“ELIMINASI URINE”
Disusun Oleh :
Nim : PO71202200001
A. LATAR BELAKANG
Eliminasi urin merupakan salah dari proses metabolik tubuh. Zat yang tidak
dibutuhkan, dikeluarkan melalui paru-paru, kulit, ginjal dan pencernaan. Paru-paru secara
primer mengeluarkan karbondioksida, sebuah bentuk gas yang dibentuk selama metabolisme
pada jaringan. Hampir semua karbondioksida dibawa keparu-paru oleh sistem vena
dan diekskresikan melalui pernapasan. Kulit mengeluarkan air dan natrium / keringat. Ginjal
merupakan bagian tubuh primer yang utama untuk mengekskresikan kelebihan cairan
tubuh, elektrolit, ion-ion hidrogen, dan asam.
Eliminasi urin secara normal bergantung pada satu pemasukan cairan dan sirkulasi
volume darah, jika salah satunya menurun, pengeluaran urin akan menurun. Pengeluaran urin juga
berubah pada seseorang dengan penyakit ginjal, yang mempengaruhi kuantitas, urin dan
kandungan produk sampah didalam urin. Usus mengeluarkan feses dan beberapa cairan dari tubuh.
Pengeluaran feses melalui evakuasi usus besar biasanya menjadi sebuah pola pada usia 30 sampai
36 bulan.
B. RUMUSAN MASALAH
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Eliminasi Urine ?
2. Apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhi Eliminasi Urine ?
3. Bagaimanakah Struktur Anatomi Perkemihan ?
4. Apa saja macam-macam Eliminasi Urine ?
C. TUJUAN
1. Mahasiswa mampu memahami konsep eliminasi urine
2. Mahasiswa mampu memahami faktor yang mempengaruhi Eliminasi Urine
3. Mahasiswa mengetahui struktur anatomi eliminasi urine
4. Mahasiswa mampu memahami macam-macam eliminasi urine
BAB II
TINJAUAN TEORI
A. DEFINISI
Eliminasi merupakan kebutuhan dalam manusia yang esensial dan berperan dalam
menentukan kelangsungan hidup manusia. Eliminasi dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan
homeostasis melalui pembuangan sisa-sisa metabolisme. Secara garis besar, sisa metabolisme
tersebut terbagi ke dalam dua jenis yaitu sampah yang berasal dari saluran cerna yang dibuang
sebagai feces (nondigestible waste) serta sampah metabolisme yang dibuang baik bersama feses
ataupun melalui saluran lain seperti urine, CO2, nitrogen, dan H2O. Gangguan eliminasi urinarius
adalah suatu keadan dimana seorang individu mengalami gangguan dalam pola berkemih
Mikturisi ialah proses pengosongan kandung kemih setelah terisi dengan urin.
Mikturisi melibatkan 2 tahap utama, yaitu:
Pusat saraf miksi berada pada otak dan spinal cord (tulang belakang) Sebagian besar
pengosongan di luar kendali tetapi pengontrolan dapat di pelajari “latih”. Sistem saraf
simpatis : impuls menghambat Vesika Urinaria dan gerak spinchter interna, sehingga
otot detrusor relax dan spinchter interna konstriksi. Sistem saraf parasimpatis: impuls
menyebabkan otot detrusor berkontriksi, sebaliknya spinchter relaksasi terjadi
MIKTURISI (normal: tidak nyeri).
No Usia Jumlah/Haari
1 1 – 2 Hari 15- 60 ml
2 3 – 10 Hari 100 – 300 ml
3 10 – 2 bulan 250 – 400 ml
4 2 bln – 1 tahun 400 – 500 ml
5 1 – 3 tahun 500 – 600 ml
6 3 – 5 tahun 600 – 700 ml
7 5 – 8 tahun 700 – 1000 ml
8 8 – 13 tahun 800 – 1400 ml
9 14 – dewasa > 1500 ml
10 Dewasa tua ≤ 1500 ml
Makan/minum
Mandi
Toileting
Berpakaian
Berpindah
Ambulasi ROM
2.ANALISA DATA
Subjektif Objektif
a. Klien mengeluh nyeri pada perut a. Klien tampak pucat
b. Klien mengeluh sering bolak balik ke b. Klien tampak memegangi perutnya
kamar mandi untuk buang air kecil c. Klien tampak tidak dapat menahan diri
c. Klien mengatakan urinenya berwarna saat akan buang air kecil
gelap d. Feses klien tampak berwarna gelap
d. Klien mengatakan susah melakukan buang e. Tampak adanya distensi abdomen pada
air kecil klien
e. Klien mengatakan jarang minum air
f. Klien mengatakan tidak dapat merasakan
keinginan untuk buang air kecil
g. Klien mengatakan tidak dapat
menghambat buang air kecil secara
volunter
North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA). 2012. Diagnosis Keperawatan 2012-
2014. Jakarta : Penerbit Buku Kedoteran EGC.
Dwi Widiarti. 2010. Buku Ajar Fundamental Keperawatan. Jakarta : Buku Kedokteran EGC.
