Desain Instalasi Pengolah Air Limbah (IPAL)

Mata Kulia
Kode MK / Sks / Smtr
Program Studi
Dosen

Desain Instalasi Pengolah Air Limbah (IPAL)

1309701 / 4 sks / VII
Teknik Lingkungan
Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan
Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya [ITATS}
Taty Alfiah, ST.MT.

Grit Chamber

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Pengertian dan Fungsi :

Grit :
Fraksi organik berat dari bahan padat air limbah dengan kepadatan relatif
kira-kira 2,5 sehingga punya kecepatan mengendap yang jauh lebih besar
daripada bahan padat air limbah organik (kira-kira 30 mm/det) dibandingkan
dengan kecepatan mengendap bahan padat air limbah organik yaitu sebesar
3 mm/det
Example : Grit consists of: sand, gravel, pebbles, silt, broken glass, cinders (ash),
heavy particulate matter (e.g., corn kernels, bone chips, coffee
grounds, egg shells, seeds)
Karakteristik grit :

Tidak membusuk , anorganik

Mampu mengendap sec. gravitasi
BJ grit =2,65 > BJ organik = 1,02
SG range = 1,3 2,7 tipikal 2,65, atau 1,5 - 2,7 [Qasim]
kadar air 13-65%, kadar volatil 1-56%, diamtr >= 0,2 mm
Pasir, biji-2an, potongan tulang, kulit telur, dll

Most grit collected at WTTPs - nearly 90 percent on average - is larger than 70

mesh in size. In some coastal areas, smaller grit particles down to 100 mesh can
be more common.

Grit Size Comparison Chart1

Sieve Mesh #

Inches

Microns

Similarly-Sized Material

14

.0555

1400

28

.0280

700

Beach Sand

60

.0098

250

Fine Sand

100

.0059

150

200

.0029

74

Portland Cement

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Grit Chamber bertujuan untuk :

(i) protect mechanical equipments from abrasion.
Melindungi atau
mencegah terjadinya gesekan pada peralatan mekanik dan pompa akibat
adanya pemakaian yang tidak perlu dan akibat adanya abrasi
(ii) reduce formation of heavy deposits in pipelines or channels. Mencegah
terjadinya penyumbatan pada pipa akibat adanya endapan kasar di dalam
saluran
Mencegah timbulnya efek penyemenan di dasar sludge digester dan
primary sedimentation tank
Menurunkan akumulasi material inert di dalam kolam aerasi dan sludge
digester yang akan mengurangi volume yang dapat digunakan.
(iii) reduce the frequency of tank/reactor cleaning caused by excessive
accumulations of grits.
Fungsi :
Grit removal is aimed on removing sand, gravel or other heavy solid
materials that have subsiding velocities or specific gravities greater than
those of organics in wastewater.
Letak dalam IPAL/WWTP :
Grit chambers are commonly located after screening and before primary
sedimentation tanks.
Grit chambers are of two types: mechanically cleaned and manually cleaned.
In mechanically cleaned grit chamber, scraper blades collect the grit
settled on the floor of the grit chamber. The grit so collected is elevated to
the ground level by several mechanisms such as bucket elevators, jet pump
and air lift. The grit washing mechanisms are also of several designs most
of which are agitation devices using either water or air to produce washing
action.
Manually cleaned grit chambers should be cleaned atleast once a week.
The simplest method of cleaning is by means of shovel.

Design
Kec. Aliran
Tipikal = 0,15 0,3 m/det,
terbaik 0,225 m/det 0,2 mm, sg 2,65
Kecepatan mengendap Hk Newton :

Vs

4g(s )d
3CD
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Kecepatan settling Hk Stokes :

Vs

g
.( s ).d 2
18.

Vs

8. .(s - 1).g.d
f

dimana :
vs = kec. Settling
ps = densitas partikel
p = densitas fluida
u = viscositas fluida
g = perc. Gravitasi
d = diameter partikel
Kecepatan scouring :

dimana :
Vs = kec. Horisontal
S = spesifik graviti partikel
G = perc. Gravitasi
D = diameter partikel
= konstanta = 0,04 0,06
f = faktor friksi darcy-Weisbach = 0,02 0,03

Secara umum ada 3 jenis tipe grit chamber, yaitu:

1. Horizontal flow grit chamber
2. Aerated grit chamber
3. Vortex Grit Chamber

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Horizontal-Flow Grit Chamber

The oldest type of grit chamber for grit removal. The systems are based on a
horizontal velocity of the flow equal to 0,3 m/s.
Arah alirannya horisontal
V selalu konstan untuk tiap level debit
Regulator debit : proportional weir, parshal flume, parabola flume
The horizontal flow grit chamber is the oldest type of grit removal system.
Grit is removed by maintaining a constant upstream velocity of 0.3 m/s (1 ft/s).
Velocity is controlled by proportional weirs or rectangular control sections, such as
Parshall flumes. In this system, heavier grit particles settle to the bottom of the
channel, while lighter organic particles remain suspended or are resuspended and
transported out of the channel.

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Aerated Grit Chamber

Menggunakan proses aerasi dengan aliran spiral dan menggunakan diffuser
compressor udara

In aerated grit chambers, air is introduced along one side of a rectangular tank to
create a spiral flow pattern perpendicular to the flow through the tank. Air flow
have to be adjusted in any specific installation:
if air flow creates a too high velocity of roll (or agitation), grit will be carried
out of the chamber
if air flow creates a too small velocity or roll, organic material will be
removed with the grit. With proper adjustment, almost 100% of grit will be
removed and the grit obtained will be well whashed (no content of organic
matter).
Some advantages of aerated grit chambers include:
Consistent removal efficiency over a wide flow range.
A relatively low putrescible organic content may be removed with a well
controlled rate of aeration.
Performance of downstream units may be improved by using pre-aeration
to reduce septic conditions in incoming wastewater.
Aerated grit chambers are versatile, allowing for chemical addition, mixing,
preaeration, and flocculation.

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Design considerations for aerated grit chambers include the following (WEF 1998):
Air rates typically range from 0.3 to 0.7 m3/mmin (3 to 8 ft3/ft.min) of
tank length.
A typical minimum hydraulic detention time at maximum instantaneous
flow is two minutes.
Typical length-to-width ratio is 2.5:1 to 5:1.
Tank inlet and outlet are positioned so the flow is perpendicular to the
spiral roll pattern.
Baffles are used to dissipate energy and minimize short circuiting.

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Vortex-Type Grit Chamber

In vortex-type grit chambers, a vortex flow pattern is used to remove heavy
particles.
The vortex flow patter can be created by using a rotating turbine or by entering the
flow tangentially at the top of the unit
Berupa tangki silinder di mana air limbah yang masuk akan menghasilkan pola
aliran vortex, gaya sentrifugal dan gravitasi sehingga tejadi pemisahan grit

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Vortex-Type Grit Chamber

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CONTOH PERENCANAAN : HORIZONTAL FLOW GRIT CHAMBER

DIRENCANAKAN :

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Catatan :
Untuk desain kedalaman minimum grit storage=10 cm, maka untuk perencanaan
ini dipakai kedalaman grit storage sebesar 10 cm namun yang terisi grit hanya
sebesar 1 cm

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