Oleh:
Damara Ilham R
14020230051
BAHASA INGGRIS
2017
i
KATA PENGANTAR
Dengan menyebut nama Allah SWT yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang, saya
panjatkan puja dan puji syukur atas kehadirat-Nya, yang telah melimpahkan rahmat, taufiq,
serta hidayah-Nya, sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah tentang “Transaksi Online
dalam Pandangan Islam” dengan lancar dan tepat pada waktunya.
Makalah ini telah saya susun dengan maksimal dan mendapatkan bantuan dari berbagai
pihak sehingga dapat memperlancar pembuatan makalah ini. Untuk itu saya menyampaikan
banyak terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyelesaian
makalah ini.
Terlepas dari semua itu, saya menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa masih ada kekurangan baik
dari segi susunan kalimat maupun tata bahasa yang saya gunakan dalam makalah ini. Oleh
karena itu dengan tangan terbuka saya menerima segala saran dan kritik dari pembaca agar
saya dapat memperbaiki makalah ini.
Akhir kata saya berharap semoga makalah ilmiah tentang hukum biogas dalam
pandangan Islam ini bermanfaat untuk para pembaca khususnya muslimin dan muslimat
yang tengah berkecimpung dalam bisnis online agar mengetahui hukumnya yang benar dari
segi pandang Islam.
Penulis
ii
Daftar Isi
Sampul .......................................................................................................................... i
Kesimpulan ........................................................................................................ 46
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Istilah wacana berasal dari bahasa sansekerta yang memiliki arti
ucapan atau tuturan. Wacana sendiri secara bahasa berarti rentetan kalimat
yang berkaitan yang menghubungkan proposisi yang satu dengan proposisi
yang lain sehingga membentuk kesatuan. Wacana sendiri memiliki banyak
jenis, seperti: wacana narasi (biografi, novel, dan cerpen), deskripsi (deskripsi
keadaan banjir, suasana di pasar, dan sebagainya), argumentasi (laporan
penelitian imiah dan karya tulis), serta persuasi (iklan, kampanye, pidato, dan
sebagainya). Wacana-wacana tersebut di atas memiliki struktur dan maksud
serta tujuan yang berbeda. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk menganalisis suatu
wacana. Analisis wacana dibedakan menjadi dua bagian yaitu analisis wacana
mengenai structural dan fungsional wacana serta analisis wacana kritis.
Wacana yang akan dianalisis dalam laporan akhir ini adalah pidato.
Menurut Emha Abdurrahman dalam bukunya tehnik dan pedoman berpidato,
pidato adalah penyampaian uraian secara lisan tentang sesuatu hal (masalah)
dengan mengutarakan keterangan sejelas-jelasnya di hadapan massa atau
orang yang banyak pada suatu waktu tertentu. Pada jaman dahulu pidato
disampaikan secara langsung, kemudian radio berkembang seperti pada pidato
yang disampaikan Soekarno-Hatta di Hari Kemerdekaan Indonesia pada tahun
1945. Sedangkan, dalam abad modern ini saluran-saluran berpidato tidak
terbatas kepada pidato secara langsung di depan massa melainkan bisa
menggunakan saluran-saluran lain, misalnya pidato di saluran radio, saluran
televisi, atau rekaman pada kaset. Pidato dapat dilakukan dalam acara apapun
misalnya dalam penataran-penataran, peringatan-peringatan, seminar,
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perayaan-perayaaan, bahkan dalam dunia politik. Seseorang yang memiliki
kemampuan berpidato dalam forum- forum tersebut biasanya mendapatkan
tempat di hati para pendengarnya. Itulah sebabnya banyak orang ingin
memiliki keterampilan berbicara dengan baik agar sanggup memberikan
berpidato di hadapan masa dengan baik. Seperti halnya pidato yang biasa
dilakukan oleh seorang politikus saat berkampanye. Pidato seperti ini
berfungsi untuk mempengaruhi orang lain yaitu masyarakat agar mau
mengikuti kemauan yang disarankan dengan suka rela. Mereka harus hebat
dalam menyampaikan visi misinya dan juga harus hebat dalam mempersuasi
atau mempengaruhi masyarakat dalam memilihnya. Seperti pula pemimpin
Negara Amerika yang baru, Donald Trump. Saat kemenangannya Donald
Trump berpidato di depan seluruh rakyat Amerika dan itu disiarkan melalui
televisisecara langsung. Pidato kemenangan Donald Trump tersebut akan
dianalisis dalam laporan ini.
B. Rumusan Masalah
Adapun rumusan masalah sebagai berikut:
1. Bagaimana analisis wacana structural dan fungsional pada pidato
kemenangan Donald Trump?
2. Bagaimana analisis wacana kritis menggunakan pendekatan Norman
Fairclough pada pidato kemenangan Donald Trump?
C. Tujuan Masalah
Adapun tujuan dari makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Untuk menganalisis wacana structural dan fungsional pada a wife’s diary
2. Untuk menganalisis wacana kritis menggunakan pendekatan Sara Mills
pada a wife’s diary.
2
BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
3
put millions of our people to work as we rebuild it.
We will also finally take care of our great veterans who have been so loyal,
and I've gotten to know so many over this 18-month journey.The time I've
spent with them during this campaign has been among my greatest honors.
Our veterans are incredible people.
We will embark upon a project of national growth and renewal. I will
harness the creative talents of our people, and we will call upon the best and
brightest to leverage their tremendous talent for the benefit of all. It is going
to happen.
We have a great economic plan. We will double our growth and have the
strongest economy anywhere in the world. At the same time, we will get
along with all other nations willing to get along with us. We will be. We
will have great relationships. We expect to have great, great relationships.
No dream is too big, no challenge is too great. Nothing we want for our
future is beyond our reach.
America will no longer settle for anything less than the best. We must
reclaim our country's destiny and dream big and bold and daring. We have
to do that. We're going to dream of things for our country, and beautiful
things and successful things once again.
I want to tell the world community that while we will always put America's
interests first, we will deal fairly with everyone, with everyone. All people
and all other nations.
We will seek common ground, not hostility; partnership, not conflict.
And now I would like to take this moment to thank some of the people who
really helped me with this, what they are calling tonight a very, very historic
victory.
First, I want to thank my parents, who I know are looking down on me right
now. Great people. I've learned so much from them. They were wonderful
in every regard. Truly great parents.
I also want to thank my sisters, Marianne and Elizabeth, who are here with
us tonight. Where are they? They're here someplace. They're very shy,
actually.
And my brother Robert, my great friend. Where is Robert? Where is
Robert?
My brother Robert, and they should be on this stage, but that's okay. They're
great.
And also my late brother Fred, great guy. Fantastic guy. Fantastic family. I
was very lucky.
Great brothers, sisters, great, unbelievable parents.
To Melania and Don and Ivanka and Eric and Tiffany and Barron, I love
you and I thank you, and especially for putting up with all of those hours.
