2018
REVISI FEBRUARY
0
HOW THE INTEGRATED BUSINESS STRATEGY MANAGEMENT
CAN IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE
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MANAJEMEN STRATEGI
Manajemen adalah Ilmu & Seni untuk mendapat sesuatu melalui orang dan
atau sarana tertentu melalui pengelolaan fungsi2 POAC dengan
memperhatikan Lingkungan Internal & Eksternal
FUNGSI MANAJEMEN :
1. FUNGSI PLANING
2. FUNGSI ORGANIZINIG
3. FUNGSI ACTUATING
4. FUNGSI CONTROLLING
BAIK BURUK
IMPLEMENTASI
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Problem utama dalam pelaksanaan fungsi2 Manajemen adalah :
FUNGSI BISNIS/INSTITUSI/ORGANISAI :
1. FUNGSI SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA (SDM)
2. FUNGSI SISTEM & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI (STI)
3. FUNGSI PRODUKSI/OPERASI
4. FUNGSI PEMASARAN
5. FUNGSI KEUANGAN
6. FUNGSI AKUNTANSI
7. FUNGSI RISET & DEVELOPMENT (R & D)
8. FUNGSI LEGAL
9. FUNGSI CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
10. FUNGSI COMMUNITY ENTREPRENEURSHIP (CE)
(Developed by Hamdy Hady
SUMBER DAYA/OBJEK :
1. SDM (SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA : KUANTITAS & KUALITAS & MOBILITAS)
2. SDT (SUMBER DAYA TEKNOLOGI)
3. SDC (SUMBER DAYA CAPITAL/MODAL)
4. SDE (SUMBER DAYA ENTREPRENEURSHIP/KEWIRAUSAHAAN)
5. SDI (SUMBER DAYA INFRASTRUKTUR/SARANA & PRASARANA)
6. SDA (SUMBER DAYA ALAM)
Dengan kata lain Manajemen Strategi merupakan suatu rencana yang disatukan,
menyeluruh dan terpadu (lintas sektoral) yang mengkaitkan keunggulan daya saing
perusahaan (lingkungan internal) dengan peluang/tantangan (lingkungan eksternal)
sehingga tujuan perusahaan dapat dicapai secara efisien/produktif/efektif.
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CATATAN TENTANG PERANAN MASING2 FUNGDI :
1. KUNCI SUKSES BISNIS / ORGANISASI / INSTITUSI :
1.1. FUNGSI SDM / HUMAN RESOURCE
1.2. FUNGSI SISTEM DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
2. INDIKATOR SUKSES BISNIS / ORGANISASI / INSTITUSI :
2.1. FUNGSI PRODUKSI / OPERASI
2.2. FUNGSI PEMASARAN
3. KRITERIA SUKSES BISNIS / ORGANISASI / INSTITUSI :
3.1. FUNGSI KEUANGAN
3.2. FUNGSI AKUNTANSI
4. SUPPORTING / PENDUKUNG SUKSES BISNIS / ORGANISASI / INSTITUSI :
4.1. FUNGSI PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN (R & D)
4.2. FUNGSI LEGAL
4.3. F UNGSI CSR (CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY)
4.4. FUNGSI COMMUNITY ENTREPRENEURSHIP
(Developed by Hamdy Hady)
Dengan demikian prinsip pokok dari Manajemen Strategi dapat ditujukan dengan
bagan di bawah ini :
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Dengan demikian prinsip pokok manajemen strategi adalah agar setiap perusahaan /
organisasi dapat mencapai hasil (profit) atau manfaat yang optimal dengan input yang
efisien dapat dicapai output yang produktif / efektif sehingga memiliki daya saing yang
berkelanjutan (Suistainable Competitive Advantage) dengan berwawasan global
(Globalization).
KESIMPULAN
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LIMA KONSEP KEBENARAN
CATATAN :
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3. AUDIT INVESTIGASI THD FUNGSI “ACTUATING”
4. AUDIT INVESTIGASI THD FUNGSI “CONTROLLING”
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4.2. FUNGSI LEGAL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KPI/KSI FUNGSI LEGAL
4.3. FUNGSI CSR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KPI/KSI FUNGSI CSR
4.4. FUNGSI COMMUNITY ENTREPRENEURSHIP (CE) DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN KPI/KSI FUNGSI CE
Output vs Outcome
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Developing Countries mainly in Africa due to a mal-practice of
Leadership
9. Collaps in 2008 of US Financial Institution due to Greedy & mal-
practice of Management or Monkey Business (Subprime
Mortgage etc.)
1. TRIAS DEMOKRASI
1.1. LIBERTE
1.2. EGALITE
1.3. FRATERNITE
2. TRIAS POLITIKA
2.1. EKSEKUTIF
2.2. LEGISLATIF
2.3. YUDICATIF
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KESIMPULAN :
1. STRATEGY BISNIS TERBAIK ADALAH MEMBERIKAN
KEPUASAN PADA SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA BAIK SDM
INTERNAL (EMPLOYEES) MAUPUN EXTERNAL (CUSTOMERS).
(Developed by Hamdy Hady)
KOMPOSISI STAKEHOLDER
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2. MANAJEMEN
3. UNION ATAU SERIKAT PEKERJA
4. LSM ATAU NGO
5. INTERNASIONAL ORGANISATION
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4.7. Fungsi Reseach & Development
4.8. Fungsi Legal
4.9. Fungsi Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
4.10. Fungsi Community Entrepreneurship (CE)
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Prediction of Top 10 Ranking of Economy Country in 2050 by PWHC
1. China $ 50 Trillion
2. USA $ 34 Trillion
3. India $ 28 Trillion
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Empat alasan perlunya metode Studi Kasus dalam mempelajari Management
Strategic :
1. Case Analysis akan menolong kita dalam mengembangkan analisis dan skill
pengambilan keputusan.
2. Case Analysis akan menolong kita belajar bagaimana mengajukan pertanyaan secara
benar/tepat.
3. Case akan menunjukan kepada kita tentang keragaman yang luas dari organisasi dan
situasi managerial.
4. Pengalaman dalam menganalisis Cases akan meningkatkan skill/keterampilan
berkomunikasi baik secara lisan maupun tulisan.
