KULIAH MINGGU KE- 9

MATA KULIAH UJI SUMUR

Prinsip Superposisi

Oleh :
Bambang Bintarto
PRINSIP SUPERPOSISI
1. Multiwell System
2. Bounded Reservoir
3. Variable Rate

1. MultiWell System

Well A

rAB
rAC
Well A

Well B
Well C
 Penurunan Tekanan Reservoir yang diukur dari sumur A dapat
dituliskan sebagai berikut :

𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 + 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐴 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐴 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐵

+ 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ………………….. (1)

𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐶

Dalam bentuk Ei function dan logarithmic dapat dituliskan :

2
𝑞 𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤𝐴
𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = −70.6 𝐴𝑘ℎ 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆𝐴
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐴 𝑘𝑡

2
𝑞𝐵 𝐵𝜇 −948∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝐴𝐵
−70.6 𝐸
𝑘ℎ 𝑖 𝑘𝑡
2
𝑞𝐶 𝐵𝜇 −948∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝐴𝐶
−70.6 𝐸 ………………….. (2)
𝑘ℎ 𝑖 𝑘𝑡
2. Bounded Reservoir

L L

Image well (iw) Actual well (aw)

No Flow
Boundary

∆𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = ∆𝑝 𝑎𝑤 + ∆𝑝 𝑖𝑤

𝑞𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
2
𝑞𝐵𝜇 −948∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 2𝐿
−70.6 𝐸
𝑘ℎ 𝑖 𝑘𝑡 ………………….. (3)
 3. Variable Rate
q2
q1
q q3

0 t1 t2 tn

q1
Well 1
q1 berproduksi dari awal (t=0) sampai akhir
Atau lamanya produksi = tn – 0 = tn
0 t

Well 2 (q2 – q1) q2 berproduksi dari t1 sampai akhir

Atau lamanya produksi = tn - t1
t1 t

t2 t q3 berproduksi dari t2 sampai akhir

Well 3
Atau lamanya produksi = tn – t2
(q3 – q2)
Penurunan tekanan reservoir akibat produksi dari sumur dengan variasi rate
seperti ini , adalah :

∆𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑝 1 + ∆𝑝 2 + ∆𝑝 3
………………….. (4)

𝑞1𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

∆𝑝 1 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
1 𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡𝑛

𝑞2 − 𝑞1 𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
∆𝑝 2 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
2 𝑘ℎ 𝑘 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡1

𝑞3 − 𝑞2 𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
∆𝑝 3 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
3 𝑘ℎ 𝑘 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡2

∆𝑝 1 = Penurunan tekanan reservoir akibat produksi dengan rate = q1

∆𝑝 2 = Penurunan tekanan reservoir akibat produksi dengan rate = q2
∆𝑝 3 = Penurunan tekanan reservoir akibat produksi dengan rate = q3
Sehingga drawdown total dari sumur dengan 2 kali perubahan laju produksi adalah :

∆𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑝 1 + ∆𝑝 2 + ∆𝑝 3

𝑞1𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

= −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡𝑛

𝑞2 − 𝑞1 𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
−70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡1

𝑞3 − 𝑞2 𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
−70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆 ………………….. (5)
𝑘ℎ 𝑘 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡2
Tugas : Gunakan Prinsip super posisi

Problem :
A flowing well is completed in a reservoir that has the following properties.
Pi = 2500 psia
B = 1.32 RB/STB
 = 0.44 cp
k = 25 mD
h = 43 ft
Ct = 18 x 10-6 psi-1
 = 0.16

What will the pressure drop be in a shut-in well 500 ft from the flowing well
when the flowing well has been shut in for 1 day following a flow period of 5
days at 300 STB/D ?
PRESSURE BUILD UP
Pressure Build Up Test adalah suatu Teknik pengujian transien tekanan yang
dilakukan dengan memproduksikan sumur selama selang waktu
tertentu dengan laju aliran konstan, kemudian menutup sumur
tersebut.
Selama pengujian ini tekanan akan dicatat terhadap waktu

t
Dengan menggunakan prinsip superposisi

q1

q2 =0
tp t tn
t1

q1 berproduksi dari awal (t=0) sampai akhir atau lamanya produksi = tn

atau tn = tp + t

q2 berproduksi dari t1 sampai akhir atau lamanya produksi = tn - t1 = t

Secara matematis dapat dituliskan :

∆𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑝 1 + ∆𝑝 2
𝑞1𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
= −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘 (𝑡𝑝 + t)

𝑞2 − 𝑞1 𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
−70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆 ………………….. (6)
𝑘ℎ 𝑘 t
∆𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑝 1 + ∆𝑝 2
𝑞1𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
= −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘 (𝑡𝑝 + t)