This was tough.
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This was tough. This political stuff is nasty, and it is tough.
So I want to thank my family very much. Really fantastic. Thank you all.
Thank you all. Lara, unbelievable job. Unbelievable. Vanessa, thank you.
Thank you very much. What a great group.
You've all given me such incredible support, and I will tell you that we have
a large group of people. You know, they kept saying we have a small staff.
Not so small. Look at all of the people that we have. Look at all of these
people.
And Kellyanne and Chris and Rudy and Steve and David. We have got
tremendously talented people up here, and I want to tell you it's been very,
very special.
I want to give a very special thanks to our former mayor, Rudy Giuliani.
He's unbelievable. Unbelievable. He traveled with us and he went through
meetings, and Rudy never changes. Where is Rudy? Where is he?
Gov. Chris Christie, folks, was unbelievable. Thank you, Chris. The first
man, first senator, first major, major politician. Let me tell you, he is highly
respected in Washington because he is as smart as you get.
Sen. Jeff Sessions. Where is Jeff? A great man. Another great man, very
tough competitor. He was not easy. He was not easy. Who is that? Is that the
mayor that showed up? Is that Rudy?
Up here. Really a friend to me, but I'll tell you, I got to know him as a
competitor because he was one of the folks that was negotiating to go
against those Democrats, Dr. Ben Carson. Where's Ben? Where is Ben? By
the way, Mike Huckabee is here someplace, and he is fantastic. Mike and
his family Sarah, thank you very much. Gen. Mike Flynn. Where is Mike?
And Gen. Kellogg. We have over 200 generals and admirals that have
endorsed our campaign and they are special people.
We have 22 Congressional Medal of Honor people. A very special person
who, believe me, I read reports that I wasn't getting along with him. I never
had a bad second with him. He's an unbelievable star. He is ... that's right,
how did you possibly guess? Let me tell you about Reince. I've said Reince.
I know it. I know it. Look at all of those people over there. I know it, Reince
is a superstar. I said, they can't call you a superstar, Reince, unless we win
it. Like Secretariat. He would not have that bust at the track at Belmont.
Reince is really a star and he is the hardest-working guy, and in a certain
way I did this. Reince, come up here. Get over here, Reince.
Boy, oh, boy, oh, boy. It's about time you did this right. My god. Nah, come
here. Say something.
Amazing guy. Our partnership with the RNC was so important to the
success and what we've done, so I also have to say, I've gotten to know
some incredible people.
The Secret Service people. They're tough and they're smart and they're sharp
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and I don't want to mess around with them, I can tell you. And when I want
to go and wave to a big group of people and they rip me down and put me
back down in the seat, but they are fantastic people so I want to thank the
Secret Service.
And law enforcement in New York City, they're here tonight. These are
spectacular people, sometimes underappreciated unfortunately. We
appreciate them.
So it's been what they call a historic event, but to be really historic, we have
to do a great job, and I promise you that I will not let you down. We will do
a great job. We will do a great job. I look very much forward to being your
president, and hopefully at the end of two years or three years or four years
or maybe even eight years you will say so many of you worked so hard for
us, with you. You will say that -- you will say that that was something that
you were -- really were very proud to do and I can — thank you very much.
And I can only say that while the campaign is over, our work on this
movement is now really just beginning. We're going to get to work
immediately for the American people, and we're going to be doing a job that
hopefully you will be so proud of your President. You will be so proud.
Again, it's my honor.
It's an amazing evening. It's been an amazing two-year period, and I love
this country. Thank you.
Thank you very much. Thank you to Mike Pence.
6
Tuturan pengungkap topik menurut Gillian Brown dan George Yule
disebut kerangka topik (1996:73).Ujaran-ujaran tersebut memiliki arah
untuk menuju bagaimana sebuah topik bisa diungkap.Topik itu bisa
diungkap berdasarkan unsur-unsur kerangka topik. Unsur –unsur tersebut
adalah orang, tempat, wujud, peristiwa, dan fakta. Tuturan pengungap
topic dalam pidato kemenangan Donald Trump adalah:
1. Orang: seluruh warga Amerika Serikat
Bukti baris ke
“…To all Republicans and Democrats and independents across this nation,
I say it is time for us to come together as one united people.It is time. I
pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be President for all of
Americans, and this is so important to me…”
2. Tempat: Manhattan, New York
Tidak ada bukti yang tertera dalam wacana pidato Donald Trump,
namun tempat ini memang selalu dipakai untuk pidato presiden
Amerika Serikat terpilih dan bisa di lihat di internet dalam artikel
terkait.
3. Wujud: pidato ini berwujud lisan
Bukti di baris ke 1- 2
“…Thank you. Thank you very much, everybody. Sorry to keep you
waiting. Complicatd business. Complicated. Thank you very much…”
4. Peristiwa: pidato ini dilatarbeakangi oleh kemenangan Donald Trump
sebagai Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-45.
“…It is time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be
President for all of Americans, and this is so important to me…”
5. Fakta: Donald Trump sebagai presiden terpilih menyampaikan hal-hal
yang akan dia lakukan selama menjabat sebagai Presiden.
“…That is now what I want to do for our country. Tremendous
potential. I've gotten to know our country so well. Tremendous
potential. It is going to be a beautiful thing. Every single American
will have the opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential.The
forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no
longer.We are going to fix our inner cities and rebuild our highways,
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bridges, tunnels, airports, schools, hospitals. We're going to rebuild
our infrastructure, which will become, by the way, second to none.
And we will put millions of our people to work as we rebuild it.We
will also finally take care of our great veterans who have been so
loyal, and I've gotten to know so many over this 18-month
journey.The time I've spent with them during this campaign has been
among my greatest honors. Our veterans are incredible people…”
2. Struktur Pidato
Ada berbagai macam struktur pidato yang disampaikan oleh para ahli,
namun ada salah satu strutur yang sering dipakai yaitu struktur pidato
“model skema Cicero”.
Menurut skema ini pidato dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu:
1) Pendahuluan
Ucapan salam
Dalam pidato Trump tidak terdapat ucapan salam karena kalimat
yang meluncur pertama kali dalam pidato kemenangannya adalah
ucapan terimakasih.
Pembukaan
Pembukaan di sini bisa bermacam-macam tergantung jenis
pidatonya. Dalam pidato Trump yang tergolong ke dalam pidato
kemenangan bisa dimengerti bahwa pembukaan yang diberikan
Trump adalah ucapan terimakasih. Selain ucapan terimakasih,
Trump juga menyampaikan permintaan maaf atas lambatnya
proses penghitungan suara sehingga pendukung harus menunggu
sampai tengah malam. Berikut bukti penggalan pidato Trump:
“…Thank you. Thank you very much, everybody. Sorry to keep
you waiting. Complicated business. Complicated. Thank you very
much…”
Titik tolak
8
Titik tolak dalam pidato kemenangan Trump berupa salamnya
untuk Hillary Clinton sebagai lawannya dalam memperebutkan
kursi presiden. Berikat bukti penggalan pidatonya:
“…I've just received a call from Secretary Clinton. She
congratulated us. It's about us. On our victory, and I congratulated
her and her family on a very, very hard-fought campaign.