Konsep Marketing :
1. Menjual apa yang diproduksi
2. Memproduksi apa yang dijual
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THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS
(NEW BUSINESS)
STRATEGIC PLANNING IS A CONTINOUS PROCESS THAT
CONSIST OF NINE STEPS :
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PROSES OF MANAGEMEN STRATEGY ANALYSIS
(EXISTING BUSINESS)
STEP 1
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY ANALYSIS
WHERE ARE WE NOW
↓
STEP 2
POSITION/VISION/MISSION/GOAL/OBJECTIVE
ANALYSIS
WHERE DO WE WANT TO GO
↓
STEP 3
FORMULATION STRATEGY ANALYSIS
HOW DO WE GET THERE I
↓
STEP 4
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ANALYSIS
HOW DO WE GET THERE II
↓
STEP 5
CONTROL STRATEGY ANALYSIS
HOW DO TO EVALUATE
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“ISME” = INTEGRATED STRATEGY MANAGEMENT &
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IS THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING, LAUNCHING &
RUNNING A NEW BUSINESS, WHICH MORE OFTEN THAN NOT,
INITIALLY A SMALL BUSINESS , OFFERING A PRODUCT, PROCESS OR
SERVICE FOR SALE OR HIRE.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IS A PROCESS BY WHICH EITHER AN INDIVIDUAL
OR A TEAM IDENTIFIES A BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY & ACQUIRES &
DEPLOY THE NECESSARY RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR ITS
EXPLOITATION MAYBE INCLUDE :
1. DEVELOPING A BUSINESS PLAN
2. HIRING THE HUMAN RESOURCES
3. ACQUIRING FINANCIAL & MATERIAL RESOURCES
4. PROVIDING LEADERSHIP
5. BEING RESPONSABILE FOR BOTH THE VENTURE’S SUCCESS OR
FAILURE
6. RISK VERSION
KESIMPULAN :
ENTREPRENEURSHIP :
1. CONVER A NEW IDEA
2. CONVERT INVENTION TO INNOVATION
3. CREATE A NEW INDUSTRIES
4. CREATE A NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICES FROM A NEW COMBINATION
OF CURRENTLY EXISTING INPUTS
MILLENNIAL ENTREPRENEURS
The term Millienneial Entrepreneurs refers to a business owner who is
affiliated with the generation that was brought up using digital
technology & mass media, the product of Baby Bommers. Also known as
Generation Y, these business owners are well equiped with knowledge
of technology & have a strong grasp of its applications toward
businesses.
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STEP 1
NEW ENTRANT
SUPPLIER RIVALRY BUYER
PRODUCT/SERVICE
SUBSTITUT
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1.2.1.1. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES :
1.2.1.1.1. INPUT/INBOUND LOGISTIC
1.2.1.1.2. PROCESS/OPERATION/MANUFACTURING
1.2.1.1.3. OUTPUT/OUTBOUND LOGISTIC
1.2.1.1.4. MARKETING & SALES
1.2.1.1.5. AFTER SALES SERVICES
1.2.1.2. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES :
1.2.1.2.1. FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE & FINANCE
1.2.1.2.2. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
1.2.1.2.3. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
1.2.1.2.4. PROCUREMENT
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1.2.2. SEVEN’ S :
1.2.2.1. STRATEGY
1.2.2.2. STRUCTURE
1.2.2.3. SYSTEM
1.2.2.4. SKILL
1.2.2.5. STAFF
1.2.2.6. STYLE
1.2.2.7. SHARED VALUE (VISION)
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1.2.3. RESOURCES, CAPABILITIES & COMPETENCIES
1.2.3.1 RESOURCES : SUMBER DAYA YANG DIMILIKI YANG
DAPAT DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI INPUT UNTUK SUATU
PROSES PRODUKSI BAIK YANG BERSIFAT TANGIBLE
MAUPUN INTANGIBLE
1.2.3.2 CAPABALITIES : DIARTIKAN SEBAGAI SUATU
KUMPULAN SUMBERDAYA YANG DAPAT MENAMPILKAN
SUATU FUNGSI/TUGAS/AKTIVITAS TERTENTU SECARA
INTEGRATIF DENGAN PENDEKATAN FUNGSIONAL DAN
VALUE CHAIN
1.2.3.1. CORE COMPETENCIES : DIARTIKAN SEBAGAI
KEAHLIAN/KEMAMPUAN UTAMA ATAU INTI
PERUSAHAAN BERDASARKAN SUMBER DAYA
DAN CAPABILITIES YANG DIMILIKI.
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S.W.O.T ANALYSIS
EXTERNAL ANALYSIS
- New customer
- Energing technology
- Available financing for future employment
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INTERNAL ANALYSIS
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SWOT ANALYSIS : An Illustrative Framework
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managers
SWOT ANALYSIS
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Potential External Opportunities Potential External Threat
STEP 2
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PENENTUAN POSISI,VISI,MISI,GOAL DAN OBJECTIVE
WHERE DO YOU WANT TO GO
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ANCAMAN, TETAPI MEMILIKI LEBIH BANYAK KELEMAHAN DARI PADA
KEKUATAN.
STRATEGY YANG DI JALANKAN ADALAH DENGAN MENGATASI
KELEMAHAN YANG LEBIH BANYAK DARIPADA KEKUATAN UNTUK
MEREBUT PELUANG YANG LEBIH BANYAK DARI PADA ANCAMAN
SEHINGGA PERUSAHAAN DIHARAPKAN DAPAT BERTAHAN DALAM
POSISI STABIL
4. SURVIVAL POSITION YAITU POSISI DIMANA SUATU PERUSAHAAN
AKAN BERUSAHA UNTUK DAPAT BERTAHAN HIDUP KARENA MEMILIKI
LEBIH BANYAK KELEMAHAN DARIPADA KEKUATAN DAN JUGA LEBIH
BANYAK MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN DARIPADA PELUANG.
