Makanan yang
telah dimakan akan diuraikan dalam sistem pencernaan menjadi sumber
energi, komponen penyusun sel dan jaringan, dan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan
oleh tubuh. Salah satu sistem kompleks dalam tubuh adalah sistem
pencernaan. Nah, apa sajakah bagian-bagian dari sistem pencernaan pada
manusia? Langsung saja kita simak selengkapnya…..
1.1. Injesti
1.4. Penyerapan
1.5. Penyingkiran
Selanjutnya makanan dibawa menuju usus halus. Di dalam usus halus terjadi
proses pencernaan kimiawi dengan melibatkan berbagai enzim pencernaan.
Karbohidrat dicerna menjadi glukosa. Lemak dicerna menjadi asam lemak
dan gliserol, serta protein dicerna menjadi asam amino. Jadi, pada usus dua
belas jari, seluruh proses pencernaan karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein
diselesaikan. Selanjutnya, proses penyerapan (absorbsi) akan berlangsung di
usus kosong dan sebagian besar di usus penyerap. Karbohidrat diserap
dalam bentuk glukosa, lemak diserap dalam bentuk asam lemak dan gliserol,
dan protein diserap dalam bentuk asam amino. Vitamin dan mineral tidak
mengalami pencernaan dan dapat langsung diserap oleh usus halus.
Ada beberapa gangguan atau kelainan yang dapat terjadi pada sistem
pencernaan pada manusia. Diantaranya:
5.1. Gastritis
Merupakan suatu peradangan akut atau kronis pada lapisan mukosa (lender)
dinding lambung. Penyebabnya ialah penderita memakan yang mengandung
kuman penyakit. Kemungkinan juga karena kadar asam klorida (HCL) pada
lambung terlalu tinggi.
5.2. Hepatitis
Hepatitis merupakan penyakit yang terjadi akibat infeksi virus pada hati. Virus
dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui air atau makanan.
5.3. Diare
Diare terjadi karena adanya iritasi pada selaput dinding usus besar atau
kolon. Fases penderita diare berbentuk encer. Penyebabnya adalah penderita
memakan makanan yang mengandung bakteri atau kuman. Akibatnya
gerakan peristaltic dalam usus tidak terkontrol. Sehingga, laju makanan
meningkat dan usus tidak dapat menyerap air. Namun, apabila fases yang
dikeluarkan bercampur dengan darah dan nanah, kemudian perut terasa
mulas, gejala tersebut menunjuk pada penyakit desentri. Penyebabnya yakni
infeksi bakteri Shigella pada dinding usus besar.
5.4. Konstipasi
Konstipasi atau yang sering kita sebut dengan sebutan “sembelit” adalah
keadaan yang dialami seseoang dengan gejala fases mengeras sehingga
susah dikeluarkan. Sembelit disebabkan oleh adanya penyerapan air pada
sisia makanan. Akibatnya, fases kekurangan air dan menjadi keras. Ini terjadi
dari kebiasaan buruk yang menunda-nunda buang besar. Selain itu, juga
karenakurangnya penderita dalam mengkonsumsi makanan berserat. Oleh
karena itu, banyak memakan buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran berserat serta
minum banyak air dapat mencegah gangguan ini.
5.5. Apendisitis
Apendisitis merupakan gangguan yang terjadi karena peradangan apendiks.
Penyebabnya ialah adanya infeksi bakteri pada umbai cacing (usus buntu).
Akibatnya, timbul rasa nyeri dan sakit.
5.6. Hemeroid/Wasir/Ambeyen
5.7. Maag
Orang yang mengalami maag memiliki ciri-ciri rasa perih pada dinding
lambung, mual, muntah, dan perut kembung. Gangguan ini disebabkan
meningkatnya kadar asam lambung yang dipicu karena pikiran tegang, pola
makan yang tak teratur, dan lain sebagainya.
5.8. Keracunan
Human digestive system is similar to other animal digestive systems which are the mouth, stomach,
intestines, and remove the feces pass through the anus. Digestive process in humans is divided into
5 types:
1.1. Injesti
Process is put or put food in the mouth. Usually using hand or using tools like spoons, forks,
chopsticks, and so forth.
The process of mechanical digestion is the process of converting food into small and soft.
Mechanical digestion is done by dental and other aids such as pebbles on a dove. This process aims
to help to ease the process of chemical digestion. This process is done consciously or according to
our wishes.
The process of chemical digestion is the process of changing the molecules of complex food
substances into molecules much simpler so easily digested. Chemical digestion is done by enzymes,
acids, 'bile', and water. This process is done unconsciously because the set is an enzyme.
1.4. absorption
Absorption is the movement of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory system and
'lymphatic capallaries' through osmosis, active transport, and diffusion.
1.5. Purge
Namely the removal / disposal of non-digested material from the 'tract' digestion through
defecation.
Organs including the digestive system is divided into two groups. namely:
2.1. Gastrointestinal
The digestive tract is a continuous tube channel surrounded by muscles. Gastrointestinal tract to
digest food, break it into smaller parts and absorb into the blood vessels that section. Organs are
included in his: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Of the
large intestine the food will be discharged out of the body through the anus.
First of all, the digestion is done by mouth. Here performed the mechanical digestion process using
teeth to chew food and chemical digestion using ptialin enzyme (amylase). Ptialin enzyme function
in the mouth convert food containing carbohydrates (starch) into simple sugars (maltose). Maltose is
easily digested by the digestive organs next. Ptialin enzymes work well at a pH between 6.8 to 7 and
37oC.
