Epilepsi:
Suatu keadaan ditandai bangkitan
berulang akibat gangguan fungsi otak
secara intermiten yang disebabkan oleh
lepas muatan listrik abnormal dan
berlebihan pada neuron -neuron secara
paroksismal didasari oleh berbagai
etiologi
Bangkitan Epilepsi:
Manifestasi klinis dari bangkitan yang
berlebihan dan abnormal, mendadak,
sementara, dengan atau tanpa perubahan
kesadaran, karena hiperaktifitas listrik
sekelompok sel saraf di otak bukan
disebabkan penyakit otak akut
(unprovoked)
Idiopatik:
penyebab ?, fx genetik >>
Kriptogenik:
dianggap simptomatik, tp penyebab?
( Sindr west, Lennox Gestaut )
Simptomatik:
lesi SSP (+)
ex: trauma, inf, kongenital, toksik, metab, SOP,CV
Pedoman Tatalaksana Epilepsi Pokdi Epilepsi Perdossi 2006
Etiologi serangan epilepsi (simptomatik)
1. Metabolik: Kongenital
Akuisita : hipoglikemia
hiperglikemia
hipoksia
hipikalsemia
hiperkalsemia
uremia
intoksikasi
2. Struktural : jaringan parut gliotik
malformasi kongenital
malformasi vaskuler tumor
3. Infeksi : meningitis, ensefalitis,
meningoensefalitis, abses serebri, lues, SLE
Pathofhysiologic defect
Stafstrom C, 1998
Penyebab sesuai umur
o Kurang tidur
o Stres emosional
o Kelelahan fisik
o Infeksi
o Demam
o Alkohol
o Rangsangan cahaya
o Obat tertentu
o Perubahan hormonal
o Rangsangan suara
Patofisiologi
Epileptic seizures
Paroxysmal hypersynchronous transient
electrical discharges in the brain that result
from too much excitation or too little
inhibition in the area in which the abnormal
discharge starts
Patofisiologi
Eksitasi > Inhibisi
Stafstrom C, 1998
Patofisiologi
Stafstrom C, 1998
Basic Mechanisms Underlying seizures and Epilepsy
Ionic channel
Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl-
Lignad-gated Channel
excitatory - Glutamate
inhibitory - GABA
psikis
Sederhana
Kompleks
Lena/absence
Mioklonik
Tonik
Umum
Klonik
Tonik klonik
Atonik
Klasifikasi Bangkitan Epilepsi
I. Partial (focal, local) seizures
A. Simple partial seizures (consciousness not impaired)
1. With motor sign
2. With sensory symptoms
3. With autonomic symptoms or signs
4. With psychic symptoms
B. Complex partial seizures (temporal lobe or psychomotor seizures; consciousness impaired)
1. Simple partial onset, followed by impairment
a. With simple partial features (A.1-A.4), followed by impaired consciousness
b. With automatisms
2. With impairment of consciousness at onset
a. With impairment of consciousness only
b. With automatisms
C. Partial seizures evolving to secondarily generalized seizures (tonic-clonic, tonic or clonic)
1. Simple partial seizures (A) evolving to generalized seizures
2. Complex partial seizures (B) evolving to generalized seizured
3. Simple partial seizures evolving to complex partial seizures, evolving to generalized seizures
II. Generalized seizures (convulsive or nonconvulsive)
A. Absence (petit mal) seizures
B. Myoclonic seizures
C. Tonic seizures
D. Atonic seizures
E. Clonic seizures
F. Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures
III. Unclassified epileptic seizures (caused by incomplete data)
International Classification of Epileptic Seizures
Parsial n general
The pathways
for seizure propagation
in partial seizures
and primary generalized
seizures (Lothman 1993)
Parsial n general
Stafstrom C, 1998
Absence/Lena
5. ANTIDEPRESANT/ ANTIPSYCHOTIC:
Phenothiazines, Tricyclik antidepresant, Anticholinergic drugs,
Lithium, Clozapine
6. STIMULANTS: Aminophylline, Doxapram, Theophyline,
Amphetamine
7. ANESTHETICS: Methohexital, Ketamine, Halothane,
Propofol, Althesin
8. WITHDRAWL SEIZURES: Alcohol, Benzodiazepin,
Barbiturat
9. OTHER ANTIEPILEPTIC drugs: Amphetamin, Opiates
10. RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST: Meglumin derivats, Metrizamide
11. ANTIMALARIA drugs: Mefloquine, Chloroquine, Praguanil
12. ANTISPASTIC drug: Baclofen
Epilepsy and Non Epilepsy Event
Bangkitan epilepsi ?
Jenis bangkitan
Pola/bentuk bangkitan
Lama bangkitan
Gejala sblm, selama, pasca bangkitan
Frekuensi
Pencetus
Penyakit penyerta
Usia bangkitan pertama
Riw ante, perinatal, perkembangan
Riw tx epilepsi sblmnya
Riw keluarga
Pedoman Tatalaksana Epilepsi Pokdi Epilepsi Perdossi 2006
EEG
Menegakkan dx
Menentukan prognosis
Pertimbangan penghentian OAE
Menentukan letak fokus
Bila terdapat perubahan bentuk bangkitan
Imaging indikasi
Bangkitan
> 30 menit
Atau adanya 2 bangkitan atau lebih dimana
diantaranya tidak terdapat pemulihan
kesadaran
Stadium 2 Stadium 3
Pemberian rumatan
(30 – 90 menit )
Antipiretik
- Acetaminofen 10 - 15mg/kg/x ( 4x/hr)
- Ibuprofen 5 - 10 mg/kg/x (3-4 x/hr)
Antikonvulsan
- Dzp oral 0,3mg/kg/8j (demam)
- Dzp rektal 0,5 - 0,75mg/kg (kejang)
Terapi OAE
Stafstrom C, 1998
Action of AED
Stafstrom C, 1998
Mekanism OAE
Dosis OAE < 6 th
Obat Dosis Awal Jumlah Kadar tx Jenis bangkitan
Mg/kg/hr dosis/hr tercapai
Clonazepam 1 4 2 – 10
Target
Most Standard No of plasma
Starting Common maintenance drug
Drug Indication Daily dose(range) Doses concentr.
dose / day (range)
Dose mg/kg/day
g/ml
CBZ Partial & GTCS 400 600 600-1200 2-3 4-12
PHT Partial & GTCS /SE 300 300 300-500 1 10-20
VPA Partial & GTCS 500-1000 1000 1000-3000 2 50-150
BAR Partial & GTCS 60-90 120 90-120 1 10-40
Neonatal seizure/SE
PMD Partial & GTCS 100-125 500 250-1500 3 5-12
ETX Generalized absense 500 1000 1000-2000 2 40-120
seizure
CNP Myoclonic epilepsi, L 1 4 2-8 1 or 2 none
Gestaut Syndrome
infantile spasm / SE
ESO OAE
Terapi bedah
Stimulasi nervus vagus
Modifikasi tingkah laku
Relaksasi
Mengurangi do OAE