STRATEGY YANG DI JALANKAN ADALAH DENGAN MENGATASI
KELEMAHAN YANG LEBIH BANYAK DARIPADA KEKUATAN UNTUK
DAPAT MENGHINDARI ANCAMAN YANG LEBIH BANYAK DARIPADA
PELUANG SEHINGGA PERUSAHAAN DIHARAPKAN DAPAT SURVIVE DAN
DIHARAPKAN TERHINDAR DARI KEMUNGKINAN TURNAROUND ATAU
DIVESTASI ATAU BAHKAN KEMUNGKINAN LIKUIDASI
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Opportunities
1. Stability 2. Growth
Position Position
Weaknesses Strenghts
3. Survival 4. Diversification
Position Position
Threats
SWOT ANALYSIS I
SWOT ANALYSIS II
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KESIMPULAN
CATATAN :
2.2. VISION
Manfaat vision :
Vision provides direction
Vision determines decisions
Vision motivates people
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MISALNYA MENAIKAN PENJUALAN, MENAMBAH PRODUKSI,
MEMPERLUAS PANGSA PASAR DLL.
STEP 3
FORMULATION STRATEGY
HOW DO WE GET THERE I
BARU
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KESIMPULAN :
LEVEL OF STRATEGY
Corporate CORPORATE
Strategy HEAD OFFICE
Business
Division A Division B
Strategy
– R&D –R&D
– Personnel – Personnel
Fungtional
– Finance – Finance
Strategy – Production – Production
– Marketing/ – Marketing/
Sales Sales
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THE STRATEGY FORMULATION PROCESS
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STAGES OF INDUSTRY EVOLUTION AND FUNCTIONAL
PRIORITIES
OF BUSINESS STRATEGY
Stage of Industry Evolution
Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
Functional
area
Marketing Resource/skills Ability to Skills in Cost-efective
to create establish brand agressively means of
widespread recognition, find promoting efficient access
awareness and niche, reduce product to new to selected
find acceptance price, solidify market and channel and
from customers; strong holding existing markets; strong
advantageous distribution markets; pricing customer loyalty
acces to dis relations, and flexibility; skills or dependence;
tribution develop new in differentiating strong company
channel products and image
holding
customer loyalty
Product Ability to expand Ability to add Ability to Ability to prune
Operation capacity product improve product product line;
effectively, limit variants, and reduce cost advantage
number of centralize costs; ability to in production,
design, develop production, or share or reduce location, or
standards otherwise lower capacity; distribution,
costs; ability to advantageous simplified
improve product supplier inventory
quality; seasonal relationships; control;
subcontracting subcontracting subcontracting
capacity or long
production runs
Finance Resources to Ability to finance Ability to Ability to
support high net rapid expansion, generate and reuseor liquidate
cash overflow to have net cash redistribute unneeded
and initial outflows but increasing net equipment;
losses; ability to increasing cash inflows; advantage in
use leverage profits; effective cost cost of facilities;
effectively resources to control systems control system
support product accuracy,
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improvements streamlined
management
control
Continued
Stage of Industry Evolution
Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
Functional
area
Personnel Flexibility in Existence of an Ability to cost Capacity to
staffing and ability to add effectively reduce and
training new skilled reduce work reallocate
management; personnel, force, increase personnel;
existence of motivated and efficiency cost
employees with loyal workforce advantage
key skills in new
products or
markets
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II. TWELVE GRAND STRATEGY
II.1. GROWTH STRATEGIES :
distribution channel
Terdapat 3 Tahapan yang terdiri dari 8 Langkah dalam proses M & A (Jeami
Gumilarsjah, 2016) yaitu :
I. Pra-Eksekusi
II. Eksekusi
3. Due diligence
4. Valuasi
5. Negosiasi
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III. Pasca-Eksekusi
7. Integrasi Pascamerger
8. Exit Strategy
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Risk reduction
Cooperation ( Greatest when partners share similar cultures )
Clarity of purpose, roles, and responsibilities
Win-win situation
Compatible time frames for partners
Support from the top
Similar financial expectations
(CONGLOMERATE DIVERSIFICATION)
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A form of diversification strategy in which a firm expands by acquiring a
business in an unrelated industry
a leaner and more effective business by reducing cost and rethinking the
PERUSAHAAN
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1. NATURAL RESOURCES BASED :
ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE DARI ADAM SMITH
Proportional Factors Theory atau teori Proporsi Faktor Produksi Strategy yang dikenall
sebagai teori H – O menjelaskan bahwa bisnis internasional (X & M) dapat terjadi
karena adanya proporsi faktor produksi (Endowment Factors) yang berbeda dari
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masing2 negara/perusahaan yang akan mendorong masing negara/perusahaan untuk
melakukan spesialisasi dalam produksi tertentu berdasarkan keunggulan biaya faktor
produksi (Isocost) yang diperlukannya untuk memproduksi sejumlah produk tertentu
(Isoquant).
Sebagai contoh dapat dilihat bagaimana terjadinya bisnis internasional (X & M) antara
dua negara berdasarkan teori H – O ini. Misalnya antara Indonesia yang memiliki
relatif banyak SDA & SDM unqualified yang murah dengan Jepang yang memiliki relatif
banyak modal (SDC) & teknologi (SDT) serta SDM yang qualified.