I mean, she fought very hard. Hillary has worked very long and
very hard over a long period of time, and we owe her a major debt
of gratitude for her service to our country…”
Penghantar ke dalam tema yang akan dibicarakan dengan
menjawab pertanyaan seperti“mengapa saya berbicara?” atau“apa
yang menjadi alasan bahwa saya berbicara?”
Kata pengantar dalam pidato ini berupa pengantar sebelum Donald
Trump mengatakan ulang janji-janjinya pada saat kampanye dan
langkah-langkah ke depan yang akan dia lakukan untuk masa
depan Amerika. Berikat bukti penggalan pidatonya:
“…I mean that very sincerely. Now it is time for America to bind
the wounds of division, have to get together. To all Republicans
and Democrats and independents across this nation, I say it is time
for us to come together as one united people.
It is time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be
President for all of Americans, and this is so important to me. For
those who have chosen not to support me in the past, of which
there were a few people, I'm reaching out to you for your guidance
and your help so that we can work together and unify our great
country…”
2) Bagian Utama (Isi Pidato)
Penjelasan masalah sebenarnya yang dilihat dalam tiga perspektif:
masa lalu, masa kini, dan masa depan.
- Penjelasan masa lalu dalam pidato Donald Trump berupa
penjelasan dalam kampanyenya. Berikat bukti penggalan
pidatonya:
“…As I've said from the beginning, ours was not a campaign
but rather an incredible and great movement, made up of
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millions of hard-working men and women who love their
country and want a better, brighter future for themselves and
for their family…”
- Penjelasan masa kini yang dikatakan Trump adalah mengenai
fakta terpilihnya dia sebagai presiden. Berikat bukti penggalan
pidatonya:
“…It is a movement comprised of Americans from all races,
religions, backgrounds, and beliefs, who want and expect our
government to serve the people -- and serve the people it
will…”
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been among my greatest honors. Our veterans are incredible
people.
We will embark upon a project of national growth and renewal. I
will harness the creative talents of our people, and we will call
upon the best and brightest to leverage their tremendous talent for
the benefit of all. It is going to happen.
We have a great economic plan. We will double our growth and
have the strongest economy anywhere in the world. At the same
time, we will get along with all other nations willing to get along
with us. We will be. We will have great relationships. We expect
to have great, great relationships.
No dream is too big, no challenge is too great. Nothing we want
for our future is beyond our reach.
America will no longer settle for anything less than the best. We
must reclaim our country's destiny and dream big and bold and
daring. We have to do that. We're going to dream of things for our
country, and beautiful things and successful things once again.
I want to tell the world community that while we will always put
America's interests first, we will deal fairly with everyone, with
everyone. All people and all other nations…”
3) Penutup
Rangkuman
Rangkuman dalam pidato Donald Trump berupa garis besar dari
janji-janji yang dia lontarkan kepada rakyat Amerika perihal
perubahan-perubahan yang ingin dia capai selama menjadi
pemimpin Amerika Serikat. Berikut penggalan rangkuman dalam
pidato Donald Trump:
“…We will seek common ground, not hostility; partnership, not
conflict…”
Permintaan/permohonan
Donald Trump meminta untuk semuanya melakukan pekerjaan
yang besar seperti janjinya untuk masa depan Amerika di bawah
pimpinannya. Seperti kutipan pidato berikut ini:
“…So it's been what they call a historic event, but to be really
historic, we have to do a great job, and I promise you that I will
not let you down…”
Tuntutan
11
Dalam pidatonya, Donald Trump menuntut dirinya sendiri beserta
aparat Negara untuk menjalankan rencananya seperti yang di
ucapkan dalam kampanye. Berikut penggala pidatonya:
“… We will do a great job. We will do a great job…”
Tindakan konkret yang harus dijalankan
“…I look very much forward to being your president, and
hopefully at the end of two years or three years or four years or
maybe even eight years you will say so many of you worked so
hard for us, with you. You will say that -- you will say that that
was something that you were -- really were very proud to do and I
can — thank you very much…”
Pelaksanaan
“…And I can only say that while the campaign is over, our work
on this movement is now really just beginning…”
Harapan
“…We're going to get to work immediately for the American
people, and we're going to be doing a job that hopefully you will
be so proud of your President. You will be so proud. Again, it's my
honor…”
(Rani dkk, 2006:94) unsur kohesi dalam sebuah wacana terdiri atas dua
Kohesi Gramatikal
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Kohesi gramatikal didasarkan pada bentuk bahasa yang digunakan
a. Referensi
endofora.
tekstual ini mengenal dua macam rujukan yaitu anafora dan katafora.
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Pada kutipan kalimat di atas, pronominal she (terdapat sekali pada
kalimat kedua) dan her (terdapat dua kali pada kalimat keempat) tidak
memberi informasi yang jelas, kita hanya tahu bahwa ada seseorang
yang dibicarakan. Untuk mendapatkan informasi siapa yang
dibicarakan tersebut pembaca harus mengacu pada kalimat yang
terdahulu,yaitu pada subjek kalimat pertama yaitu “Clinton”.
Penemuan berikutnya dalam pidato Trump di atas adalah:
“…To all Republicans and Democrats and independents across this
nation, I say it is time for us to come together as one united people…
Working together, we will begin the urgent task of rebuilding our
nation and renewing the American dream. I've spent my entire life in
business, looking at the untapped potential in projects and in people all
over the world…”
Pada kutipan kalimat di atas, pronominal us (terdapat sekali pada
kalimat pertama), we (terdapat sekali pada kalimat kedua), dan our
(terdapat sekali pada kalimat kedua) tidak memberi informasi yang
jelas, kita hanya tahu bahwa ada seseorang yang dibicarakan. Untuk
mendapatkan informasi siapa yang dibicarakan tersebut pembaca
harus mengacu pada kalimat yang terdahulu,yaitu pada subjek kalimat
pertama yaitu “Republicans and Democrats”.
Contoh yang lainnya terdapat pada kalimat berikut ini:
“…I also want to thank my sisters, Marianne and Elizabeth, who are
here with us tonight. Where are they? They're here someplace. They're
very shy, actually…”
Pada kutipan kalimat di atas, pronominal they (terdapat sekali pada
kalimat kedua)dan they’re (terdapat dua kali pada kalimat ketiga) tidak
memberi informasi yang jelas, kita hanya tahu bahwa ada seseorang
yang dibicarakan. Untuk mendapatkan informasi siapa yang
dibicarakan tersebut pembaca harus mengacu pada kalimat yang
terdahulu,yaitu pada subjek kalimat pertama yaitu “Marianne and
Elizabeth”.