0 − 𝑞1 𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
−70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘 t

𝑞𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 𝑞𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

= −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆 +70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘 (𝑡𝑝 + t) 𝑘ℎ 𝑘 t

𝑞𝐵𝜇 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2 1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

= −70.6 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆 − 𝑙𝑛 + 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘 (𝑡𝑝 + t) 𝑘 t

𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡𝑝 +t 𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡 +∆𝑡

= 70.6 𝑙𝑛 = 162.6 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑝
𝑘ℎ t 𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡

𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡𝑝 +t
∆𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑠 = 162.6 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ………………….. (7)
𝑘ℎ t

𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡𝑝 +t
𝑝𝑤𝑠 = 𝑝𝑖 − 162.6 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ………………….. (8)
𝑘ℎ t
 𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡𝑝 +t
𝑝𝑤𝑠 = 𝑝𝑖 − 162.6 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ………………….. (9)
𝑘ℎ t

………………….. (10)
𝑦=𝑏+𝑚𝑥

𝑡𝑝 +t
Plot antara 𝑙𝑜𝑔 vs 𝑝𝑤𝑠 akan memberikan garis lurus dengan kemiringan
t
𝑞𝐵𝜇
atau slope (m) sebesar : 162.6 dan memotong sumbu y = b = 𝑝𝑖
𝑘ℎ
𝑡𝑝 +t
= Horner time ratio (HTR)
t
the semilog graph of pressure vs. the logarithm of the HTR is called the
Horner graph.
Note that the HTR decreases as Δt increases. The Horner graph may also
be drawn with the HTR values decreasing from left to right, so that time
increases from left to right in the conventional manner.
Pressure buildup analysis, Horner method.
Buildup Analysis, Horner Method
Recommended Procedure. We recommend the following procedure for analyzing
pressure-buildup data using Horner semilog analysis:

𝑡𝑝 +t
1. Graph the shut-in bottomhole pressure, pws vs , on a semilog scale. If
t
a normal semilog scale is used (increasing from left to right), time will
increase from right to left. A reversed semilog scale may be used so time will
increase from left to right.
2. Draw a straight line through the selected data, and find the slope m.
3. Read p1hr from the straight line or its extrapolation at an HTR corresponding
to a shut-in time Δt of 1 hour, HTR1hr = (tp + 1)/1
4. Calculate the permeability from the slope m as

𝑞𝐵𝜇
𝑚 = 162.6
𝑘ℎ
𝑞𝐵𝜇
𝑘 = 162.6
𝑚ℎ
5. Calculate the skin factor s from the slope m, the flowing bottomhole
pressure at the moment of shut-in, pwf and p1hr :

• 𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝐻𝑃, 𝑝𝑤𝑓, 𝑖𝑠

𝑞𝐵𝜇 2
1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 + 70.6 𝑘ℎ 𝑙𝑛 − 2𝑆
𝑘𝑡𝑝
𝑞𝐵𝜇 2
1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤
= 𝑝1 + 162.6 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 0.869𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡𝑝
2
1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤
= 𝑝1 + 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑘𝑡𝑝
− 0.869𝑆

• At shut-in time (t) in the build up test

𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
𝑝𝑤𝑠 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∆𝑡

• Combining these equations and solving for the skin factor (s), we have :

𝑝𝑤𝑠 −𝑝𝑤𝑓 2
1688∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
• 𝑠 = 1.151 + 1.151 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 1.151 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑚 𝑘∆𝑡 𝑡𝑝
 It is conventional practice in the petroleum industry to choose a fixed shut
in time (t) of 1 hour and the corresponding shut-in pressure (p1hr) to use
in this equation.
𝑡𝑝 +t
We usually can assume further that 𝑙𝑜𝑔 t is negligible.
With these simplifications,

𝑝1ℎ𝑟 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑘
𝑠 = 1.151 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 3.23
𝑚 ∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