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Secara skematis bisnis internasional (X & M) dapat dilihat pada gambar
di bawah ini:
PROPORTIONAL FACTORS
INDONESIA JEPANG
- SDA Abundant - SDT & SDC Abundant
- SDM Unqualified - SDM Qualified
INDUSTRY/PRODUCTION SPESIALIZATION
INDONESIA JEPANG
- Resource Based Industry - Capital & Techno Intensive
- Labor Intensive - High Technology Engineering
INTERNASIONAL BUSINESS
INDONESIA JEPANG
- EXPORT : - IMPORT :
Raw Materials Raw Materials
Maturity & Declining Product Maturity & Declining Product
Labor Intensive Product Labor Intensive Product
- IMPORT : - Export :
New & Growth Product New & Growth Product
Capital & Tehno Intensive Capital & Techno Intensive
Product Product
(Developed by Hamdy Hady)
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BERDASARKAN PORTER DIAMOND THEORY :
FIRM STRATEGY,
STRUCTURE AND
RIVALRY
FACTORS DEMAND
CONDITION CONDITION
SUPPORTING
RELATED INDUSTRY
a. FACTORS CONDITION :
- SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA ATAU SDM (KUANTITAS &
KUALITAS)
- SUMBER DAYA TEKNOLOGI ATAU SDT
- SUMBER DAYA CAPITAL ATAU SDC
- SUMBER DAYA ENTREPENEUR ATAU SDE
- SUMBER DAYA INFRASTRUCTUR ATAU SDI
- SUMBER DAYA ALAM ATAU SDA
b. DEMAND CONDITION :
- COMPOSITION OF DEMAND
- SIZE OF DEMAND
- STRUCTURE OF DEMAND
- TREND OF DEMAND
c. FIRM STRATEGY
- STRUCTURE OF SUPPLY VS DEMAND
- RIVALRY OF FIVE MODEL OF COMPETITOR (ENTRY & EXIT
BARRIER) YANG TERDIRI DARI RIVALRY, SUPPLIER, BUYER,
PRODUCT SUBSTITUT & NEW ENTRANT
d. SUPPORTING & RELATED INDUSTRY
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SUPPLY < = > DEMAND
|
|
----------------------------------
| |
S = D S ≠ D
(Persaingan Biasa) |
------------------------
| |
S < D S > D
(Persaingan Longgar) (Persaingan Ketat)
NEW
ENTRANT
PRODUCT &
SERVICE
SUBSTITUT
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BARRIER OF ENTRY
RENDAH TINGGI
RENDAH MUDAH MASUK SUSAH MASUK
MUDAH KELUAR MUDAH KELUAR
(1) (2)
BARRIER OF EXIT
(4) (3)
MUDAH MASUK SUSAH MASUK
TINGGI SUSAH KELUAR SUSAH KELUAR
Keterangan :
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Entry
Entry costs Sunk costs Network effects Switching costs
Speed of adjustment Economies of scale Reputation Government restraints
Power of Buyers
Power of Input Suppliers
Buyer concentration
Suppliers concentration
Price/value of substitute products or
Price/productivity of
services
alternative inputs
Sustainabl Relationship-specific investments
Relationship-specific
e Industry Customer switching costs
investments Profits Government restraints
Supplier switching costs
Government restraints
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III.4 BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP STRATEGY :
QUESTION MARK, STAR, CASH COW & DOG
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III.6 GENERIC STRATEGY :
B. DIFFERENTIATION ADVANTAGE :
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C. FOCUS ADVANTAGE :
1. COST FOCUS
2. DIFFERENTIATION FOCUS
SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE
LOW COST DIFERENTIATION
LUAS COST LEADERSHIP DIFFERENTIATION
STRATEGY STRATEGY
(1) (2)
SCOPE OF
COMPETITION
(4) (3)
COST FOCUS DIFRENTIATION
SEMPIT FOCUS
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3. Consumer buying habits
Global Strategies
Think global, act global—Strategic moves are integrated and coordinated worldwide,
emphasis on building a global brand name
Think global, act local—Utilizes a common strategic approach (low-cost, differentiation,
focus, best costs), but allowing some country-to-country customization to fit local market
conditions
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II. LOW COST PROVIDER STRATEGIES
1. Have lower costs than rivals—but not necessarily the absolutely lowest possible
cost
3. Must not be viewed by consumers as offering little value even if priced lower than
competing products.
2. Revamp the firm’s overall value chain to eliminate or bypass some cost-producing
activities altogether
2. Product is standardized
6. Industry newcomers use introductory low prices to attract buyers and build
customer base
3. Not spending more to achieve differentiation than the price premium that
customers are willing to pay for all the differentiating extras
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Successful Strategies Must Be Well-Matched to Resources and Capabilities
Differentiators
Must have the resources and capabilities to incorporate unique attributes that a broad range
of buyers will find appealing and worth paying for
Low-Cost Providers
Must have the resources and capabilities to keep its costs below those of its competitors
Must have expertise to cost-effectively manage value chain activities better than rivals
Ilustrasi tentang teori Hyper Competitive(SCA) dapat dilihat pada grafik 4.2 berikut ini :
Sales I = Introduction
G = Growth
M = Maturity
D = Decline
M1 M2 M3
G1 D1 G2 D2 G3 SCA
I1
I2 I3
O
Time
Catatan :
Pada saat Declining D1 & D2, dilakukan Invention dan atau Innovation sehingga di dapat produk
baru.
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1. Inward looking dengan mendasarkan kekuatan daya saing berdasarkan inputs yang
terdiri dari :
* Resources (SDA, SDM, SDT, SDC, SDI & SDE)
* Capabilities
* Competencies
2. Outward looking dengan mendasarkan kekuatan daya saing berdasarkan :
* Price (P)
* Quality (Q)
* Services (S)
Mengenai hal tersebut di atas dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut ini :
Sumber Daya Saing
Resources Advantage
P
Theory :
1. Pra
Daya Saing
Inward Outward Klasik
Capabilities Inputs (Competitive Outputs Q
Looking Looking 2. Klasik
Advantage)
3. Modern
4. Current
S
Competencies
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Produk Primer Produk Industri
Faktor Comparative
Advantage Fase Fase Fase
Mineral Pertanian
I II III/IV
1. SDA + + – – +
2. SDM :
a. Kuantitas – + – – +
b. Kualitas + + + + +
3. Teknologi + + + + +
4. Skala Ekonomi + – – – +
5. Diferensiasi – – – + +
Keterangan :
Berdasarkan teori Produk Life Cycyle dari R.Vernon, maka siklus kehidupan suatu produk
dapat dibagi atas empat tahapan atau fase sbb :
* Fase I : Tahap Perkenalan Produk (Introduction)
* Fase II : Tahap Pertumbuhan Produk (Growth)
* Fase III : Tahap Kedewasaan Produk (Maturity)
* Fase IV : Tahan Penurunan Produk (Declining)
Catatan : Tanda + = diperlukan ; Tanda – = tidak diperlukan
Dari Tabel diatas dapat diketahui bahwa sumber daya utama yang harus dimiliki untuk
dapat memiliki keunggulan daya saing baik secara comparative adalah faktor Kualitas
Sumber Daya Manusia dan Teknologi baik untuk produk primer maupun produk industri
dalam setiap fase PLC.
COMPETITIVE DYNAMICS
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EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS
• “Macro” ways of thinking about interdependence
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EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS
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I M I TAT I O N
• Pervasive.
• To increase the ‘supply’, the capacity & defend ,or develop their own.