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Contoh pada akhir pidatonya seperti dikutip berikut:
“…We're going to get to work immediately for the American people,
and we're going to be doing a job that hopefully you will be so proud
of your President. You will be so proud. Again, it's my honor…”
Pada kutipan kalimat di atas, pronominal you (terdapat du kali pada
kalimat pertama dan kedua)dan your (terdapat sekali pada kalimat
pertama) tidak memberi informasi yang jelas, kita hanya tahu bahwa
ada seseorang yang dibicarakan. Untuk mendapatkan informasi siapa
yang dibicarakan tersebut pembaca harus mengacu pada kalimat yang
terdahulu,yaitu pada subjek kalimat pertama yaitu “American people”.
- Referensi situasional atau eksoforis adalah unsur teks yang
mengacu di luar wacana, sehinggaa unsur teks itu tidak dipahami
berdasarkan dirinya sendiri, melainkan harus mengacu pada sesuatu
yang lain. Jenis acuan ini biasanya terdapat dalam wacana pidato,
surat-menyurat, dan karya sastra.Contohnya dalam pidato Donald
Trump ini adalah:
“…And now I would like to take this moment to thank some of the
people who really helped me with this, what they are calling tonight a
very, very historic victory…”
Pronomina thispertama dan pronominal this kedua pada contoh
di atas mengacu kepada sesuatu yang ada di luar wacana. Pronomina
this pertama tersebut harus dapat dipahami pembaca dengan
mengaitkannya pada momen yang terjadi pada saat Trump
mengucapkan pidatonya, sedangkan this kedua juga harus dipahami
pembaca dengan mengaitkan pada maksud Trump mengenai
pertolongan, yaitu pertolongan untuk Trump hingga bisa
memenangkan kursi kepresidenan.
Contoh lainnya yang terdapat dalam pidato Trump adalah:
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“…I also want to thank my sisters, Marianne and Elizabeth, who are
here with us tonight. Where are they? They're here someplace. They're
very shy, actually…”
Pronomina here kalimat pertama tersebut harus dapat dipahami
pembaca dengan mengaitkannya pada tempat di mana Trump
berpidato, yaitu Manhattann.
b. Subtitusi (Penyulihan)
Halliday dan Hassan ( dalam Rani dkk, 2006:105) menyatakan
bahwa substitusi adalah penyulihan unsur wacana dengan unsur yang
lain yang acuannya tetap sama, dalam hubungan antarbentuk kata atau
bentuk lain yang lebih besar daripada kata seperti frase atau klausa.
Pada umumnya orang ketika menganalisis sebuah wacana
seringkali mengalami kesulitan dalam membedakan referensi dengan
subsitusi (Zaimar dan Harahap, 2009:124 ) oleh karena itu berikut
disampaikan beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan antara substitusi dan
referensi.
1) Susbsitusi memiliki kemiripan dengan referensi dalam hal sama-sama
potensial bersifat anaforis. Pada dasarnya, referensi merupakan
hubungan semantis. Dalam referensi, suatu unsur bahasa dapat
mengacu ke unsur bahasa yang sudah disebut sebelumnya (anafora),
atau ke unsur bahasa yang sudah disebut sesudahnya(katafora)
maupun ke luar teks (eksofora). Jadi hubungan antara unsur yang
mengacu dan diacu tidak selalu bersifat anaforis. Itu hanya salah satu
kemungkinan. Di pihak lain, substitusi merupakan hubungan verbal,
sehingga lebih terikat pada teks. Substitusi eksoforis sangat jarang
ditemukan, meskipun ada hal tersebut masih memiliki kesan
berhubungan dengan apa yang dituturkan sebelumnya.
2) Substitusi lebih mengemukakan hubungan kata-kata ( baik gramatikal
maupun leksikal), sedangkan referensi mengemukakan hubungan
makna. Dengan demikian, substitusi adalah hubungan antarunsur
16
linguistik, misalnya hubungan antarkata, frase aau klausa sedangkan
substitusi merupakan hubungan yang ada pada tataran
leksikogramatikal.
Contoh subtitusi dalam pidato kemenangan Trump adalah:
memperjelas makna. Agar pembaca tidak bosan karena ada unsur yang
maupun diacu memiliki refren ang sama dalam dunia “nyata”. Contoh
17
c. Pelepasan (ellipsis)
Trump:
I’ve just received a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated us.
It's about us. On our victory, and I congratulated her and her family
on a very, very hard-fought campaign.
(…)
As I've said from the beginning, ours was not a campaign but rather
an incredible and great movement, made up of millions of hard-
working men and women who love their country and want a better,
brighter future for themselves and for their family.
(…)
Working together, we will begin the urgent task of rebuilding our
nation and renewing the American dream. I've spent my entire life in
business, looking at the untapped potential in projects and in people
all over the world.
That is now what I want to do for our country. Tremendous potential.
I've gotten to know our country so well. Tremendous potential. It is
going to be a beautiful thing. Every single American will have the
18
opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential.
The forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no
longer.
We are going to fix our inner cities and rebuild our highways, bridges,
tunnels, airports, schools, hospitals. We're going to rebuild our
infrastructure, which will become, by the way, second to none. And
we will put millions of our people to work as we rebuild it.
We will also finally take care of our great veterans who have been so
loyal, and I've gotten to know so many over this 18-month
journey.The time I've spent with them during this campaign has been
among my greatest honors. Our veterans are incredible people.
Trump:
I've just received a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated us.
It's about us. On our victory, and I congratulated her and her family
on a very, very hard-fought campaign.
I mean, she fought very hard. Hillary has worked very long and very
19
hard over a long period of time, and we owe her a major debt of
gratitude for her service to our country.
I mean that very sincerely. Now it is time for America to bind the
wounds of division, have to get together. To all Republicans and
Democrats and independents across this nation, I say it is time for
us to come together as one united people.
dengan kata penghubung “and”. Dan juga pada kalimat “To all
merupakan tiga kalimat yaitu “To all Republicans across this nation, I
say it is time for us to come together as one united people”, “To all
one united people“ dan “To all independents across this nation, I say it
20
d. Konjungsi
Konjungsi adalah kata yang menghubungkan kalimat.
Sebagai piranti kohesi gramatikal, konjungsi menghubungkan
unsur yang satu dengan unsur yang lain dalam wacana
(Sumarlam, 2003: 32). Unsur yang dihubungkan dapat berupa
kata, frase, klausa, kalimat, paragraf, bahkan topik pembicaraan.
Thank you. Thank you very much, everybody. Sorry to keep you
waiting. Complicated business. Complicated. Thank you very much.
I've just received a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated us.
It's about us. On our victory, and I congratulated her and her family on
a very, very hard-fought campaign.
I mean, she fought very hard. Hillary has worked very long and very
hard over a long period of time, and we owe her a major debt of
gratitude for her service to our country.