Musrifatul Uliyah. 2012. Buku Ajar Kebutuhan Manusia edisi 1. Surabaya : Health-Books
Publishing.
Aziz Alimul, Musrifatul Uliyah. 2016. Buku Ajar Ilmu Keperawatan Dasar. Jakarta : Salemba
Medika
PATOFISIOLOGI
Urin menumpuk
Mengurangi haluan dikantong kemih
urine Urine keluar tanpa
disadari
SOP Pemasangan Kateter Urine
Pengertia Tata cara melakukan pemasangan kateter untuk mengeluarkan air kencing
n
Tujuan Sebagai acuan pelaksanaan pemasangan kateter untuk mengeluarkan air
kencing
Kebijakan -1 Perawat yang terampil
-2 Tersedia alat-alat lengkap
Prosedur PERSIAPAN ALAT :
1. Slang kateter 8. Kasa dalam tempatnya
2. Aqua jelly 9. Betadine
3. Sarung tangan 10. Urobag
4. Aquadest dalam kom 11. Stik pan / urinal
5. Spuit 5 cc 12. Pinset
6. Plester 13. Bengkok
7. Gunting 14. perlak
PENATALAKSANAAN :
1. memberikan penjelasan kepada keluarga dan pasien
2. mendekatkan peralatan disamping penderita
3. memasang perlak dan petugas mencuci tangan
4. memakai sarung tangan
5. mengatur posisi pasien
PADA LAKI-LAKI
6. mengolesi slang kateter dengan aqua jelly
7. tangan kiri dengan kasa memegang penis sampai tegak ± 60O
8. tangan kanan memasukkan ujung kateter dan mendorong secara pelan-
pelan sampai urine keluar
PADA WANITA
9. jari tangan kiri dengan kapas cebok membuka labia
10. tangan kanan memasukkan ujung kateter dan mendorong secara pelan-
pelan sampai urine keluar
11. bila urine telah keluar, pangkal kateter dihubungkan dengan urine bak
12. kunci kateter dengan larutuan Aqua/NS (20-30cc)
13. mengobservasi respon pasien
14. menggantungkan urobag disisi tempat tidur pasien
15. memfiksasi kateter dengan plester pada paha bagian atas
16. klien dirapikan
17. alat-alat dibersihkan dan dibereskan
18. Dokter cuci tangan
19. mencatat kegiatan respon pasien pada catatan keperawatan
Unit Rawat inap, KABER
terkait
Tugas Video Yang Dianalisis yaitu Pemasangan Kateter yang diambil dari :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p470MUGiSOU
ANALISIS JURNAL
Jurnal 1
Judul : Pengaruh Senam Kegel Terhadap Pola Eliminasi Urin Pada Ibu Pasca
Seksio Sesarea Dengan Spinal Anestesi Di Rumah Sakit Panti Wilasa
Citarum Semarang
Peneliti : Yulia Kartika Sari, Machmudah, Sayono
Tahun : 2015
Jurnal 2
Jurnal 3
JURNAL 1
ABSTRAK
Menurut WHO terdapat peningkatan persalinan dengan seksio sesarea diseluruh negara
selama tahun 2007-2008 yaitu 110.000 perkelahiran di seluruh Asia. Persalinan operasi
sesarea umumnya berlangsung sekitar satu jam. Salah satu anestesi yang digunakan pada
pembedahan sesarea yaitu anestesi regional (anestesi spinal). Anestesi ini diperlukan dalam
proses operasi yang bertujuan untuk memblokir transmisi sistem saraf untuk menghilangkan
nyeri akibat pembedahan. Anestesi ini memperlambat kecepatan glomerolus, sehingga
keluaran urin akan menurun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Perbedaan frekuensi
berkemih dan volume cairan urin sebelum dan sesudah senam kegel pada pasien ibu pasca
seksio sesarea dengan spinal anestesi di RS Panti Wilasa Citarum Semarang. Desain
penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen, dengan menggunakan rancangan posstest with control
group. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu 32 responden, 16 kelompok intervensi dan 16
kelompok kontrol dengan tehnik purposive sampling. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan
mann whiteny didapatkan nilai p=0,238 (<0,005) dan Hasil ujiindependent t-test diperoleh
nilai p=0,102 (<0,005). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan
yang signifikan frekuensi berkemih dan volume cairan urin sebelum dan sesudah senam kegel
pada ibu pasca seksio sesarea.
Kata kunci :senam kegel, frekuensi berkemih, volume cairan urin, dan seksio sesarea
.
ABSTRACT
Based on WHO, there have been an increase of 110.000 births with cesarean risk all over
Asian countries in 2007 – 2008. Caesarean operation generally lasts for about an hour. One of
the anesthesia applied in caesarean surgery is regional anesthesia (spinal anesthesia). The
anesthesia is meant to block the nervous system transmission to eliminate the pain due to the
surgery. Anesthesia slows down the glomerolus speed so that the urine discharge is also
slowing down. This study is aimed to figure out the difference of urinating frequency and
urine volume before and after Kegel exercise to the post C-section surgery mother with spinal
anesthesia at Panti Wilasa Citarum Hospital of Semarang. The design of this study is Quasi
Experimentwith posttest for the control group. By purposive sampling, there are 32
respondents as the samples of this study, which are then divided into 2 groups i.e, 16
respondents for intervention group, and 16 respondents for control group. The result of mann
whitenyanalysis test indicates that p=0,238 (<0,005) dan the result of independent t-test
reveals p=0,102 (<0,005).Thus, it can be concluded that there is no significant difference of
urinating frequency and urine volume before and after Kegel exercise to the post C-section
surgery mother.