I M I TAT I O N
Multiple Barriers to Imitation
• Economies of scale & scope: being large in particular / interrelated markets (Hitt at
all,’Competitive Dynamics’ 2001), ex. Carmike movie theater
• Network externalities: embody all the barriers before, exp. Nintendo video games
• Time lags: postpone the impact, set up virtuous cycle, exp Nintendo
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SUBSTITUTION
Substitution reduces the ‘demand’
Often seen as the threat that one product will displaced another or the new business
models will displace the old ones.
It can be deterred, deflected, or turned into opportunities
SUBSTITUTION
Alternative Responses to Substitution
Not responding: no response at all , not all are successful
Fighting: more commonly, more long-run improvement
Switching: like changing horses in fast moving environments
Recombining: adopting a business model to a more successful model
Straddling: operate traditional business as well as adopting new ones
Harvesting: be a correct response when none of other strategies make sense
Even
if an
organization can protect its added value from the threats of imitation & substitution, the
ability of its owners to appropriate that added value can not be taken for granted
Further threats are SLACK & HOLDUP
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Holdup: making it impossible for all participants to get full amount, due to overlap Big
3 in USA vs. Japanese partnership (close proximity with suppliers)
Slack: internal threat to potential appropriation of added value Several attempts to
measure with benchmarking; can foster innovation to a certain extent *
* As shown by Nitin Nohria & Ranjay Gulati (“too much and too little slack may be
detrimental to innovation”)
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RESPONDING TO THREATS TO SUSTAINABILITY
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SHAREHOLDER
(PRINCIPALS)
RESOURCES CUSTOMERS
PROVIDERS CORPORATION PRODUCT &
SERVICES
(LABOR & (MANAGERS AS
MARKETS)
RESOURCE AGENTS)
MARKET)
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III.10. BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY (BOS)
STRATEGY INI PERTAMA KALI DI PUBLIKASIKAN TAHUN 2005 OLEH
W. CHAN KIM DAN RENEE MAUBORGNE DARI INSEAD PARIS.
BON STRATEGY
BLUE OCEAN NETWORK STRATEGY : MAINTAIN GOOD
RELATIONSHIP WITH STAKEHOLDER IN ORDER TO GET
SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
III. 11. KAIZEN STRATEGY : Total Improvement with total Involvement
Higher standard in quality enhancement & waste redution through small but
continual immprovement involving every one from CEO to the lowest level
workers.
Popularized by Mosaki Imai in his books Kaizen : “The Key To Japan’s
Competitive Succes”.
67
III. 12. WHITE OCEAN STRATEGY (WOS)
White Ocean Strategy (WOS) adalah salah satu konsep strategi bisnis perusahaan, yang
berkaitan dengan Corporate Social Responsibility.
Konsep WOS ini adalah penyempurnaan dari 2 (dua) konsep terdahulu, Red Ocean
Strategy dan Blue Ocean Strategy.
Dalam konsep Red Ocean Strategy, strategi bisnis dilakukan dengan penjualan secara
agresif, pemotongan harga misalnya, sedangkan Blue Ocean Strategy, lebih halus
diterapkan dengan inovasi baru, konsumen dipaksa seolah membutuhkan produk tersebut,
misalnya timbulnya iPad.
Konsep WOS dikenalkan oleh DANAI CHANCHOCAI seorang pebisnis Thailand,
penganut ajaran Budhis. WOS merujuk pada ajaran Budhis yang memaknai “Dharma”
atau “Kebajikan”. Termasuk antara lain : hukum, pengajaran, kebenaran, norma, moral.
Danai melihat di masa yad, kesinambungan bisnis tergantung dari kemampuan adaptasi
dari misi & kebijakan, merefleksikan prilaku moral yang bertanggung jawab tidak hanya
kepada karyawan, tetapi juga kepada humanity (kemanusiaan) dan lingkungan. Visi ini
digambarkan sebagai salah satu yang mencakup: manusia, planet dan profit, dikejar dengan
semangat. Dengan diterapkannya konsep WOS ini, kesatuan visi tadi tetap tercapai dengan
memperhatikan tanggung jawab social.
Konsep terdahulu sebenarnya sudah ada dalam marketing, Porter memperkenalkan “The 5
force Competition”, yang salah satunya adalah marketing environment yang terdiri dari
mikro dan makro. Pebisnis dalam membuat strategi bisnis harus berlandaskan strategi
tepat terhadap lingkungan, dikenal dengan “green marketing atau social marketing dengan
tidak merusak lingkungan pemasaran, dalam arti luas seperti : pesaing, pemasok,
konsumen, publik bahkan lingkungan dalam perusahaan sendiri.