I mean that very sincerely. Now it is time for America to bind the
wounds of division, have to get together. To all Republicans and
Democrats and independents across this nation, I say it is time for us to
come together as one united people.
It is time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be President
for all of Americans, and this is so important to me. For those who
have chosen not to support me in the past, of which there were a few
people, I'm reaching out to you for your guidance and your help so that
we can work together and unify our great country.
As I've said from the beginning, ours was not a campaign but rather an
incredible and great movement, made up of millions of hard-working
men and women who love their country and want a better, brighter
future for themselves and for their family.
It is a movement comprised of Americans from all races, religions,
backgrounds, and beliefs, who want and expect our government to
serve the people -- and serve the people it will.
Working together, we will begin the urgent task of rebuilding our
nation and renewing the American dream. I've spent my entire life in
business, looking at the untapped potential in projects and in people all
over the world.
That is now what I want to do for our country. Tremendous potential.
I've gotten to know our country so well. Tremendous potential. It is
going to be a beautiful thing. Every single American will have the
21
opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential.
The forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no
longer.
We are going to fix our inner cities and rebuild our highways, bridges,
tunnels, airports, schools, hospitals. We're going to rebuild our
infrastructure, which will become, by the way, second to none. And we
will put millions of our people to work as we rebuild it.
We will also finally take care of our great veterans who have been so
loyal, and I've gotten to know so many over this 18-month journey.The
time I've spent with them during this campaign has been among my
greatest honors. Our veterans are incredible people.
We will embark upon a project of national growth and renewal. I will
harness the creative talents of our people, and we will call upon the
best and brightest to leverage their tremendous talent for the benefit of
all. It is going to happen.
We have a great economic plan. We will double our growth and have
the strongest economy anywhere in the world. At the same time, we
will get along with all other nations willing to get along with us. We
will be. We will have great relationships. We expect to have great,
great relationships.
No dream is too big, no challenge is too great. Nothing we want for our
future is beyond our reach.
America will no longer settle for anything less than the best. We must
reclaim our country's destiny and dream big and bold and daring. We
have to do that. We're going to dream of things for our country, and
beautiful things and successful things once again.
I want to tell the world community that while we will always put
America's interests first, we will deal fairly with everyone, with
everyone. All people and all other nations.
We will seek common ground, not hostility; partnership, not conflict.
And now I would like to take this moment to thank some of the people
who really helped me with this, what they are calling tonight a very,
very historic victory.
First, I want to thank my parents, who I know are looking down on me
right now. Great people. I've learned so much from them. They were
wonderful in every regard. Truly great parents.
I also want to thank my sisters, Marianne and Elizabeth, who are here
with us tonight. Where are they? They're here someplace. They're very
shy, actually.
And my brother Robert, my great friend. Where is Robert? Where is
Robert?
My brother Robert, and they should be on this stage, but that's okay.
22
They're great.
And also my late brother Fred, great guy. Fantastic guy. Fantastic
family. I was very lucky.
Great brothers, sisters, great, unbelievable parents.
To Melania and Don and Ivanka and Eric and Tiffany and Barron, I
love you and I thank you, and especially for putting up with all of
those hours. This was tough.
This was tough. This political stuff is nasty, and it is tough.
So I want to thank my family very much. Really fantastic. Thank you
all. Thank you all. Lara, unbelievable job. Unbelievable. Vanessa,
thank you. Thank you very much. What a great group.
You've all given me such incredible support, and I will tell you that we
have a large group of people. You know, they kept saying we have a
small staff. Not so small. Look at all of the people that we have. Look
at all of these people.
And Kellyanne and Chris and Rudy and Steve and David. We have
got tremendously talented people up here, and I want to tell you it's
been very, very special.
I want to give a very special thanks to our former mayor, Rudy
Giuliani. He's unbelievable. Unbelievable. He traveled with us and he
went through meetings, and Rudy never changes. Where is Rudy.
Where is he?
Gov. Chris Christie, folks, was unbelievable. Thank you, Chris. The
first man, first senator, first major, major politician. Let me tell you, he
is highly respected in Washington because he is as smart as you get.
Sen. Jeff Sessions. Where is Jeff? A great man. Another great man,
very tough competitor. He was not easy. He was not easy. Who is that?
Is that the mayor that showed up? Is that Rudy?
Up here. Really a friend to me, but I'll tell you, I got to know him as a
competitor because he was one of the folks that was negotiating to go
against those Democrats, Dr. Ben Carson. Where's Ben? Where is Ben?
By the way, Mike Huckabee is here someplace, and he is fantastic.
Mike and his family Sarah, thank you very much. Gen. Mike Flynn.
Where is Mike? And Gen. Kellogg. We have over 200 generals and
admirals that have endorsed our campaign and they are special people.
We have 22 Congressional Medal of Honor people. A very special
person who, believe me, I read reports that I wasn't getting along with
him. I never had a bad second with him. He's an unbelievable star. He
is ... that's right, how did you possibly guess? Let me tell you about
Reince. I've said Reince. I know it. I know it. Look at all of those
people over there. I know it, Reince is a superstar. I said, they can't call
you a superstar, Reince, unless we win it. Like Secretariat. He would
23
not have that bust at the track at Belmont.
Reince is really a star and he is the hardest-working guy, and in a
certain way I did this. Reince, come up here. Get over here, Reince.
Boy, oh, boy, oh, boy. It's about time you did this right. My god. Nah,
come here. Say something.
Amazing guy. Our partnership with the RNC was so important to the
success and what we've done, so I also have to say, I've gotten to know
some incredible people.
The Secret Service people. They're tough and they're smart and they're
sharp and I don't want to mess around with them, I can tell you. And
when I want to go and wave to a big group of people and they rip me
down and put me back down in the seat, but they are fantastic people
so I want to thank the Secret Service.
And law enforcement in New York City, they're here tonight. These are
spectacular people, sometimes underappreciated unfortunately. We
appreciate them.
So it's been what they call a historic event, but to be really historic, we
have to do a great job, and I promise you that I will not let you down.
We will do a great job. We will do a great job. I look very much
forward to being your president, and hopefully at the end of two years
or three years or four years or maybe even eight years you will say so
many of you worked so hard for us, with you. You will say that -- you
will say that that was something that you were -- really were very proud
to do and I can — thank you very much.
And I can only say that while the campaign is over, our work on this
movement is now really just beginning. We're going to get to work
immediately for the American people, and we're going to be doing a
job that hopefully you will be so proud of your President. You will be
so proud. Again, it's my honor.
It's an amazing evening. It's been an amazing two-year period, and I
love this country. Thank you.
Thank you very much. Thank you to Mike Pence.
24
antara kalimat/klausa yang dihubungkan di mana konjungsi jenis ini
yang ditemukan dalam pidato Trump adalah and, but, or for, dan so.