Key Words :Kegel exercise, Urinating Frequency, Urine Volume, C-section
PENDAHULUAN dilakukan dengan memberikan intervensi
sederhana non bedah dan non famakologi.
Sesarea adalah jalan alternatif melahirkan
Intervensi yang dapat diberikan antara lain
seorang bayi oleh praktisi (medis) dengan
dengan menggunakan metode bladder
jalan pembedahan yang dilakukan di
training. Metode ini dapat diaplikasikan
dinding abdomen dan rahim ibu (Indiarti,
pada saat ibu miksi atau buang air seni pada
2007, hlm.43).Persalinan operasi
waktu sesuai dengan jadwal meskipun ada
saesarea umumnya berlangsung sekitar
sensasi ingin miksi atau tidak karena haal ini
satu jam. Salah satu anestesi yang
akan membantu meningkatkan tonus otot
digunakan pada pembedahan sesarea yaitu
kandung kemih dan kontrol volunter
anestesi regional (anestesi spinal)
Nursalam (2009).
(Smeltzer & Bare, 2002,
hlm.452).Anestesi ini diperlukan dalam Lebih lanjut lagi intervensi yang dapat
proses operasi yang bertujuan untuk dilakukan untuk mengontrol frekuensi dan
memblokir transmisi sistem saraf untuk volume urin antara lain dengan metode
menghilangkan nyeri akibat senam kegel atau kegel exercise
pembedahan.Normalnya dalam waktu 6 – (Nursalam (2009). Senam kegel adalah
8 jam setelah anestesi, pasien akan tehnik yang digunakan untuk
mendapatkan kontrol fungsi kemih secara mengencangkan atau menguatkan otot
involunter tergantung pada jenis vagina. Ini adalah salah satu cara alamiah
pembedahan(Barbara Kozier et al., 2010, untuk memperkuat otot pelvis, baik untuk
hlm.860). dilakukan wanita ataupun pria (Novita,
2011, hlm.56).
Anestesi spinal juga dapat menimbulkan
resiko retensi urin, dikarenakan Tindakan ini telah terbukti dapat
ketidakmampuan merasakan keinginan meningkatkan kekuatan otot yang dapat
berkemih dan ketidakmampuan otot mengurangi masalah perkemihan, dengan
kandung kemih dan sfingter uretra melatih otot pubococcygeus sehingga
berespons (Potter & Perry, 2010, mengembalikan fungsi berkemih yang
hlm.347).Berkemih yang normalnya normalnya melibatkan kontraksi kandung
melibatkan kontraksi kandung kemih ini kemih.
dipersarafi oleh saraf dari pelvis. Baik Dari fenomena yang peneliti temukan
sensori maupun motorik. Pengaktifan masih banyak rumah sakit yang belum
saraf parasimpatis menyebabkan maksimal dalam memberikan perawatan
kontraksi dari otot detrusor. Normalnya, pada ibu pasca seksio sesarea.Selama ini
sfingter interna pada leher kandung kemih perawat lebih cenderung berfokus pada
berkontraksi dan akan relaksasi ketika kondisi fisik ibu dan menggunakan terapi
otot kandung kemih berkontraksi. farmakologi seperti pemberian obat-
Sedangkan sfingter eksterna dikontrol obatan.Jadi intervensi keperawatan untuk
berdasarkan kesadaran (volunter) dan mengembalikan fungsi otot
dipersarafi oleh nervus pudendal yang pubococcygeus agar dapaat mengontrol
merupakan serat saraf somatik (Tarwoto, volunter sehingga keluaran frekuensi dan
2010, hlm.95).Upaya dalam mengontrol volume urin tetap pada rentang normal
frekuensi dan volume urin dapat menggunakan terapi non farmakologi
seperti metode senam kegel masih
jarang dilakukan di rumah sakit.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk
menganalisis pengaruh senam kegel
terhadap
A. METODE PENELITIAN
k
a
r
e HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
n
a 1. Karakteristik responden berdasarkan usia
d
Tabel 1 Berdasarkan
a
tabel 1 diperoleh
t Karakteristik
hasil bahwa
a responden
rerata usia
berdasarkan
responden pada
b usia ibu
kelompok yang
e dengan
diberi senam
r seksio
kegel adalah 28
d sesareadi RS
tahun dengan
i Panti Wilasa
standar deviasi
s Citarum
3,187dan
t Semarang
r bulan Maret-
i A
b p
u r
s i
i l
n 2
o 0
r 1
m 5
a
l (
n
d =
a 3
n 2
)
t
i
d Diberi
Vari senam
a kegel
k a M Ma Rata
bel i ks
n
n
o
Usia 25 35
r
m
Total 16
a
l
.
