Materi # 8 - BIOMEKANIKA

Sritomo W.Soebroto, Arif Rahman dan Adhitya Sudiarno

Lab. & Perancangan Sistem Kerja
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya
Sritomo W. Soebroto,
Biomekanika & Manual Handling 1
et.al.
 Outline Pertemuan
• Biomekanika : arti dan
aplikasinya
• Analisa Mekanika Tubuh
• Perhitungan Dasar Biomekanika
• Studi Kasus Biomekanika
• Manual Handling & Back Safety
Sritomo W. Soebroto,
Biomekanika & Manual Handling 2
et.al.
 MENGANGKAT, MENDORONG, DENGAN POSISI SETEGAK
MUNGKIN UNTUK MEMINIMALKAN BEBAN INTERNAL

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 BEBAN INTERNAL TULANG BELAKANG SANGAT
DIPENGARUHI OLEH POSISI MENGANGKAT

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TEKANAN PERUT IKUT BERPERAN DALAM MENGURANGI
BEBAN INTERNAL PIRINGAN TULANG BELAKANG

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 Biomekanika
“Bidang ilmu yang memadukan antara bidang ilmu biologi dan mekanika”

• Biomekanika adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang merupakan kombinasi dari

ilmu fisika (khususnya mekanika) dan teknik, dengan berdasar pada biologi
dan juga pengetahuan lingkungan kerja.
• Biomekanika menggunakan hukum – hukum fisika, mekanika teknik,
biologi, dan prinsip fisiologi untuk menggambarkan kinematika dan kinetik
yang terjadi pada anggota tubuh manusia.
• Kinematika : pergerakan/ motion pada segmen – segmen tubuh. Kinetik :
efek dari gaya dan momen yang terjadi pada tubuh. Mekanika digunakan
sebagai penyusun konsep, analisa, dan desain dalam sistem biologi
makhluk hidup.
• Biomekanika dari gerakan manusia adalah ilmu yang menyelidiki,
menggambarkan dan menganalisis gerakan-gerakan manusia (Winter,1990)
• Pada dasarnya mempelajari dan menganalisis batas-batas kekuatan,
ketahan, kecepatan, dan ketelitian yang dimiliki manusia dalam melakukan
kerja dipengaruhi faktor manusia, sikap kerja dan jenis pekerjaan

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 Biomekanika
• Biomekanika :

– Biostatik : bagian daari biomekanika umum yang

hanya menganalisa bagian tubuh dalam keadaan
diam maupun bergerak pada garis lurus dengan
kecepatan seragam (uniform)

– Biodinamik : berkaitan dengan gerakan-gerakan

tubuh taanpa mempertimbangkan gaya yang
terjadi (kinematik) dan gaya yang disebabkan
gaya yang bekerja dalam tubuh ( kinetik)

– Occupational biomekanika : Bagian dari

mekanik terapan yang mempelajari interaaksi fisik
antara pekerja dengan mesin, material, dan
peralatan dengan tujuan untuk meminumkan
keluhan pada sistem kerangka otott agar
produktivitas kerja dapat meningkat (Chaffin &
Anderson,1984)

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 occupational biomechanics
Occupational biomechanics adalah sub – disiplin
dalam kerangka besar biomekanika yang
mempelajari hubungan antara pekerja dengan alat
kerja, workstation, mesin, dan material untuk
meningkatkan performa dengan meminimalisasi
terjadinya cidera musculoskeletal.

Sehingga studi utama tentang Occupational

biomechanics berkaitan dengan masalah
musculoskeletal.

Sistem musculoskeletal terdiri atas tulang, otot,

dan jaringan penghubung (ligament, tendon, fascia,
dan cartilage). Fungsi utama sistem tersebut adalah
mendukung dan melindungi tubuh dan bagian –
bagian tubuh, menjaga postur tubuh, produce
pergerakan tubuh, serta menghasilkan panas dan
23/10/2013 mempertahankan suhu tubuh.
Biomekanika 8
 why occupational biomechanics ???

Jeffress (1999) indicated that approximately

650,000 workers every year suffer serious
injuries and illnesses caused by overexertion,
repetition, and other types of physical stress.
Such injuries cost U.S. business between $15
to $20 billion dollars a year in workman
compensation. According to US Department
of labor, back injuries accounted for nearly
20% of all injuries and illnesses in the work
place. In the UK, similar numbers appear
with 27% of all reported accidents involving
manual handling.
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 Analisa Mekanik

Tiga jenis gaya yang bekerja di dalam tubuh manusia

(Winter,1990) :