Kohesi Leksikal
Selain kohesi gramatikal, keterpautan atau keterjalinan makna di
dalam sebuah wacana dapat dilihat dari segi kosakatanya atau kohesi
leksikalnya (Zaimar dan Harahap, 2009:140). Aspek yang terdiri dari jalinan
kata-kata ini akan menjadikan sebuah teks padu, tanpa mengabaikan
konteksnya. Konsep semantik sangat berperan dalam leksikal ini. Berkat
adanya keterkaitan makna ini, ketidakjelasan satu bagian teks dapat ditopang
oleh bagian teks yang lain. Kohesi leksikal dalam wacana dapat dibedakan
menjadi enam macam, yaitu: repetisi (pengulangan), sinonim (padan
kata),kolokasi (sanding kata), hiponim (hubungan atas bawah), antonim
(lawan kata), dan ekuivalensi (kesepadanan).
a. Repetisi (pengulangan)
Repetisi adalah pengulangan suatu lingual yang dianggap penting
untuk memberikan tekanan dalam sebuah konteks yang sesuai. Keraf
(1994:127-128) membedakan repetisi menjadi delapan macam. Repetisi
yang ditemukan dalam pidato kemenangan Trump adalah:
Repetisi Epizeuksis
Repetisi epizeuksis adalah pengulangan satuan lingual yang
dipentingkan beberapa kali secara berturut-turut. Contoh dalam pidato
Trump adalah sebagai berikut:
“…Thank you. Thank you very much, everybody… First, I want to
thank my parents, who I know are looking down on me right now.
Great people.
I also want to thank my sisters, Marianne and Elizabeth, who are here
with us tonight.
To Melania and Don and Ivanka and Eric and Tiffany and Barron, I
love you and I thank you, and especially for putting up with all of
those hours.
25
So I want to thank my family very much. Really fantastic. Thank you
all. Thank you all. Lara, unbelievable job. Unbelievable. Vanessa,
thank you. Thank you very much. What a great group.
I want to give a very special thanks to our former mayor, Rudy
Giuliani. He's unbelievable…”
Repetisi Tautotes.
Repetisi tautotesadalah pengulangan satuan lingual beberapa
kali dalam sebuah konstruksi. Contoh dalam pidato Trump adalah
sebagai berikut:
“…I've just received a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated
us. It's about us. On our victory, and I congratulated her and her family
on a very, very hard-fought campaign…”
26
It is time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be President for
all of Americans, and this is so important to me. For those who have
chosen not to support me in the past, of which there were a few people,
I'm reaching out to you for your guidance and your help so that we can
work together and unify our great country…”
“…I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be President for all of
Americans, and this is so important to me. For those who have chosen not
to support me in the past, of which there were a few people, I'm reaching
out to you for your guidance and your help so that we can work together
and unify our great country. It is a movement comprised of Americans
from all races, religions, backgrounds, and beliefs, who want and expect
our government to serve the people -- and serve the people it will.
Working together, we will begin the urgent task of rebuilding our nation
and renewing the American dream…”
27
d. Hiponimi (hubungan atas – bawah)
3.2 Koherensi
Koherensi adalah keterkaitan unsur-unsur dunia wacana,
misalnya susunan konsep atau gagasan; dan berat hubungan –
hubungan yang menggarisbawahi hal tersebut, isi teks dapat dipahami
dengan relevan (Zaimar dan Harahap, 2009:85).Koherensi dalam
wacana ada beberapa macam yaitu: koherensi pada tataran klausa dan
kalimat,koherensi pada tataran wacana, dan koherensi pada setiap jenis
wacana.Berikut ini yang dipaparkan dari pidato Donald Trump di atas
merupakan koherensi pada tataran wacana:
Thank you. Thank you very much, everybody. Sorry to keep you
waiting. Complicated business. Complicated. Thank you very much.
I've just received a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated
us. It's about us. On our victory, and I congratulated her and her
family on a very, very hard-fought campaign.
I mean, she fought very hard. Hillary has worked very long and very
hard over a long period of time, and we owe her a major debt of
gratitude for her service to our country.
I mean that very sincerely. Now it is time for America to bind the
28
wounds of division, have to get together. To all Republicans and
Democrats and independents across this nation, I say it is time for us
to come together as one united people.
It is time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be
President for all of Americans, and this is so important to me.For
those who have chosen not to support me in the past, of which
there were a few people, I'm reaching out to you for your guidance
and your help so that we can work together and unify our great
country.
As I've said from the beginning, ours was not a campaign but rather
an incredible and great movement, made up of millions of hard-
working men and women who love their country and want a better,
brighter future for themselves and for their family.
It is a movement comprised of Americans from all races, religions,
backgrounds, and beliefs, who want and expect our government to
serve the people -- and serve the people it will.
Working together, we will begin the urgent task of rebuilding our
nation and renewing the American dream. I've spent my entire life
in business, looking at the untapped potential in projects and in
people all over the world.
That is now what I want to do for our country. Tremendous
potential. I've gotten to know our country so well. Tremendous
potential. It is going to be a beautiful thing. Every single American
will have the opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential.
29
“…For those who have chosen not to support me in the past, of
which there were a few people, I'm reaching out to you for your
guidance and your help so that we can work together and unify our
great country...”
Pada kalimat kedua menunjukkan koheren karena
menceritakan bagaimana cara Trump membawa Amerika yang lebih
baik lagi. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan kerja sama dari seluruh
rakyat Amerika.
“…That is now what I want to do for our country. Tremendous
potential. Every single American will have the opportunity to realize
his or her fullest potential. The forgotten men and women of our
country will be forgotten no longer. We are going to fix our inner
cities and rebuild our highways, bridges, tunnels, airports, schools,
hospitals. We're going to rebuild our infrastructure, which will
become, by the way, second to none. And we will put millions of our
people to work as we rebuild it.…”
“…And now I would like to take this moment to thank some of the
people who really helped me with this, what they are calling tonight
a very, very historic victory. First, I want to thank my parents, who I
know are looking down on me right now. Great people. I've learned so
much from them. They were wonderful in every regard. Truly great
parents…”
30
membantunya hingga terpilih menjadi presiden Amerika. Kalimat
berikutnya adalah ucapan untuk mendiang orang tuanya kemudian
diikuti untuk keluarganya, rekan kerjanya, partainya, dan juga
pendukungnya.
31
Americans, and this is so important to me. For those who have chosen not
to support me in the past, of which there were a few people, I'm reaching
out to you for your guidance and your help so that we can work together
and unify our great country…”
32
3. Strategi Tindak Tutur
Strategi tindak tutur adalah cara-cara yang digunakan partisipan tutur
dalam mengekspresikan tindak atau fungsi tindak tutur menggunakan
tuturan tertentu.Dalam kaitan ini, Wijana (1986) mengisyaratkan bahwa
strategi penyampaian tindak atau fungsi tindak tutur dapat diwujudkan
dengan tuturan bermodus deklaratif, interogatif, dan imperatif (bermakna
literal atau nonliteral dan langsung atau tidak langsung).