6. Extrapolate the straight line to an HTR of 1. If the reservoir is infinite

acting throughout both flow and buildup periods, extrapolating the
straight line to an HTR of 1 (corresponding to infinite shut-in time) gives
the initial pressure, p.
If the reservoir is not infinite acting, the extrapolated pressure at an HTR
of 1 is called the false pressure, p*.
The MBH (Matthews et al. 1954) method may then be used to estimate the
average reservoir pressure from p*.
Tugas : PBU
Reservoir Rock and fluid properties
q = 100 STB/D tp = 2160 hour  = 0.20
B = 1.17 bbl/STB h = 25 ft  = 2.24 cp
Rw = 0.25 ft Ct = 10.2 x 10-6 psi-1 A = 40 Acre
Δt Pws Δt Pws Δt Pws Δt Pws
No. No. No. No.
hr psia hr psia hr psia hr psia
1 0 2605.93 21 0.0764 2782.94 41 0.8816 2918.73 61 9.373 2990.48
2 0.001 2610.68 22 0.0869 2793.89 42 0.9928 2922.76 62 10.55 2993.66
3 0.0021 2615.82 23 0.0988 2804.48 43 1.118 2926.71 63 11.87 2996.79
4 0.0034 2621.38 24 0.1121 2814.62 44 1.259 2930.6 64 13.35 2999.87
5 0.0048 2627.4 25 0.1271 2824.25 45 1.417 2934.43 65 15.02 3002.89
6 0.0064 2633.91 26 0.144 2833.33 46 1.595 2938.21 66 16.9 3005.84
7 0.0082 2640.91 27 0.163 2841.84 47 1.796 2941.94 67 19.01 3008.71
8 0.0102 2648.43 28 0.1844 2849.77 48 2.021 2945.64 68 21.39 3011.5
9 0.0125 2656.46 29 0.2085 2857.15 49 2.275 2949.29 69 24.06 3014.19
10 0.0151 2665.02 30 0.2355 2864.01 50 2.56 2952.91 70 27.07 3016.78
11 0.018 2674.09 31 0.266 2870.4 51 2.881 2956.49 71 30.46 3019.25
12 0.0212 2683.65 32 0.3002 2876.36 52 3.242 2960.04 72 34.26 3021.59
13 0.0249 2693.68 33 0.3387 2881.96 53 3.648 2963.56 73 38.55 3023.78
14 0.029 2704.12 34 0.3821 2887.24 54 4.105 2967.04 74 43.37 3025.8
15 0.0336 2714.93 35 0.4308 2892.26 55 4.619 2970.5 75 48.79 3027.65
16 0.0388 2726.04 36 0.4857 2897.05 56 5.198 2973.92 76 54.79 3029.27
17 0.0447 2737.36 37 0.5474 2901.66 57 5.848 2977.3 77 60.79 3030.55
18 0.0512 2748.81 38 0.6168 2906.11 58 6.581 2980.65 78 66.79 3031.56
19 0.0587 2760.29 39 0.6949 2910.42 59 7.404 2983.97 79 72 3032.27
20 0.067 2771.7 40 0.7828 2914.63 60 8.331 2987.24
 Rekap Yang Sudah Mengumpulkan Tugas

No Nama NIM Date

1 Gilang M. Farrel 113180050 Jum, 3 Apr 23.44

2 LADEFA LATHIEF NURCAHAYAN 113180097 Min, 5 Apr 18.21
3 Rahmat Solihin 113180009 Min, 5 Apr 19.40
4 Herdy Febrian Rafif 113160104 Min, 5 Apr 20.56
5 fardhan nauval akbar 113180145 Min, 5 Apr 21.01
6 Alvin Nur 113170008 Min, 5 Apr 21.01
7 Rocki Kantara 113180116 Min, 5 Apr 21.04
8 Taufik Aris Kurniawan 113180066 Min, 5 Apr 21.19
9 Guido Gilbert Nalle 113160087 Min, 5 Apr 21.24
10 FALAH NURUZAMAN 113180078 Min, 5 Apr 21.33
11 Mayong Mahmud Murodi 113180090 Min, 5 Apr 21.50
12 Ashidik Masri 113180027 Min, 5 Apr 21.52
13 Reswara Pasca Paradisiaca 113180129 Min, 5 Apr 21.57
14 Fiky Eka Ramadhan 113160006 Min, 5 Apr 22.00
15 Iwan 113170012 1.02
16 I Made Dipta Wahyu Kamandalu 113170058 5.58
Solution :
To estimate k, pi, and s, follow these steps:

1. To ensure that data is free from the "wellbore storage effect" and can
be analyzed to obtain reservoir information use log-log plot (t vs p)
Figure 1
2. Plot shut-in BHP, pws versus log (tp+t)/t. as shown in Figure 2
3. Measure the slope m
𝑞𝐵𝜇
4. Calculate the formation permeability using Eq. 𝑘 = 162.6 𝑚ℎ
5. Read original reservoir pressure (pi) at log (tp+t)/t. =1
6. Calculate the skin factor s from Eq.
𝑝1ℎ𝑟 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑘
𝑠 = 1.151 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 3.23
𝑚 ∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
Pressure Build Up
A. Ideal Pressure Build Up
B. Actual Build Up test
a. Build up tests in infinite reservoirs
b. Build up tests in finite reservoirs
 A. Ideal Pressure Build Up
In an ideal situation, we assume that the test is conducted in :
1. an infiniteacting reservoir
2. no boundary effects
3. The reservoir is homogeneous and containing in a slightly compressible, single-
phase fluid
4. uniform properties

Reservoir

Figure. 3
 B. Actual Build Up test
a. Build up tests in infinite reservoirs
Ideal Build Up

ETR

MTR LTR

Actual Build Up
Reservoir
Figure. 4

Buildup curve divided into three regions :

• Early-time region (ETR). In this region, a pressure transient is moving
through the formation nearest the wellbore.
• Middle-time region (MTR). In this region, the pressure transient has moved
away from the wellbore into the bulk formation.
• Late-time region (LTR). In this region, the pressure transient has reached
the drainage boundaries well.