Berdas e urin
arkan dalam
tabel 2 rentag
dipero yang
leh sama
hasil yang
bahwa artinya
respon kedua
den kelompo
denga k
n berat memliki
badan keseraga
pada man
kelom berat
pok badan
yang yang
diberi sama
senam sehingga
kegely tidak ada
aitu68 pengaruh
kg berat
respon badan
den terhadap
dan frekuensi
yang dan
tidak volume
diberi urin.
senam
kegel 3. Karakteri
stik
yaitu responde
67 kg. n
Pada berdasark
an
kedua
frekuensi
kelom berkemih
pok sebelum
rerata dan
frekue setelah
nsi dilakuka
dan n senam
kegel.
volum
Pengaruh senam kegel terhadap pola
eliminsi urin pada ibu pasca..… (Sari, Y.K,
2015)
Tabel 3 Sebelum
diberika 350 160 788,7 367,639
n 0 5
frekuensi berkemih ibu pasca seksio
Setelah
sesarea sebelum dilakukan senam diberikan600 140 971,2 227,651
kegel di RS Panti Wilasa Citarum 0 5
Semarang (n=32)
Berdasarkan tabel 4 menunjukkan bahwa
volume urin ibu pasca seksio sesarea pada
kelompok yang tidak dilakukan senam
Mi Mak Mean Standa kegel paling sedikit yaitu 350 cc, paling
n s r
banyak 1600 cc dan rata-ratanya 789 cc.
Pada kelompok yang melakukan senam
Sebelu kegel paling sedikit 600 cc, paling banyak
m 3.0 6.00 4,187 0,91 1400 cc dan rata-ratanya 971 cc. Menurut
diberik 0 5 05
an teori Potter & Perry (2010, hm.344)
Setelah menyatakan bahwa mengkonsumsi cairan
diberikan 3.0 8.00 4,687 1,13
0 5 83 tertentu juga dapat mempengaruhi produksi
dan keluaran urin. Kopi, teh, coklat, dan
minuman kola yang
Berdasarkan tabel 3 didapatkan pada
karakteristik frekuensi ibu pasca 5. pengaruh senam kegel terhadap
seksio sesarea yang tidak dilakukan frekuensi berkemih ibu pasca seksio
sesarea
senam kegel paling sedikit yaitu 3 kali
dan paling banyak 6 kali dan rata-
ratanya 4 kali dengan standar deviasi Tabel 5
0,9105.frekuensi berkemih ibu pasca Pengaruh senam kegel terhadap frekuensi
seksio sesarea setelah dilakukan berkemih ibu pasca seksio sesarea di RS
senam kegel paling sedikit yaitu 3 kali Panti Wilasa Citarum Semarang
dan paling banyak 8 kali dan rata- (n=32)
ratanya 5 kali dengan standar deviasi
1,1383.
P
4. Karakteristik responden berdasarkan Variabe n mi ma me SD
val
volume urinibu pasca seksio sesarea l n ks an
ue
sebelum dan setelah dilakukan senam 1 0,23
kegel kontrol 6 3 6 4,4 1,0 8
Tabel 4 4 45
Volume urin ibu pasca seksio perlaku 1 3 8 1,5 0,5
6
an 0 08
sesarea setelah dilakukan senam
kegel Maret- April 2015
(n=32) Berdasarkan tabel 5 didapatkan rata-rata
frekuensi berkemih pada kelompok
perlakuan yaitu sebanyak 4 kali dengan
Standa standar deviasi 1,045 dan pada kelompok
Min Mak Mean r
s deviasi kontrol sebanyak 2 kali dengan standar
deviasi 1,50. Hasil uji mann whiteny
)
didapatkan nilai p=0,238 maka dapat disimpulkan Hasil uji statistik
disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh bahwa tidak ada menggunakan
senam kegel terhadap frekuensi pengaruh senam independent-t test
berkemih ibu pasca seksio sesarea di kegel terhadap diperoleh nilai
rumah sakit pantiwilasa citarum volume cairan p=0,102 dengan
semarang. urin pada ibu perbedaan rerata
seksio sesarea yaitu 182,50,
Ibu pasca seksio sesarea akan
dirumah sakit maka Ho diterima
mengalami kesulitan berkemih sesudah
pantiwilasa dan Ha ditolak
mengalami pemasangan kateter kandung
citarum artinya tidak
kemih, pembiusan, dan pembedahan
semarang terdapat pengaruh
perut hal ini, dapat ditangani dengan
senam kegel
pemberian senam kegel. Senam kegel Faktor yang
dengan pola
yaitu tehnik yang digunakan untuk memengaruhi
eliminasi urin
mengencangkan atau menguatkan otot eliminasi urin
pada ibu pasca
vagina. Senam ini akan memberikan menurut Potter
seksio sesarea.
