LIPIDA
KIMIA LEMAK (1)
DEFINITION:
lipids are defined on the basis of their solubility
properties, not primarily their chemical
structure
..chemists : a chemicallly heterogenous group
of substance having in common the property
of insolubility in water, but solubility in non-
aqueous solvent such as chloroform,
hydrocarbones or alcohols.
Term of Fat and Oils
Fat : substance that are clearly fatty in nature,
greasy in texture and immicible with water
(e.g: butter, fatty parts of meats)
KIMIA LEMAK (2)
SYA-1
PENAMAAN DAN STRUKTUR ASAM LEMAK (3)
Systematic names
Linoleic acid cis ( -)9, cis ( -)12 18:2
atau (cis,cis) 9,12-octadecadienoic acid
18 carbon fatty acid dg ikatan rangkap
cis pada atom karbon 9 dan 12
dari (dihitung dari gugus karboksil); atau
gugus
metil
(cis,cis) n-6,9-octadecadienoic acid
SYA-1
LEMAK MAKANAN DAN
SIFAT FISIK ASAM LEMAK (1)
LEMAK MAKANAN : Trigliserida, Phospholipida,
Kolesterol
JENIS ASAM LEMAK :
Jumlah atom C : SCFA (C1 - C6); MCFA (C6 C12)
LCFA (> C12)
Proses : Esensial dan non-esensial
Derajat Kejenuhan : Tidak Jenuh dan Jenuh
SIFAT FISIK
Sifat fisik rantai asil sangat dipengaruhi oleh sifat fisik
dari masing-masing jenis asam lemak, terutama sekali
MELTING POINT
Contoh : Membran tidak mampu melakukan aktivitas jika rantai asil lemaknya berbentuk
kristal. Pada binatang menyusui, rantai asil harus berbentuk cair pada suhu 37oC; dan
untuk organisme lain antara -10 oC dan lebih dari 100 oC.
LEMAK MAKANAN DAN
SIFAT FISIK ASAM LEMAK (2)
LIPIDA
Steroid
Vitamin Larut Lemak
Senyawa OLIPRENIL
Terpen lainnya
Fosfatida :
fosfatidiletanolamin, fosfatidilserin, fosfatidilkolin, fosfolipid lain
PENGELOMPOKKAN LEMAK (3)
GOL URAIAN
I ASAM LEMAK : asam karboksilat alifatik berantai
panjang
II ALKOHOL LEMAK : alkohol alifatik berantai
panjang
III NETRAL :
A. Monogliserol, Diasilgliserol, Triasilgliserol
B. Ester gliserol
C. Lilin : ester dari asam lemak dengan alkohol
selain gliserol
IV FOSFOGLISERIDA : turunan asam fosfatida
(berhubungan dengan membran)
V SFINGOLIPID : umumnya berhubungan dengan
jaringan sistem syaraf
PENGELOMPOKKAN LEMAK (4)
GOL URAIAN
VI TERPENA: termasuk senyawa tak jenuh seperti
minyak esensial dan senyawa aromatik, vitamin,
pigmen visual retina dan khlorofil
VII STEROIDA : senyawa alifatik berlingkar campuran
termasuk kolesterol dan hormon steroida
VIII LIPID TERKONYUGASI: lipoprotein (larut dalam
air), proteolipid (tidak larut dalam air, larut dalam
pelarut lemak), lipopolisarida
IX PROSTAGLANDIN : lipid dari asam polilemak tak
jenuh yang beraktivitas biologi tinggi
X HIDROKARBON : jenuh dan tak jenuh di alam
Lipids
Trigliserida most plentiful in body and diet
Glyserol + 3 asam lemak
Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Mengandung energi 2 kali lebih banyak
dibanding karbohidrat dan protein
Phospholipids Lipid complex mengandung
phosphate
Glycerol + 2 asam lemak dan 1 phosphate
group
Cholesterol Turunan Gliserida
80% of all cholesterol is formed in the liver to
make bile salts
Nasib Lipid
Oxidized to produce ATP
Excess stored in adipose tissue or liver
Synthesize structural or important molecules
phospholipids of plasma membranes
lipoproteins that transport cholesterol
thromboplastin for blood clotting
myelin sheaths to speed up nerve
conduction
cholesterol used to synthesize bile salts
and steroid hormones.
Penyimpanan Trigliserida
Adipose tissue
50% subcutaneous, 12% near kidneys, 15%
in omenta, 15% in genital area, 8% between
muscles
Fats in adipose tissue are ever-changing
released, transported & deposited in other
adipose
Triglycerides store more easily than glycogen
do not exert osmotic pressure on cell
membranes
are hydrophobic
Fat Storage
Mainly as triacylglycerols
(triglycerides) in adipose cells
Constitute 84% of stored energy
Protein - 15%
Carbohydrate (glucose or
glycogen) - <1%
Release of Fatty Acids from
Triacylglycerols
O
CH 2OC-R1 CH 2OH
O Lipases
CHOC-R 2 CHOH
O
CH 2OC-R3 CH 2OH
Triacylglycerol Glycerol
+
O O O
HOC-R 1 HOC-R 2 HOC-R 3
Hormone
(Adrenalin, Glucagon, ACTH)
Lipolysis
Receptor
Activates
Adenylyl
Cyclase
ATP c-AMP
Adipose Cell
Adenylyl cyclase Phosphodiesterase
OH
Triacylglycerol (TAG) Diacylglycerol
Lipase
OH OH
Monoacylglycerol
Lipase
OH
Monoacylglycerol
OH OH (MAG)
Glycerol
Digestion of Dietary
Triacylglycerols
Occurs in duodenum
Facilitated by
Bile salts (emulsification)
Alkaline medium (pancreatic juice)
Pancreatic OH Intestinal
lipases lipases Glycerol
+
Fatty Acids
OH
TAG MAG
Epithelial Cell (Intestinal Wall)
MAG Glycerol Fatty Acids
Intestinal lumen
Lipoprotein
TAG
Lymphatics Chylomicrons
Blood Tissues
Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Digestion - Hydrolysis Reaction
Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Initial Step: Requires an ATP to synthesize acetyl CoA with the fatty acid.
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Palmitic Acid Review
Palmitic Acid - ATP Synthesis
Palmitic Acid is C-16
Initiating Step - requires 1 ATP (text says 2)
Step 1 - FAD into e.t.c. = 2 ATP
Step 3 - NAD+ into e.t.c. = 3 ATP
Total ATP per turn of spiral = 5 ATP
HATI Kantung
Empedu
Otak
Lipase
USUS
PANKREAS (pH 8)
SYA