MTR is a straight line. This is the portion of the buildup curve that we must identify and analyze.
Analysis of this portion only will provide reliable reservoir properties of the tested well.
Effects and Duration of Afterflow

To recognize the MTR is essential for the successful buildup curve

analysis based on the Horner plotting method, because the line must be
identified to estimate the reservoir properties.

The following methods can be used to determine when (if ever) afterflow
ceased.
• Find a uniform slope region (45° line at earliest
time), choose any point on the unit slope line
Unit Slope
and calculate the wellbore storage constant,
Cs:
𝑞𝑜 𝐵𝑜 ∆𝑡
𝐶𝑠 =
24 ∆𝑝 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

• Verify the time, twbs marking the end

of wellbore storage distortion using
empirical relationships:

0.14𝑠
170000 𝐶𝑠
𝑡𝑤𝑏𝑠 ≅
𝑘ℎ/𝑠
Figure. 5
Calculation of Flow Capacity and Formation Permeability

• The formation permeability k can be obtained as

𝑞𝐵𝜇
𝑘 = 162.6
𝑚ℎ
• Estimation of Skin Factor
𝑝1ℎ𝑟 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑘
𝑠 = 1.151 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 3.23
𝑚 ∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

• Pressure Drop Due to Skin

Pressure drop due to skin is also called an additional pressure drop
(Ap)skin across the altered zone near the wellbore. Calculation of this
pressure drop due to skin is meaningful in describing the effect of skin on
actual production.

∆𝑝𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 0.869 𝑚 𝑠
• Determination of Effective Wellbore Radius

The effective wellbore radius rwa is defined as

𝑟𝑤𝑎 = 𝑟𝑤 𝑒 −𝑠

➢ If “s” is positive, the effective wellbore radius rwa is smaller than rw,
then fluid must theoretically travel through additional formation to give
the required pressure drop.
➢ If “s” is negative, the effective wellbore radius is larger than rw.
➢ This effective wellbore radius concept is especially useful in hydraulic
fracturing.

• Flow Efficiency and Damage Ratio

The flow efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual productivity index
of a well to its productivity index if there were no skin (s = 0):

𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐹𝐸 =
𝐽𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
P’wf
ps P’wf = pwf + ps
Pwf

Figure. 6

Since :
𝑞𝑜
𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑝𝑟 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓

𝑞𝑜 𝑞𝑜 𝑞𝑜
𝐽𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = = =
𝑝𝑟 − 𝑝′𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑟 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 + ∆𝑝𝑠 𝑝𝑟 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 − ∆𝑝𝑠

𝑝−𝑝𝑤𝑓 −∆𝑝𝑠
Therefore : 𝐹𝐸 = 𝑝−𝑝𝑤𝑓
b. Build up tests in finite reservoirs

In this section, we consider pressure buildup testing of a single well in an

finite (bounded)

False Pressure P*

LTR MTR ETR

Figure. 7
Horner and MBH Methods

Horner's method can be used to estimate the reservoir parameters in finite

reservoirs just as in infiniteacting reservoirs. The difference occurs only in late-
time data when boundary effects influence the data as shown in Figure 7.

• For an infinite-acting reservoir, an estimate of “pi” is obtained by

extrapolating the straight-line section of the Horner plot to infinite
shut-in time.
• For finite and developed reservoirs, the extrapolated pressure is not
a good estimate of “pi“and generally has been called the false
pressure, p*. the extrapolated false pressure, p*, is higher than the
average reservoir pressure (𝑝)ҧ
𝑚
• The average pressure is estimated from : 𝑝ҧ = 𝑝∗ − 𝑝 𝑡
2.3025 𝐷𝑀𝐵𝐻 𝑝𝐷𝐴

pDMBH = is MBH dimensionless pressure, determined at the dimensionless time

0.000264𝑘 𝑡𝑝
𝑡𝑝𝐷𝐴 =
∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝐴
MBH curves for a well at the center of a regular shaped
drainage area (after Matthews etal.)
Tugas Tgl 6 April 2020

Soal PBU tugas sebelumnya, lakukan analisis menggunakan metode MBH

Tentukan :
a. Tekanan rata-rata reservoir
b. FE
c. rwa