Tindak tutur langsung
Tindak tutur langsung terbentuk bila kalimat difungsikan
secara konvensional. Misalnya kalimat berita difungsikan secara
konvensional untuk menyatakan sesuatu, kalimat tanya untuk
bertanya, dan kalimat perintah untuk menyuruh, mengajak, memohon
dan sebagainya.
“…Hillary has worked very long and very hard over a long period of
time, and we owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our
country…”
Tuturan di atas menggambarkan penyampaiannya di lakukan
secara langsung dari sang penutur kepada lawan tuturnya.Tuturan di
atas menggambarkan kalimat berita yang secara langsung
menyampaikan bahwa Hillary sudah bekerja keras untuk Amerika
dalam periode yang lama.
Tindak tutur tidak langsung
Tuturan yang diutarakan secara tidak langsung biasanya tidak
dapat dijawabsecara langsung, tetapi harus segera melaksanakan
maksud yang terimplikasi dari tuturan tersebut.
33
Kalimat ini merupakan kalimat perintah yang diutarakan
dengan menggunakan kalimat berita agar orang yang diperintah tidak
merasa diperintah.
4. Konteks
Menurut Brown & Yule (1983) konteks adalah lingkungan atau
keadaan tempat bahasa digunakan. Halliday & Hasan (1994) mengatakan
hafiah konteks berarti “something accompanying text”, yaitu sesuatu yang
inheren dan hadir bersama teks, sehingga dapat diartikan konteks sebagai
situasi atau latar terjadinya suatu komunikasi. Kemudian, menurut
Mulyana (2005: 21) konteks dapat dianggap sebagai sebab dan alasan
terjadinya suatu pembicaraan/dialog. Segala sesuatu yang berhubungan
dengan tuturan, apakah itu berkaitan dengan arti, maksud, maupun
informasinya, sangat tergantung pada konteks yang melatarbelakangi
peristiwa tuturan itu.Salah satu unsur konteks yang cukup penting ialah
waktu dan tempat.
Dell Hymes dalam Moeliono (2005: 23-24) merumuskan ihwal
faktor-faktor penentu dalam peristiwa tutur dalam konteks situasi yang
tidak jauh berbeda dengan penjelasan sebelumnya, melalui akronim
SPEAKING (semantic pragmatic). Tiap-tiap fonem mewakili faktor
penentu yang dimaksudkan.
S : Setting and scene, yaitu latar dan suasana. Latar (setting) lebih
bersifat fisik, yang meliputi tempat dan waktu terjadinya
tuturan.Sementara scene adalah latar psikis yang lebih mengacu
pada suasana psikologis yang menyertai tuturan.
34
I'm reaching out to you for your guidance and your help so that we can
work together and unify our great country.
As I've said from the beginning, ours was not a campaign but rather an
incredible and great movement, made up of millions of hard-working
men and women who love their country and want a better, brighter
future for themselves and for their family.
E : Ends, hasil, yaitu hasil atau tanggapan dari suatu pembicaraan yang
memang diharapkan oleh penutur (ends as outcomes), dan
tujuan akhir pembicaraan itu sendiri (ends in view goals).
35
America will no longer settle for anything less than the best. We must
reclaim our country's destiny and dream big and bold and daring. We
have to do that. We're going to dream of things for our country, and
beautiful things and successful things once again.
I want to tell the world community that while we will always put
America's interests first, we will deal fairly with everyone, with
everyone. All people and all other nations.
So it's been what they call a historic event, but to be really historic, we have
to do a great job, and I promise you that I will not let you down. We will do
a great job. We will do a great job.
36
Dari wacana tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa perasaan Trump pada saat
itu adalah bersyukur, senang, dan bersemangat yang ditunjukkan melalui
ucapan terima kasih yang diulang-ulang atas terpilihnya dia sebagai presiden
Amerika.
Wacana ini disiarkan langsung melalui televise dan internet karena ini
merupakan siaran internasional. Media cetak juga tentu saja meliput peristiwa
yang selalu menjadi salah satu peristiwa paling penting dunia mengingat
Amerika sebagai Negara Adikuasa.
I've just received a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated us. It's
about us. On our victory, and I congratulated her and her family on a very,
very hard-fought campaign.
I mean, she fought very hard. Hillary has worked very long and very hard
over a long period of time, and we owe her a major debt of gratitude for her
service to our country.
37
G : Genres atau jenis, yaitu jenis atau bentuk wacana. Hal ini langsung
menunjuk pada jenis wacana yang disampaikan. Misalnya: telepon,
koran, puisi, ceramah, dsb.
Jenis wacana ini adalah pidato yang diucapkan langsung oleh Trump
ke seluruh dunia dan rakyat Amerika pada khususnya pada saat dirinya
terpilih sebagai presiden Amerika.
38
1. Analisis tekstual yang terinci di bidang linguistik;
2. Analisis makro-sosiologis praktik sosial (termasuk teori Fairclough, yang
tidak menyediakan metodologi untuk teks-teks khusus);
3. Tradisi interpretatif dan mikro-sosiologis dalam sosiologi (termasuk
etnometodologi dan analisa percakapan) dimana kehidupan sehari-hari
diperlakukan sebagai produk tindakan seseorang. Tindakan tersebut mengikuti
sederet prosedur dan “kaidah akal sehat”.
39
chosen not to support me in the past, of which there were a few people,
I'm reaching out to you for your guidance and your help so that we can
work together and unify our great country…”
Kata “I” yang berarti adalah Donald Trump selaku orang yang berpidato
mengindikasikan bahwa dia adalah tema dalam pidato tersebut. Tema
pidato Trump ini berhubungan dengan kemenangan Donald Trump
sebagai Presiden Amerika Serikat, di mana sebelum adanya peristiwa ini
ditandai dengan masa penghitungan suara antara Hillary Clinton dari
Partai Demokrat dan Donald Trump dari Partai Republik yang dilakukan
secara serentak oleh seluruh warga Negara Amerika Serikat.
Dari berbagai alat kebahasaan yang digunakan media Indonesia dalam
pemberitaan “Pidato Kemenangan Donald Trump”, terdapat tiga alat yang
menandai representasi tema dan tokoh yang terlibat dalam pemberitaan tersebut
di atas. Yaitu melalui diksi, penggunaan kalimat luas sebab akibat, dan pemilihan
sumber dalam kutipan langsung. Dalam pidato ini Donald Trump
mengucapkanna dalam bentuk lisan secara langsung sehingga transcriptnya bisa
didapat langsung dari berbagai sumber berita dengan isi transkrip yang tidak
sama persis dengan yang diucapkan Trump. Misalnya saja:
Dalam ucapan lisan Trump:
“We have got – We have got tremendously talented people up here, and I
want to tell you it's been – it’s been very, very special.
Dalam transkrip pidato tertulis:
“We have got tremendously talented people up here, and I want to tell
you it's been very, very special.”
