2-1=$39
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
Smaller pit has less value
Value = 14+11+8+5=$38
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
But pit is not vertical it is inclined.
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
Assume a 45o slope
Value is $-3 +14 3 =$8
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
Assume a 45o slope
Value is $-3+14+11-6-3=$13
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
Assume a 45o slope
Value is $-3+14+11+8-9-6-3=$12
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
Optimum
Optimumpit
pithas
hasmaximum
maximumvalue
value
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$8
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
- Optimum pit is
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$13
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
$0
-$3
-$6
-$9
-$12
-$15
-$18
-$21
-$24
$0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 $14 -$6
-$9 $11 $11
-$12 $8 $8
-$15 $5 $5
-$18 $2 $2
-$21 -$1 -$1
-$24 -$4 -$4
$12
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
-$3 -$3 -$3 -$3 -$3
-$6 -$6 -$6 -$6 -$6
-$9 -$9 -$9 -$9 -$9
$8 -$12 -$12 -$12 -$12
$5 $5 -$15 -$15 -$15
$2 $2 $2 -$18 -$18
-$1 -$1 -$1 -$1 -$21
-$4 -$4 -$4 -$4 -$4
Optimisation Theory
Example data set
$2.00/bcm waste
$1.00/tonne coal
Sale price from $4.00 to $10
Optimisation Theory
$4.00 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$5.00 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$6.00 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$7.00 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$7.50 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$9.50 sale price
Optimisation Theory
Sale price & strip ratio
ratio
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
$8.00
$9.00
$10.00
Sale price
10,000,000
5,000,000
$-
$2.00
$4.00
$6.00
sale price
$8.00
$10.00
$12.00
Optimisation Theory
Understand the geology
$8.00
$7.50
Optimisation Theory
Another example
Optimisation Theory
$4 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$6 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$8 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$10 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$12 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$14 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$16 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$18 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$20 sale price
Optimisation Theory
$22 sale price
Optimisation Theory
Sale price & strip ratio
7.00
$16.00
6.00
$14.00
Strip Ratio
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
$-
$12.00
$10.00
$8.00
$6.00
$4.00
$2.00
$-
$5.00
$10.00
$15.00
$20.00
$-
$25.00
$5.00
$10.00
$15.00
sale price
Sale Price
$6
$8
$10
$12
$14
Sale price
$16
$18
$20
$22
$20.00
$25.00
Optimisation Theory
Understand geology
$16
$6
$8
$10
$12
$14
Sale price
$16
$18
$20
$22
$14
Optimisation Theory
Optimisation
Summary