The food is then taken into the stomach and pass through the esophagus. Food can be dropped into
the stomach due to the contraction of the muscles in the esophagus. In the stomach, food is going
through the process of chemical digestion using substances / enzymes as follows:
• Renin, serves to precipitate the protein in milk (casein) of milk (breast milk). Only owned by the
baby.
• HCl (hydrochloric acid), serves to activate pepsinogen into pepsin. As a disinfectant, as well as
stimulate secretin and cholecystokinin secretion in the small intestine.
• Lipase, serves to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. However lipase produced very little.
Once the food is processed in the stomach which takes about 3-4 hours, the food will be brought to
the duodenum. In the duodenum contained the following enzymes derived from the pancreas:
1 Amylase. That is the enzyme that converts starch (starch) into simpler sugars (maltose).
2 Lipase. That is the enzyme that converts fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
Trypsinogen 3. If not active, then it will be activated to trypsin, an enzyme that converts the protein
and peptone into amino acid and dipeptide that is readily absorbed by the small intestine.
In addition, there is also a gall. Bile produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Furthermore, bile flows through the bile duct to the duodenum. Bile contains bile salts and dye bile
(bilirubin). Function of bile salts emulsify fats. Dye brown bile, and is produced by way of overhauling
red blood cells in the liver that was old. Bile is an excretion results in the liver. Characterize dye
brown bile in the stool.
Furthermore, the food was brought to the small intestine. In the small intestine occurs by chemical
digestion process involving a variety of digestive enzymes. Digestible carbohydrates into glucose.
Digested fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and the protein is digested into amino acids. So, in the
duodenum, the whole process of digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins resolved.
Furthermore, the process of absorption (absorption) will take place at intestine empty and most
absorbent in the intestines. Carbohydrates are absorbed in the form of glucose, fat is absorbed in
the form of fatty acids and glycerol, and the protein is absorbed in the form of amino acids. Vitamins
and minerals are not experiencing digestion and can be directly absorbed by the small intestine.
Food that is not digested in the small intestine, such as cellulose, along with mucus will go into the
large intestine into the feces. In the large intestine there is bacteria Escherichia coli. These bacteria
help in the decomposition process food waste into feces. In addition to decompose food scraps, E.
coli bacteria also produce vitamin K. Vitamin K plays an important role in the blood clotting process.
Leftover food in the large intestine entry contains a lot of water. Because the body needs water, so
most of the water is absorbed back into the large intestine. Re-absorption of water is an important
function of the colon.
Furthermore, the leftovers will be discharged through the anus in the form of feces. This process is
called defecation and done consciously.
Disorders of the digestive system is quite diverse. Contributing factor-also vary, including foods that
are less good in terms of cleanliness and health, nutritional balance, improper diet, infections, and
abnormalities in the digestive organs.
There are some disorders or abnormalities that may occur in the human digestive system. Among
them:
5.1. gastritis
Is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lining mucosa (lenders) of the stomach walls. The reason
is that people eat that contain germs. The possibility also because the levels of hydrochloric acid
(HCL) in the stomach is too high.
5.2. hepatitis
Hepatitis is a disease that is caused by a viral infection of the liver. The virus can enter the body
through water or food.
5.3. diarrhea
Diarrhea occurs because of irritation of the lining of the large intestine or colon wall. Fases-shaped
watery diarrhea. The reason is people eating food containing the bacteria or germs. As a result of
peristaltic movements in the gut is not controlled. Thus, the rate of food increased and intestines
can not absorb water. However, if fases issued mixed with blood and pus, then the stomach was
churning, these symptoms point to dysentery disease. Shigella bacteria that cause infection in the
colon wall.
5.4. constipation
Constipation or what we often call as "constipation" is a condition experienced about a man with
symptoms fases harden so hard issued. Constipation is caused by the absorption of water on sisia
food. As a result, water shortages fases and become hard. It happens from bad habits
procrastinating big waste. In addition, the patient also karenakurangnya fiber foods. Therefore,
eating a lot of fruits and fibrous vegetables and drinking plenty of water can prevent this disorder.
5.5. appendicitis
Appendicitis is a disorder that occurs due to inflammation of the appendix. The cause is a bacterial
infection in the appendix (appendectomy). The result is pain and pain.
Hemorrhoids / Hemorrhoids / Ambeyen a disorder swelling of the veins around the anus. People
who often sit in the move and pregnant women often suffer from this disorder.
5.7. ulcer
People who have an ulcer has characteristics sores in the wall of the stomach, nausea, vomiting, and
flatulence. This disorder is caused by increased levels of stomach acid that is triggered by the mind
tense, irregular eating patterns, and so forth.
5.8. poisoning
Food poisoning can occur due to the influence of some bacteria such as Salmonella bacteria that
causes typhoid fever and paratyphoid.
5.9. Gastric
Gastric ulcers are one of the digestive system disorders that damage the mucous membranes. Peptic
ulcers can be caused by factors germs, toxins, or psychosomatic. Anxiety, fear, stress, and fatigue is
psychosomatic factors that ultimately may stimulate HCL in the stomach. If HCL excessive, gastric
mucus selapu be damaged.
That is a disease caused by a disturbance in the formation of digestive enzymes. The disorder is
caused by atrophy of the pancreatic cells that lose a lot of the endoplasmic reticulum. An example is
kwashiorkor, a disease that is caused by severe protein deficiency and generally affects children.