pengaruh yang baik terhadap & Perry, (2010,
kemampuan fisik manusia bila hlm.347)yaitu Meskipun senam
dilaksanakan dengan baik dan terarah frekuensi, kegel menurut
(Setyoadi, 2011, hlm.130). nokturia, Kushariyadi
urgensi, disuria, (2011, hlm.132)
6. pengaruh senam kegel terhadap
volume urin ibu pasca seksio sesarea enuresis, bermanfaat untuk
inkontinensia, memperbaiki
retensi, dan ketidakmampuan
Tabel 6
kandung kemih menahan kencing
Pengaruh senam kegel terhadap neurogenik dengan melatih
volume urin ibu pasca seksio sesarea di (Barbara Kozier otot
RS Panti Wilasa Citarum Semarang et al., 2010, pubococcygeus
(n=32) hlm.860). (PC) atau pelvic
rata volume Anestesi spinal floor muscle.
cairan urin pada juga dapat Meningkatkan
Vari kelompok menimbulkan kekuatan otot
n mi ma
perlakuan adalah resiko retensi dasar panggul
ab n x
971 cc dan pada urin, serta sfingter
el dikarenakan uretra agar dapat
kelompok
kontrol adalah ketidakmampua tertutup dengan
kontr 3 n merasakan baik.Namun hasil
o 1 5 16 789 cc. Hasil uji
6 0 00 keinginan penelitian senam
l independent t-
perla 6 test diperoleh berkemih dan Kegel tidak
k 1 0 14
6 0 00 nilai p=0,102 ketidakmampua berpengaruh
uan
dengan n otot kandung besar terhadap
perbedaan rerata kemih dan pola eliminasi
Berdasarkan yaitu 182,50 sfingter uretra urin. Hal ini dapat
tabel 6 maka dapat berespons. dilihat dari hasil
didapatkan rata-
)
penelitian yang didapatkan pola eliminasi
menunjukkan nilai mean urin seperti
bahwa rata-rata 1,50. Meski gangguan
pengaruh terlihat saluran
sebelum senam kenaikan nilai kemih, berat
kegel terhadap mean dari badan, jenis
pola eliminasi sebelum dan anestesi dan
urin sesudah jenis seksio
berdasarkan dilakukan sesarea.
frekuensi cairan senam kegel, SIMPULAN
berkemih namun dari
memiliki mean hasil tersebut Berdasarkan
4,44, setelah tidak ada hasil
dilakukan pengaruh penelitian ini
senam kegel senam kegel dapat
didapatkan pola terhadap pola disimpulkan
eliminasi urin eliminasi urin. bahwa tidak
berdasarkan Hal ini dapat ada pengaruh
frekuensi cairan terjadi karena senam kegel
berkemih senam kegel terhadap pola
tidak eliminasi urin
dilakukan pada ibu
secara terarah pasca seksio
dan sesarea di
benar.Sesuai Rumah Sakit
dengan Panti Wilasa
pendapat. Citarum
Semarang.
Melania,
(2010) yang
menyatakan
bahwa senam
Kegel yang
dilakukan
dengan terarah
dan benar
berpengaruh
terhadap
pencegahan
inkontinensia
urin dan juga
terdapat factor
lain yang
mempengaruhi
)
D. SARAN Kozier, barbara., Erb, Glenora., Berman,
Audrey., Synder, J, Shirlee. (2010).
Berdasarkan dari hasil penelitian yang Buku ajar fundamental keperawatan
diperoleh ada beberapa saran bagi pihak- konsep, proses, & praktik
pihak terkait, antara lain: “fundamental of nursing: concepts,
1. Bagi Rumah Sakit dan Masyarakat process, and practice”. Edisi 7
Diharapkan rumah sakit dapat volume
memberikan arahan kepada ibu pasca 1. Jakarta:EGC
seksio sesarea agar dapat melakukan S. (2011).Terapi Modalitas Keperawatan
senam kegel secara benar dan pada Klien Psikogeriatrik. Jakarta:
dilakukan sedini mungkin untuk Salemba Medika
pencegahan gangguan pola eliminasi
I.G.B. (2012).Teknik Operasi Obstetri
urin. Dan bagi ibu pasca seksio
dan Keluarga Berencana.Jakarta :
sesarea agar dapat mempraktikan
Trans Info Media
senam kegelsecara benar untuk
penguatan otot panggul. Masjoer, A. et al. (2005). Kapita Selekta
2. Bagi Pendidikan Keperawatan Kedokteran. Edisi 3.Jakarta : Media
Hasil penelitian ini disarankan dapat Aesculapius
menjadi bahan bacaan bagi mahasiswa Melania, Enny. (2010). Efektifitas kegel
dalam menyusun karya tulis ilmiah dan exercise terhadap
landasan dasar bagi institusi pendidikan pencegahan
keperawatan untuk mengaplikasikan inkontinensia urin pada ibu post
teori partum
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Orthopaedic Rehabilitation
articleinfo abstract
Antibiotic
ConsultYes treatment
Hydronephrosis
urology
No
Successful
TWOC
Fail
Try TWOC
Reinsertion of Foley every 2 wk
8
wk
Old-age home
Home or private
with registered
old-age home
nurse
Refer
Community
Fail Successful
Reassess voiding
4 TWOC again
efficiency & UTI
Urology nurse clinic
wk
Exclude female successful cases
Specialist outpatient clinic
4
urologist assessment & treatment
wk
*Wk counted from date of OT / conservative treatment
Figure 1. Trial without catheter programme model in O&T. AROU ¼ acute retention of urine; O&T
¼ orthopaedics and traumatology; TWOC ¼ trial without catheter; UTI ¼ urinary tract infection; OT
¼ operation.