68
XIV. COLLABORATIVE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
COLLABORATION PARTICIPATION
Involves cross divisions inter- Involves one organization which consults others for
organizational input
CENTRALIZATION Vs DECENTRALIZATION
DESCRIPTION STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
69
STRATEGI MARKETING METRIC
1.CUSTOMER METRIC :
1.1. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
1.2. CUSTOMER RETENTION
2. MARKET METRIC :
2.1. SALES GROWTH
2.2. MARKET GROWTH
2.3. MARKET SHARE
3. COMPETITIVE/PERFORMANCE METRIC
3.1. RELATIVE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
3.2. RELATIVE SERVICE PERFORMANCE
3.3. RELATIVE CUSTOMER VALUE
4. MAREKTING PROFITABILITY METRIC
4.1. RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI)
4.2. RETURN ON SALES (ROS)
SOURCE : MBM PAGE 69
COMPETITIVENESS INDEX BY WORLD ECONOMY FORUM (WEF) 2014
12 PILLARS COMPETITIVE INDEX
I.BASIC REQUIREMENT SUB-INDEX : KEY FACTORS-DRIVEN ECONOMIES
1. INSTITUTIONS
2. INFRASTRUCTURE
3. MACRO ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT
4. HEALTH & PRIMARY EDUCATION
II.EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS SUB-IMDEX : KEY FOR EFFICIENCY DRIVEN ECONOMIES
5. HIGH EDUCATION & TRAINING
6. GOOD MARKET EFFICIENCY
7. LABOR MARKET EFFICIENCY
8. FINANCIAL MARKET DEVELOPMENT
9. TECHNOLOGICAL READINESS
10. MARKET SIZE
III.INNOVATION & SOPHISTICATION FACTORS SUB-INDEX : KEY FOR INNOVATION
-DRIVEN ECONOMIES
11. BUSINESS SOPHISTICATION
70
12. INNOVATION
71
III. 12. VALUE CHAIN OF DATA & INFORMATION STRATEGY
(Developed by Hamdy Hady)
MASALAH
PENGUMPULAN & PENGOLAHAN DATA
(FAKTA)
INFORMASI
(FAKTA TERSTRUKTUR)
KNOWLEDGE
(POWER/KEKUATAN)
DECISION MAKING/POLICY
(PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN)
ACTION
(TINDAKAN)
PROFIT & BENEFIT
72
IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ON HR STRATEGY
STRATEGY ISSUES : STRATEGIC HR ISSUES :
1.Impact of Productivity 1.Neccesary Expansion/
2.Impact on Quality of Output Contraction of Workforce
3.Impact on Timing/.Delivery of 2.Training Needed to Utilize
Output New Technology
4.Cost of Equipment/Technology 3.Cost of Hiring, Severance,
5.Adequacy of Current Facilities Training
6.New Market Opportunities Afforded 4.Effective Management of
Change
5.Impacy on Work Group
Dynamics
II. ORGANIZATIONAL/MANAJERIAL
OUTCOME :
1. PRODUCTIVITY
2. EFFICIENCY
3. EFFECTIVITY
4. QUALITY PRODUCT/SERVICES
III. OPERATIONAL/MARKETING
OUTCOME :
1. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
2. CUSTOMER LOYALTY
3. SALES INCREASE
4. MARKET SHARE INCREASE
73
1. STOCK PRICE
2. COMPANY VALUE
74
GLOBAL STRATEGY
75
GENERIC GLOBAL STRATEGIES
76
77
Berdasarkan lingkungan yang berbeda ini, maka biasanya “Proses Adoption” suatu
produk dipasar luar negeri/global akan melalui tahapan sbb. :
Setelah melalui proses adoption diatas, maka perusahaan yang akan melakukan
pemasaran internasional/global akan melakukan dua strategy Marketing Mix sbb.:
1. Standardization Strategy
Faktor-faktor pendorong :
a. Skala ekonomi dalam produksi
b. Efisiensi dalam Litbang produk
c. Efisiensi dalam Pemasaran
2. Adaptation Strategy
Faktor-faktor pendorong :
a. Perbedaan kondisi pasar
b. Pengaruh peraturan pemerintah
c. Pola prilaku konsumen yang berbeda
78
BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
79
SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE (SCA)
a. VALUABLE
b. RARE
c. IMPERFECTLY INIMITABLE
d. NON SUBSTITABILITY
KRITERIA SCA :
80
THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE CYCLE
POSITIONAL PERFORMANCE
ADVANTAGE REALIZED REWARDS
COMPETITIVE
Barrier to
DYNAMICS ERODE
Imitation ADVANTAGE
81
* Technological Change
Resources Heterogeneity Some Firms Faster &
Among Firms Means Some Firms Have Greater
Differential Impact Creative & More Efectives in
Exploiting Change Innovatives Capability
82
STRATEGY SERVICE & PRODUCT EXCELENCE
UNTUK MEMUASKAN PELANGGAN
CUSTOMER CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION DISSATISFACTION
83
ADAPTING THE BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP M
CUSTOMER GROUPINGS
HIGH
HIGH STAR
CUSTOMERS
POTENTIAL FOR
GROWTH IN SALES
“CASH COW”
LOW CUSTOMERS
PRICING STRATEGY
84
////
KOMBINASI STRATEGY PRICE & PRODUCT QUALITY
PRICE
PRODUCT QUALITY
JAPAN
TAHUN PRICE QUALITY
1950 AN RENDAH RENDAH KOREA
1960 AN RENDAH SEDANG PRICE QUALITY CHINA
1970 AN SEDANG SEDANG RENDAH SEDANG PRICE QUALITY
1980 AN SEDANG TINGGI SEDANG SEDANG RENDAH SEDANG
1990 AN TINGGI TINGGI SEDANG TINGGI SEDANG SEDANG
85
2000 AN TINGGI SUPER TINGGI TINGGI SEDANG TINGGI
86
87
Sepuluh Prinsip Mengenai Pelanggan
NO PRINSIP MENGENAI PELANGGAN
88
GROWING A LOYAL CUSTOMER STRATEGY
STAGE 1. SUSPECT
STAGE 2. PROSPECT VS DISQUALIFIED PROSPECT
STAGE 3. FIRST TIME CUSTOMER
STAGE 4. REPEAT CUSTOMER
STAGE 5. CLIENT
STAGE 6. ADVOCATE : INCREASE PROFIT
89
MARKETING IS EVERYTHING
MARKETING CONCEPT
1. MENJUAL APA YANG DIPRODUKSI ATAU
2. MEMPRODUKSI APA YANG AKAN DIJUAL
LOYALTY DIAMOND
CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION
SERVICE & LOYALTY SALES &
PRODUCT DIAMOND PROFIT
EXCELLENT INCREASE
EMPLOYEE
SATISFACTION
90
91
Evaluete Segment
4.