• Gaya Gravitasi:
Gaya yang melalui pusat massa dari segmen tubuh manusia dengan
arah ke bawah
• Gaya Reaksi
Gaya yang terjadi akibat beban pada segmen tubuh atau berat segmen
tubuh itu sendiri
• Gaya Otot
Gaya yang terjadi pada bagian sendi,baik akibat gesekan sendi atau
akibat gaya pada otot yang melekat pada sendi.Gaya ini
menggambarkan besarnya momen otot

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 Body Segments
Group body segments as a Individual body segments mass as a percentage of
percentage of

Total body Group segment mass Total body mass

mass ( %) (%) (%)

Head and neck 8.4 Head 73.8 6.2

Neck 26.2 2.2
Torso (trunk) 50.0 Thorax 43.8 21.9
Lumbar 29.4 14.7
Pelvis 26.8 13.4

Each arm (total) 5.1 Upper arm 54.9 2.8

Forearm 33.3 1.7
Hand 11.8 0.6
Each leg (total) 15.7 Thigh 63.78 10.0
Lower leg (shank) 27.4 4.3
Foot 8.9 1.4

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Contoh Perhitungan Dasar Biomekanik

• Mis. P = 10 N, W= 20 N

• F = (13*20) + (30*10) = 112 N Gaya reaksi : J = 112 – 20 -10 = 82 N

5

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 Biomechanics of the back

LIFTING AND BACK

STRESS

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 Cont.

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 Cont.

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 Biomechanical -- Static analysis

Example :
A male worker pick a
container off a conveyor
(located 35 cm above the
floor). The container has a
mass of 15 kg. This task is
performed 360 times
pershift

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 The measurement
Distance from wrist to center of mass (c.m.) of hand 0.07 m
( SL1)
Distance from wrist to elbow ( SL2) 0.28 m
Distance from elbow to shoulder ( SL3) 0.3 m

Distance from shoulder to L5/S1 disk (SL4) 0.36 m

Angle of hand from horizontal (θ1) 30o

Angle of forehand from horizontal (θ2) 30o

Angle of upper arm from horizontal ( θ3) 80o

Angle of trunk from horizontal ( θ4) 45o

Body weight (mass) 70 kg

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 Calculation
Work = m.g.h.f
m = mass of the load in kilograms (kg)
g = gravitational constant ( 9.8 m. s -2 )
h = height of lift in meters (m)
F = frequency (number of lift per shift)

Work = (15 kg/lift). (9.8 m. s -2 ).(0.65 m – 0.35 m).

(360 lifts/shift)
Work = 15876 J per shift

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 For the hand segment
• Wo = Force due to the weight of the external load = m.g
= 15 kg . 9.8 m. s -2 = 147 N
• WH = Force due to the weight of the hand = m H. g
= ( 0.006 . 70 kg ). (9.8 m. s -2 ) = 4.1 N
• Mw = Resultant moment at the wrist to maintain static equilibrium
• Fxw = Resultant force in x- direction at the wrist to maintain static
equilibrium
• Fyw = Resultant force in y- direction at the wrist to maintain static
equilibrium
• θ 1 = Angle of the hand relative to horizontal  θ 1 = 300 for this
examples
• SL1 = Measured length from wrist to c.m. of hand ( at handles of box)
 SL1 = 0.07 m for this examples

• ∑ F x = Fx w = 0
• ∑ Fy = Fy w - Wo - WH = 0
• ∑ Mw = Mw - (Wo +WH) . SL1 . Cos θ 1 = 0

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 ∑ Fx = Fx w = 0
∑ Fy = Fy w - Wo - WH = 0
∑ Mw = Mw - (Wo +WH) . SL1 . Cos θ 1
=0

Thus For each wrist :

Fx w =0
Fy w = Wo + WH = ( 147 N)/2 + 4.1 N
= 77.6 N
Mw = (Wo +WH) . SL1 . Cos θ 1
=( 77.6 N) . (0.07 m ). (cos 300 )
= 4.7 N.m

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 For the lower arm segment
• WLA = Force due to the weight of the lower arm = mLA . g
= ( 0.017 . 70 kg ). (9.8 m. s -2 ) = 11.7 N
• Mw = 4.7 N.m
• Fxw =0
• Fyw = 77.6 N
• θ2 = Angle of the lower arm relative to horizontal  = 300
for this examples
• SL2 = Measured length from wrist to elbow  SL2 = 0.28 m
• λ2 = Location of c.m. as a portion of SL from elbow = 0.43 ( or 43 %)
• Me = Resultant moment at the elbow to maintain static equilibrium
• Fxe = Resultant force in x- direction at the wrist to maintain static
equilibrium
• Fye = Resultant force in y- direction at the wrist to maintain static
equilibrium

• ∑ Fx = - Fx w + Fxe = 0
• ∑ Fy = - Fy w - WLA + Fye = 0
• ∑ Me = Me - Mw - WLA.. Λ2. SL2 . Cos θ2 - Fyw . SL2 . Cos θ2 - Fxw . SL2 . Sin θ2 =0