In 2011, the trial without catheter (TWOC) d 12 and r 15. The standardized difference
programme, which was a multidisciplinary was d/ r 12/15 0.80. The line connecting a
urological management protocol, was standardized difference of
implemented in our centre. The TWOC 0.80 and a power of 90% cut the sample size axis at
programme (Figure 1) was designed under the
~66. Therefore,
collaboration of urologists, orthopaedic sur-
geons, ward nurses, urology nurses, day ward ~33 patients were required for each group.
nurses, and com- munity nurses. The programme
Intervention group
took care of patients throughout the acute,
rehabilitation, and community phases by a From December 2012 to September 2014, we had
multidisci- plinary approach. It was initially 1349 patients who suffered from geriatric hip
designed to cover all eligible pa- tients who fractures and underwent surgery. We defined AROU
suffered from hip fractures, lower limb fractures, when the postvoiding residual urine volume was
and pelvic fractures with conservative or surgical
intervention. Our study only focused on the > 300 mL. Among these patients, 140 developed
patient group with geriatric hip fractures that AROU. The patients were managed according to a
were treated with surgery. TWOC protocol. A bladder scan was performed
when AROU was suspected, irrespective of the time
of surgery. Bladder scan was also performed in all
Methods patients post- operatively after removal of the
urinary catheter to document the residual urine
We retrospectively reviewed the efficiency volume. TWOC was considered successful if the
and effectiveness of the TWOC programme pa- tient was able to void and the residual urine
with respect to the urological management volume was < 300 mL. Afterwards, a postvoiding
outcomes of patients with hip fractures in our bladder scan would be repeated for two more times
orthopaedic reha- bilitation centre. We to ascertain successful TWOC. Moreover, a bladder
included 250 patients with the following scan would be performed again at any moment
criteria to the study: (1) were 65 years of age before discharge when AROU was suspected.
or older; (2) had femoral neck, trochanteric, or
subtrochanteric fractures; (3) un- derwent The TWOC programme was developed based on
surgery with internal fixation or arthroplasty the urological management guidelines.9e16 Once
performed under spinal or general anaesthesia; AROU was detected, the imme- diate treatment
and (4) suffered from retention of urine. included the following: (1) insertion of an
Patients with (1) permanent urinary catheter indwelling urethral catheter for documentation of
prior to admission, (2) active UTI, (3) the residual urine volume; (2) saving a urine sample
obstructive uropathy, and (4) urolithiasis for culture and sensitivity test; (3) checking renal
causing hydronephrosis were excluded from function; and (4) performing Kidney, Ureter &
the study. Two separate urinary management Bladder (KUB) X-ray to look for urinary stones.
approaches were imple- mented for these UTIs that were confirmed by positive urine culture
patients. We used Altman's nomogram8 to es- would be treated with antibi- otics. If urinary stones
timate the sample size of patients that was were suspected, early ultrasonography of the renal
necessary to have 90% power to detect a 12- system would be arranged. Urologists would be
point difference in the catheter time be- tween consulted directly if there was hydronephrosis or
the two groups at the 5% significance level. obvious renal impairment
We assumed that the standard deviation of the
catheter time was ~15. We used the nomogram
to estimate the required sample sizes of two
groups, with
that patients failed to void for several hours.
AROU would be confirmed by performing a
that responded to drainage of urine, signifying
urinary bladder scanning. The criteria of defining
the presence of obstructive uropathy.17
AROU varied according to individual doctor's
Prior to the trial of weaning off the urinary clinical judgement, with the post- voiding
catheter, some prerequisite actions including residual urine volume being 500 mL. Among
pain control, constipation, and hy- dration these pa- tients, 110 developed AROU. Once
management were carried out. The TWOC AROU was detected, decisions regarding the
would be carried out according to the insertion of a urinary catheter, the plan of
following schedule, counting from the date of weaning off the catheter, consultation with a
surgery. (1) TWOC would be carried out every surgeon, and a referral to a urol- ogist clinic were
2 weeks after insertion of a catheter during made by the orthopaedic doctor in charge or the
hospitalization. (2) When patients failed to surgeon after consultation. The immediate
wean off a catheter before discharge, TWOC treatment included: (1) insertion of an indwelling
would be carried out by a community nurse at urethral catheter for documentation of the
home or at elderly homes at the eighth week residual urine volume and (2) saving a urine
after surgery. TWOC would be carried out at sample for culture and sensitivity test.
the surgical day ward when elderly homes Symptomatic UTIs would be treated with an-
were not covered by com- munity nursing tibiotics. Investigations for obstructive uropathy,
services. (3) If the TWOC in patients urinary stones, and hydronephrosis were not
performed by a community nurse or a day performed.