92
93
94
I. MARKETING
MUTUAL, EQUAL & RECIPROCAL EXCHANGE PROCESS OF GOODS &
SERVICES BETWEEN PRODUSEN (SUPPLY) & CONSUMEN (DEMAND) IN
ORDER TO GAIN PROFIT AND OR BENEFIT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE
SATISFACTION & LOYALTY
II. STRATEGIC MARKETING
1. SEGMENTATION, TARGETING & POSITIONING STRATEGY
2. MARKETING MIX (4P + 3 P) STRATEGY
3. RETURN ON SERVICE-PRODUCT EXCELLENT (ROSE) CYCLE
STRATEGY
4. LOYALTY DIAMOND
III. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE STRATEGY
1. PERSONAL SPECIFIC ADVANTAGE (PSA)
2. FIRM SPECIFIC ADVANTAGE (FSA)
3. COUNTRY SPECIFIC ADVANTAGE (CSA)
BASED OF ADVANTAGE THEORY :
1. PRA-CLASIK CONCEPT (MERKANTILISME)
2. CLASICAL ADVANTAGE THEORY :
2.1. ABSOLUT ADVANTAGE (ADAM SMITH)
2.2. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE (DAVID RICARDO)
3. MODERN THEORY :
3.1.THE PROPORTIONAL FACTORS (HECSHER – OHLIN)
3.2.OPPORTUNITY COST (G. HARBERLER)
4. CURRENT THEORY :
4.1. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE THEORY (R. VERNON)
4.2. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE (MICHAEL PORTER)
4.3. GENERIC STRATEGY (BCG) :
4.3.1. COST LEADERSHIP STRATEGY
4.3.2. DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY
4.3.3. COST FOCUS
4.3.4. DIFFERENTIATION FOCUS
4.4. GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN THEORY/MANAGEMENT
5. RED OCEAN STRATEGY (ROS)
6. BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY (BOS)
7. WHITE OCEAN STRATEGY (WOS)
8. TRANSIENT COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
IV. MARKETING PERFORMANCE
1. SALES PERFORMANCE
95
2. MARKET SHARE PERFORMANCE
3. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
4. CUSTOMER LOYALTY
5. PROFIT & BENEFIT
96
STEP 4
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
HOW DO WE GET THERE II
97
“Management” berbicara tentang kompleksitas suatu organisasi terutama
yang berkaitan dengan planning dan budgeting atau dengan kata lain
berkaitan dengan pencapaian target atau goals dengan alokasi sumberdaya2
yang tersedia serta langkah atau tahapan yang dilakukan.
98
5. Present ambiguous challenges instead of clear long-term objectives or visions
6. Expose the business to challenging to situation
7. Devote explixit attention to improving group learning skills
8. Creats resource slack
PERUBAHAN ORGANISASI
1. GROWTH :
1.1. VERTICAL GROWTH
1.2. HORIZONTAL GROWTH
2. STRUKTURAL :
2.1. FUNGSIONAL STRUCTURE :
2.1.1. FUNGSI HUMAN RESOURCE
2.1.2. FUNGSI SYSTEM & TEKNOLOGI
INFORMATION
2.1.3. FUNGSI PRODUKSI/OPERASI
2.1.4. FUNGSI PEMASARAN
2.1.5. FUNGSI KEUANGAN
2.1.6. FUNGSI AKUNTANSI
2.1.7. FUNGSI R & D
2.1.8. FUNGSI LEGAL
2.1.9. FUNGSI CSR
2.1.10. FUNGSI COMMUNITY ETREPRENEUR
2.2. DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE
2.2.1. PRODUCT DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE
2.2.2. GEOGRAPHIC/REGIONAL DIVISIONAL
STRUCTURE
2.3. MATRIX STRUCTURE (COMBINE 2.1 & 2.2)
99
STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION OF LEADERSHIP
1. FORMAL AUTHORITY : CEO
2. LEADERSHIP STYLE :
2.1. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE
2.2. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE
2. Theory O
100
Assume that change should help develop corporate culture &
improve organizational capabilities.
This theory adopt soft approach which recognizes that if
change is to be constructive & endure, it must affect the
corporate culture & the way in which employee work. This
theory more likely to be found in European & Asian business.
101
2.3. DESIGN OF PHYSICAL SPACE, FACADES &
BUILDINGS
2.4. STORIES ABOUT IMPORTANT EVENTS & PEOPLE
2.5. FORMAL STATEMENTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL
PHILOSOPHY, CREEDS, CHARTERS
1. INTERACTING SKILLS :
KEMAMPUAN BERINTERAKSI DAN BEREMPATI DENGAN BERBAGAI
PERILAKU DAN SIKAP ORANG LAIN UNTUK MENCAPAI TUJUAN
2. ALLOCATING SKILLS :
KEMAMPUAN DALAM MENJADUAL TUGAS, ANGGARAN, WAKTU DAN
SUMBER DAYA SECARA EFISIEN
3. MONITORING SKILLS :
KEMAMPUAN MENGGUNAKAN INFORMASI YANG EFISIEN UNTUK
MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH DALAM PROSES IMPLEMENTASI
4. ORGANIZING SKILLS :
KEMAMPUAN MENCIPTAKAN JARINGAN ATAU ORGANISASI INFORMAL
DALAM RANGKA MENYESUAIKAN DIRI DENGAN BERBAGAI MASALAH
YANG MUNGKIN TIMBUL
102
KOMBINASI STRATEGY FORMULASI & IMPLEMENTASI
FORMULASI (PO)
(((9Cc(cc((cc(((c(AC)
IMPLEMENTASI
BAIK BURUK
BAIK 1. SUCCES 2.ROULETT
BERHASIL DITEMPAT
BURUK 3. TROUBLE 4.FAILURE
MASALAH GAGAL
INTERACTION POAC
103
STEP 5
CONTROL STRATEGY
HOW DO TO EVALUATE
104
HASILNYA KINERJA AKAN BERADA : 0% < YIELD < 100%
105
MANAGERS DAN KARYAWAN AKAN TERMOTIVASI UNTUK BERBUAT YANG
TERBAIK BAGI ORGANISASINYA BILA KINERJANYA DIAKUI/DIHARGAI.
PENGHARGAAN DAPAT BERBENTUK MONETARY ATAU NON MONETARY
106
VARIABLES ADALAH VARIABLES YANG PERLU JUDGEMENT, MISALNYA
KEMAMPUAN BEKERJA DALAM SUATU TIM, KEMAMPUAN MEMIMPIN
BAWAHAN.
107
108
109
BALANCE SCORECARD (BSC)
110
3. PERPEKTIF PROSES BISNIS INTERNAL (INTERNAL BUSINES
PROCESSES) YANG MENEKANKAN PADA KEBUTUHAN MANAJER
UNTUK MENGIDENTIFIKASIKAN PROSES BISNIS YANG PENTING
UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KINERJA PERUSAHAAN. DALAM HAL INI
PROSES YANG PENTING MENCAKUP PROSES YANG MAMPU
MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI DALAM PEMANFAATAN SUMBER
DAYA, PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS KARYAWAN, DAN
KEMAMPUAN PERUSAHAAN DALAM MENGHASILKAN PRODUK
BARU ATAU PRODUK DEVELOPMENT (KAPLAN AND Norton,
1992 ; 1996)
111
KEBERHASILAN PERUSAHAAN DENGAN PERSPEKTIF INI AKAN
MENJADIKAN PERUSAHAAN LEBIH FLEKSIBEL DAN MAMPU
MENGATASI GEJOLAK YANG TIDAK DIHARAPKAN (CHEN AND
JERMIAS, 2009). MISALNYA PERUSAHAAN MELATIH KARYAWANNYA
SECARA BERKESINAMBUNGAN SEHINGGA MEREKA MAMPU
MENGADOPSI DAN MENGADAPTASI TEKNOLOGI BARU DALAM WAKTU
YANG RELATIF SINGKAT. PERUSAHAAN YANG MELAKUKAN INVESTASI
DIBIDANG R/D AKAN DAPAT MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUANNYA
UNTUK MENGHASILKAN PRODUK BARU DENGAN LEBIH CEPAT DARI
PESAINGNYA.