Dalam teks lisan yang asli, Donald Trump sering mengulang kalimat atau
frase yang sama, namun dalam teks transkripnya kalimat atau frase
tersebut hanya ditulis satu kali.
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Selain itu, ada juga kalimat dan kata yang dihilangkan sehingga sedikit
mengubah makna pesan yang ingin disampaikan Trump, seperti berikut
ini:
Dalam ucapan lisan Trump:
“Rudy gets up here. Another great man who has been --- a really friend
to me but I’ll tell you, I got to know him as a competitor because he was
one of the folks that was negotiating to go against those Democrats, Dr.
Ben Carson.”
Dalam teks transkrip:
“Up here. Really a friend to me, but I'll tell you, I got to know him as a
competitor because he was one of the folks that was negotiating to go
against those Democrats, Dr. Ben Carson.”
Kata-kata dalam teks lisan menunjukkan bahwa Rudi lah yang merupakan
laki-laki hebat dan seorang teman dari Donald Trump, namun dalam
wacana tertulisnya menunjukkan bahwa orang yang dimaksud adalah Ben
Carson, saingan Trump dari partai Demokrat.
Selain itu, kata-kata yang diucapkan dalam bentuk informal diubah
menjadi formal dalam berita di website CNN ini, misalnya: Trump
mengucapkan gonna be dalam pidato lisannya, namun hal tersebut ditulis
going to be dalam website CNN. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa CNN ingin
memperbaiki citra Donald Trump di mata pembaca websitenya, dan ini
berarti bahwa CNN memihak ke Donald Trump.
b. Analisis Meso Pidato Kemenangan Donald Trump
Cable News Network (CNN) adalah sebuah saluran berita kabel AS
yang didirikan tahun 1980 oleh konglomerat media asal Amerika Serikat, Ted
Turner. Ketika diluncurkan, CNN adalah saluran televisi pertama yang
menyiarkan liputan berita 24 jam, dan saluran televisi berita pertama di
Amerika Serikat. Meski memiliki banyak cabang, CNN justru lebih sering
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mengudara dari kantor pusatnya di CNN Center di Atlanta, Time Warner
Centerdi New York City, dan studio di Washington, D.C. dan Los Angeles.
CNN dimiliki oleh perusahaan induknya, Time Warner, serta merupakan
divisi Turner Broadcasting System.
CNN kadang disebut CNN/U.S. untuk membedakan antara saluran
Amerika Serikat dengan saluran internasionalnya, CNN International. Pada
Agustus 2010, CNN dapat disaksikan di lebih dari 100 juta rumah di
AS.Cakupan siarannya meliputi lebih dari 890.000 kamar hotel di Amerika
Serikat,dan saluran AS ini juga disiarkan di Kanada. Secara global, program-
program CNN mengudara melalui CNN International yang dapat disaksikan
di 212 negara dan teritori.Pada akhir 2010, versi domestik CNN/U.S. tersedia
dalam definisi tinggi di Jepang dengan nama CNN HD.
Kanal CNN pertama di Asia diluncurkan di Indonesia pada 17 Agustus
2015, CNN Indonesia akan menjadi berita CNN yang berbahasa Indonesia.
Saat ini dapat dilihat di laman www.cnnindonesia.com dan televisi
berlangganan Transvision, serta tayangan CNN Indonesia bisa anda saksikan
juga melalui Trans TV & Trans7.
Dari uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa CNN merupakan saluran
televisi yang sudah mendunia, sehingga berita yang disajikan pun berkelas
internasional. Seperti halnya dengan pemberitaan berupa transkrip dari pidato
kemenangan Donald Trump yang diberitakan melalui website resmi CNN,
kesalahan sedikit saja dalam transkrip tersebut yang berdampak pada
berubahnya makna isi pidato Trump akan dapat mempengaruhi opini orang di
seluruh dunia terutama di Amerika sendiri.
c. Analisis Makro Pidato Kemenangan Donald Trump
Situasi sosial politik yang terjadi pada saat Trump menyamaikan
pidato kemenangannya juga tidak dapat dilepaskan dari konteks yang
melatarbelakangi aksi pidato tersebut. Dapat diketahui bersama bahwa
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berbulan-bulan sebelum pemilihan Presiden Amerika yang ke-45, kedua
calon dari dua kubu partai yang berbeda yaitu Hillary Clinton dan Donald
Trump telah berjuang melakukan kampanye terbaik mereka. Mulai dari
Trump yang melakukan kampanye dengan dukungan keluarga dan juga rekan
politik di wilayah bagian Amerika, serta Hillary Clinton yang berkampanye
dengan dukungan Barrack Obama selaku Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-44 dan
rekan satu partai di Republik dengan Hillary Clinton dan juga dukungan dari
para artis seperti Bon Jovi dan Katy Perry. Semua peristiwa itu menarik
perhatian besar seluruh media di dunia baik cetak maupun elektronik begitu
juga dengan CNN sebagai media internasional yang cabangnya pun juga ada
di Indonesia.
Selain hal tersebut di atas, latar belakang Trump sebagai seorang
pebisnis juga berpengaruh terhadap kampanyenya dan bagaimana berbagai
media memberitakan isi kampanyenya. Meskipun tidak ada hubungannya
secara langsung, dapat ditarik benang merah dari cara tim CNN menuliskan
pidato Donald Trump dalam websitenya menunjukkan bahwa CNN yang
dimiliki Ted Turner ini memihak kepada Donald Trump. Melihat dari sisi
kesamaan antara Ted Turner dan Donald Trump yang merupakan
konglomerat dan sama-sama bergerak di bidang bisnis, keduanya pasti
memiliki relasi yang kuat sehingga Ted Turner yang mempunyai kuasa penuh
atas CNN membuat pemberitaan mengenai Trump sebaik mungkin, bahkan
isi pidatonya pun diolah sebaik mungkin agar bisa menarik simpati warga
dunia untuk mendukung Trump.
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BAB III
PENUTUP
Kesimpulan
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Darma, Yoce Aliah. 2014. Analisis Wacana Kritis. Refika Aditama. Bandung.
http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/09/politics/donald-trump-victory-speech/
http://endjhoey.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/piranti-piranti-analisis-wacana.html
http://jlt-polinema.org/?p=296
http://kidunghijau.blogspot.co.id/2013/01/analisis-wacana.html
http://mempelajariretorika.blogspot.co.id/2015/05/monologika-pidato.html
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN
https://raxiao18.wordpress.com/2015/05/29/analisis-wacana-kritis-norman-
fairclough/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsE2RO_oWoo
Rosda karya.Darma, Yoce A. 2009. Analisis Wacana Kritis. Bandung: Yrama Widya
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Sari, Sri Wahyuni, 2011. “Kohesi Leksikaldan Kohesi Gramatikal dalam KaryaIlmiah
Siswa Se Kota Semarang”Lingua Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra
Sobur, Alex. Analisis Teks Media (Suatu Pengantar untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis
Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing).
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