ward nurse failed, it would be carried out by a
Prior to the trial of weaning off a urinary
urology nurse at the nurse clinic at twelfth
catheter, no stan- dardized prerequisite actions
week after surgery. The urology nurse would
including pain control, constipation, and
also check for patient's voiding efficiency,
hydration management were carried out. The
carry out some baseline urological
TWOC would be performed according to the
investigations such as uroflowmetry before
following schedule: (1) during hospi- talization,
attending urology specialist clinic, and pro-
TWOC was carried out by ward nurses every 2
vide education to patients.
weeks during the routine change of urinary
In the sixteenth week, all the male patients catheter; (2) when patients failed to wean off a
in whom TWOC was successful or failed catheter before discharge, no further TWOC
would be referred to a urology specialist to would be carried out. Catheters were changed on
rule out the possibility of prostatic or other a biweekly basis by community nurses or nursing
urological pathology. Female patients would staff in elderly homes; (3) there was no scheduled
be referred only to a specialist clinic when follow-up in the urology nurse clinic. TWOC
TWOC was unsuccessful. would be carried out by a surgical day ward
nurse for individual patients as prescribed by
individual surgeons during consultation; and (4)
Control group some patients were referred to a urology
specialist clinic by the orthopaedic doctor in
From July 2006 to December 2008, 1193
charge or the surgeon after consultation
patients suffered from geriatric hip fractures
and underwent surgery. Patients were not Results
routinely assessed with a bladder scanner on We performed all statistical analyses using
admission. During hospitalization, AROU SPSS software (version 20.0; SPSS Inc.,
would be suspected according to patients' Chicago, IL, USA). We used≤Chi-square tests
complaints, or when the nursing staff observed
Table 1
Conducting a trial for removal of urinary Control group Intervention group (n ¼ 140)
catheter (%) (n ¼ 110) c2 p
n (%) n (%)
Successful removal of urinary catheter in 42 (38.2) 96 (68.6) 23.0 <0.0
orthopaedic wards before discharge 05 01y
Successful removal of urinary catheter by 0 (0.0) 19 (13.6) d d
community nurses
Successful removal of urinary catheter in 0 (0.0) 9 (6.4) d d
urology nurse clinic
Successful removal of urinary catheter in 20 (18.2) 0 (0.0) d d
surgical day ward
Removal tried, but failed with long-term 8 (7.3) 16 (11.4) 1.22 0.26
urinary catheter 6 8
Removal not tried with long-term urinary 40 (36.4) 0 (0.0) d d
catheter
* Chi-square for proportions.
y
p < 0.001.
Table 3
Comparison of urinary catheter time for successful TWOC in control and intervention groups*
(n ¼ 140)
n (%)Mean n (%) Mean
(SD) (SD)
Successful removal of urinary catheter in 42 31.40 96 18.55 4.533
orthopaedic wards before discharge (38.2 (12.06) (68.6) (16.54) <0.001y
)
Successful removal of urinary catheter by 0 0 19 63.42 d d
community nurses (0.0) (0.0) (13.6) (10.60)
Successful removal of urinary catheter in 0 0 9 88.33 d d
urology nurse clinic (0.0) (0.0) (6.4) (18.54)
Successful removal of urinary catheter in 20 130.85 0 0 d d
surgical day ward (18.2 (103.73 (0.0) (0.0)
) )
Total catheter time 62 63.48 124 30.49 4.340
(63.5 (75.14) (30.5) (27.81)
) <0.001y
SD ¼ standard deviation; TWOC ¼ trial without catheter.
*
Patients with failed TWOC were excluded.
y
p < 0.001.
to compare categorical variables and independent Patients in the intervention group achieved a
t tests to compare the changes of continuous higher rate of successful TWOC (p < 0.001,
variables between groups. Statistical significance Table 2). The indwelling urethral catheters
was conferred by a two-tailed p value of were successfully removed in 96 patients
≤ 0.05. The groups were comparable in terms (68.6%) in or- thopaedic wards before they
of baseline charac- teristics (Table 1). The rate were discharged. The catheters were
of successful catheter removal (Table 2), successfully removed in 28 more patients in
duration required for successful catheter the community, of which 19 (13.6%) were
removal (Table 3), and number of episodes of removed by community nurses and 9 (6.4%) in
UTI (Table 4) were reported. Finally, the a urology nurse clinic. The overall successful
length of hospital stay in both the intervention rate of TWOC was 88.6%. In the control
group and the control group was also studied. group, 42 patients (38.2%) had their catheters
removed successfully before discharge, and 20
(18.2%) had their
Table 4
Comparison of urinary tract infection before removal of urinary catheter in control and
intervention groups*
Limitations
We may have missed some cases of AROU in the control group since bladder scans
was not routinely performed. Moreover, since urinary catheter was inserted in a higher
residual urine volume in the control group, the proportion of patients who required per-
manent catheterization may be affected.
AROU may be due to UTI in some patients. These patients were expected to have
successful TWOC after treatment of UTI. The overall rate of catheter removal may be
affected. The current study could not eliminate this factor.
We changed the urethral catheter every 2 weeks because it is a common practice for
those who require long-term urethral cathe- ters. It needs further studies to determine the
optimal duration of catheterization before TWOC.