112
KESIMPULAN :
1. INDIKATOR KEBERHASILAN/SUKSES BUSINESS/ORGANISASI/
INSTITUSI DITENTUKAN OLEH PRODUKSI & MARKETING
(KEPUASAN PELANGGAN)
2. KRITERIA BERHASILAN/SUKSES BUSINESS/ORGANISASI DAPAT
DIUKUR DENGAN FUNGSI KEUANGAN/AKUNTANSI
3. KUNCI KEBERHASILAN/SUKSES BUSINESS/ORGANISASI
DITENTUKAN OLEH KUALITAS SDM/HUMAN RESOURCES DAN
SISTEM & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
113
1. Innovating products & margin per square foot
services - Dealer/distributor accep-
2. Dealer/distributor quality tance rate of new programs
- Dealer/distributor quality
I2. Manufacturing ratings
Terdapat banyak contoh visual dari prinsip ini. Keempat gambar di bawah
ini menunjukkan bagaimana perhatian dan interpretasi Anda menentukan
kenyataan Anda. Data indera tidak berubah ketika Anda melakukan lompatan
dari satu interpretasi ke interpretasi yang lain. Pandangan Anda berubah sebagai
hasil dari perubahan dalam kesadaran Anda.
114
Dapatkah Anda
melihat piala?
Dapatkah Anda
melihat wajah?
Anda Dapat
Membalik umur
Biologis Anda
dengan ...
Dapatkah anda
melihat wanita tua?
Dapatkah Anda melihat
wanita muda?
Dapatkah Anda
melihat wajah?
Apakah
Anda
melihat
kata?
115
Apakah Anda melihat burung? Apakah Anda melihat kelinci?
116
Understanding negotiating styles
To understand the negotiating style of your counterpart, it is useful to first understand the main features of your own
style. Following, is a questionnaire that will help you. Start by seeing how closely the statements below describe your
behavior when negotiating. Then place the following score for each question in the table below.
Now please add up the score for each coloumn and place it in the relevant box below :
117
Warm Tough Logical Creative Deal-Marker
Finally, plot the score results on the following graph, and join the points on each axis with a line …
Warm
20
20
15
15
10
10
20
15
Deal- 10 Tough
5
5
maker 5
20
10 15
5
5
5
10
10
15
15
20 20
creative Logical
From the above, you can see now the extent to which your negotiating style is
predominantly warm, tough, logical, creative or deal-maker. A description of each
style follows. Do the results coincide with the image you have of yourself? Think
about it!
118
Negotiating styles
119
Gaining the Competitive Edge :
Are You Managing Your Business Strategically ?
Rate your present managerial actions on each of the following questions:
1. In the past 2 years have you written or reviewed your firm’s mission statement ?
2. Are you confident that your employee are aware of the key underlying value that drive the
business ?
3. Does each manager have a clear set of performance objectives for his or her area of
responsibility?
4. Do you regularlt meet your key managers and employees to discuss yourcompetitors’
behavior?
5. Would your employees be able to describe accurately the strategies your firm is
attempting to employ?
6. Does each employee understand that through the achievement of success for the
organization they enhance the opportunity to achieve their own personal goals?
120
7. Do you anually conduct an environmental scanning exercise with your managers in an
attempt to identify future opportunity for the firm?
8. Can each your managers explain the impact of their performance, and that of their
people, on the performance of the total organization?
9. Have your business been moving in a clear an positive direction over the past 3 years?
10. Do you and your key managers think and behave strategically?
A+ = 95 – 100 pts
A = 90 – 94 pts
B+ = 85 – 89 pts
B = 80 – 84 pts
C+ = 75 – 79 pts
C = 70 – 74 pts
D+ = 65 – 69 pts
D = 60 – 64 pts
F = Below 60 pts
121
1
4 3
Model ekonometrik atau
Informasi dari pernyataan dari teori
jurnal penelitian ekonomi dalam bentuk
terdahulu test empirik Data
Estimasi model
(hipotesis)
122
PENGUJIAN EKONOMETRIK SEBAIKNYA DIDUKUNG OLEH 3
KEBENARAN YAITU :
Sumber Bacaan :
123
REFERENCIES TAMBAHAN
1. Noe, R. E., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B & Wright, P. M. (2012). Human Resource
Management : Gaining A Competitive Advantage, 8th ed. USA: McGrew Hill Irwin
2. Jac Fitz-Enz, (2009). The ROI of Human Capital : Measuring The Economic Value
of Employee Performance
3. Fons Trompenaars & Charles Hampden-Turnes (2004). Management People.
Across Culture. Capstone Publishing Ltd (a Wiley Company)
4. Hayes, David K. & Ninemeier, Jack D (2016). Human Resource Management in
the Hospitality Industry, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. Bohlander, W,G (2013). Prinsiples of Human ResourcesManagement, 16th ed.
International edition. South Western: Cengage Learning
6. Michael Leboeuf Quotes, You Tube, 29 Maret 2012
7. Relevant Journals about HRM, Managing People Across Cultures and HRM in the
Service Industries :
a. Proquest, Emerald, Elsevier
b. Academy of Management Review
c. Asia Pasific Journal of HRM
d. Australian Journal of Training and Development
e. Harvard Business Review
f. Society of HRM
124
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT BUSINESS FINANCE
(SMBF)
SMBF AKAN BERJALAN DENGAN BAIK BILA ADA GOOD GORVERNANCE ATAU
TATAKELOLA YANG BAIK
125