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Thus For each elbow:
Fx e =0
Fy e = 77.6 N + 11.7 N = 89.3 N
Me = 4.7 N.m + 11.7 N . 0.43 . 0.28 m. 0.866 + 77.6 N .0.28
m . 0.866
= 24.7 N.m

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 For the upper-arm segment
• WUA = Force due to the weight of the trunk = mUA . g
• = ( 0.028. 70 kg ). (9.8 m. s-2 ) = 19.2 N
• Me = 24.7 N.m
• Fxe = 0
• Fye = 89.3 N
• θ3 = Angle of the lower arm relative to horizontal  = 800 for this
examples
• SL3 = Measured length from the elbow to shoulder  SL3 = 0.30 m
• λ3 = Location of c.m. as a portion of SL from shoulder = 0.436 ( or 43.6
%)
• Ms = Resultant moment at the shoulder to maintain static equilibrium
• Fxs = Resultant force in x- direction at the shoulder to maintain static
equilibrium
• Fys = Resultant force in y- direction at the shoulder to maintain static
equilibrium

• ∑ Fx = - Fxe + Fxs = 0
• ∑ Fy = - Fye - WUA + Fys = 0
• ∑ Me = Ms - Me - WUA. λ3. SL3 . Cos θ3 - Fye . SL3 . Cos θ3 - Fxe . SL3 . Sin θ3 =0

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 Thus For each shoulder:
Fxs =0
Fys = Fye + WUA = 89.3 N + 19.2 N = 108.5 N
Ms = 24.7 N.m + 19.2 N . 0.436 . 0.30 m. 0.174 +
89.3 N .0.3 m . 0.174
= 29.8 N.m

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 For the trunk segment
• WT = Force due to the weight of the trunk = mT . g
• = ( 0.45. 70 kg ). (9.8 m. s -2 ) = 308.7 N
• Ms = 29.8 N.m for each shoulder = 59.6 N.m for both shoulders
• Fxs =0
• Fys = 108.5 for each shoulder = 217.0 N for both shoulders
• θ4 = Angle of the trunk relative to horizontal  = 450 for this
examples
• SL4 = Measured length for L5/S1 to shoulder  SL4 = 0.36 m
• λ4 = Location of c.m. as a portion of SL from L5/S1: λ4 = 0.67 (
estimated)
• Mt = Resultant moment at L5/S1 to maintain static equilibrium
• Fxt = Resultant force in x- direction at L5/S1 to maintain static
equilibrium
• Fyt = Resultant force in y- direction at L5/S1 to maintain static
equilibrium

• ∑ Fx = - Fxs + Fxt = 0
• ∑ Fy = - Fye - WT + Fyt = 0
• ∑ Me = Mt - Ms - WT. λ4. SL4 . Cos θ4 - Fys . SL4 . Cos θ4 - Fxe . SL4 . Sin θ4 =0

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 Thus For each trunk:
Fxt = 0
Fyt = Fys + WT = 217.0 N + 308.7 N = 525.7 N
Me = 59.6 N.m + 308.7 N . 0.67 . 0.36 m. 0.707 +
217.0 N .0.36 m . 0.707
= 167.5 N.m

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 If the erector spinae muscle group is assumed the only muscle
group in the back active to counter the moment L5/S1 and the
moment arm of the erector spinae muscle group is known, the
muscle force necessary in the erector spinae muscle group to
maintain static equilibrium can be estimated

If the moment arm of the erector spinae muscle group is 0.04 m (

from L5/S1) we can determine the muscle force required by :
F. d = 167.5 N.m
F = 167.5 N.m = 4187 N
0. 04 m
Where : F = Muscle force required in erector spinae to
maintain static equilibrium
d = Moment arm length of erector spinae muscle
group ( from L5/S1)

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• If we wish to examine the compressive and shear forces acting
on the disk L5/S1) we can use the calculations above. Since
the trunk is bend 450 angle , the vertical force can be resolved
into equal compressive and shear components. The vertical
force, other than that exerted by the erector spinae muscle
group, is the sum of the weights of the load (box) the arms
and trunk, therefore :

Fv = Total vertical force acting upon L5/S1 disk

= WO + WH + WLA + WUA + WT
= 147 + 2(4.1) + 2 (11.7) + 2(19.2) + 308.7= 525.7 N

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 The vertical force due to weight of the box, arms and trunk is resolved into its
compressive (Fvc) and shear (Fvs) components :
Fvc = 525.7 . Cos 450 = 371.7 N
Fvs = 525.7 . Sin 450 = 371.7 N
The total compressive ( Fc) dan shear ( Fs) forces are found as follows :
Fc = 371.7 N + 4187 N = 4558.7 N
Fs = 371.7 N

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