Knowledge of the urological diagnosis, management, and outcome of patients who
attended the urology specialist clinic may further help explain the reason of failure of
TWOC in some patients, and this information may strengthen our study.
Conclusion
The TWOC programme provides structured and standardized urological management for
patients suffering from AROU after geriatric hip fracture surgeries. To reiterate, indwelling
urethral catheters must not be placed permanently without carrying out urological
assessment in patients with geriatric hip fractures.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no financial or nonfinancial conflicts of interest related
to the subject matter or materials dis- cussed in the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank our colleagues from the Division of Urology in the Department of Surgery and
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Kowloon
Hospital Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Center for their invaluable contributions.
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Jurnal 3 Internasional
EFFECT OF PELVIC FLOOR EXERCISE ON URINE ELIMINATION IN POSTPARTUM
WOMEN
Abstract
Physical changes of the postpartum women in the urinary system involve the elimination function of
urine which involves the bladder structure. Problems with the elimination system after childbirth can
occur for years if they don't get proper treatment right after delivery. This study aimed to identify the
effect of pelvic floor exercise on urine elimination in postpartum women. Methods: The research
design used quasi-experimental with a post-test only design approach. The sample was selected
based on the inclusion criteria. Sample size were 64 people (intervention group: 32 people and the
control group: 32 people). Data collection used questionnaires and self-assessment sheets. Data
analysis used univariate and bivariate (Chi-square). Results: The results showed no difference in
urine elimination both urination frequency (p = 0.450) and urine flow characteristics (p= 0.519) in
postpartum women who performed pelvic floor exercise and who did not carry out pelvic floor
exercise. However, respondent characteristics that influenced urine elimination (urine flow
characteristics) were the age (p = 0.044), parity (p = 0,000) and types of delivery (p = 0.031).
Conclusion: Pelvic floor exercise which is carried out in the early postpartum period do not affect
urine elimination in terms of urination frequency and urine flow characteristics. Further research on
various measures aimed at strengthening pelvic floor muscles in addition to pelvic floor exercise
needs to be done to reduce the problem of urine elimination in postpartum women.
INTRODUCTION
The postpartum period is anti-climax of pregnancy and is not only the culmination of pregnancy,
childbirth, and birth but also the beginning of the childbearing phase in the family life cycle (May &
Mahlmeister, 2009). At the end of the postpartum period all body systems in the women will recover
due to the process of pregnancy and return to the state as before pregnancy. Proper postpartum care in
the hospital can enhance the women’s health status, thereby shortening hospital stay and discharge. A
good support system from health workers and families may help the women to get through physical
and psychological adaptation in the postpartum period so they will have optimal health status.
Physical changes of the postpartum women in the urinary system involve the elimination function of
urine which involves the bladder structure. Problems with the elimination system after childbirth can
occur for years if they do not get proper treatment immediately since delivery (MacArthur et al 1991,
WHO 1998 in Fraser & Cooper, 2014). One of the urine elimination problem on postpartum women
is urinary incontinence. The incidence of urinary incontinence on postpartum women at dr. Soekardjo
Hospital in Tasikmalaya City in 2017
was as much as 22% of the total complications of postpartum, where the detailed urinary
incontinence that occurred in postpartum women who delivered vaginally were 12 people (13%), and
SC were as many as 8 people (9%). Research related to the incidence of urinary incontinence in
postpartum women was conducted by Thom DH, Rortveit G. (2010) which stated that as many as
33% of women experienced urinary incontinence in the first three months postpartum (95%
confidence interval (CI) 32-36%). The incidence of urinary incontinence was higher in vaginal
deliveries (31%, 95% CI 30-33%) compared with SC deliveries (15%, 95% CI 11-18%). Pinem,
Setyowati & Gayatri (2012) concluded that an independent exercise package for postpartum mothers
can reduce the incidence of urinary incontinence. However, research on measures to reduce the
incidence of urinary incontinence such as pelvic floor exercise still needs to be done mainly because
this exercise procedure is still not widely known by the public which will further impact on the high
incidence of urinary incontinence, especially in postpartum women. The purpose of this study was to
identify the effect of pelvic floor exercise on urine elimination in postpartum women.
METHODS
The design of this study was a quasi-experimental with a post-test-only design. The study was
conducted at dr. Soekardjo Hospital Tasikmalaya. The study was carried out from October 2018 to
May 2019. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The respondents were selected based
on inclusion criteria namely postpartum with vaginal delivery or post SC on the first day to the fourth
day, no labour complications and no using of urinary catheter. The total sample of 64 people divided
into 32 people in the control group and 32 in the intervention group. Respondents in control group
were given routine care, but in the intervention group the researcher gave explanation about the
pelvic floor exercise. Pelvic floor exercise is a set of activities which involve straining of the
pubococcygeus muscles (Kegel exercise) and rectal muscles. The respondents in the intervention
group carried out pelvic floor exercise 10 times a day. Both intervention or control group filled the
self- report form once a day in the evening. The self- report form contained urinary frequency and
urine flow characteristics. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate using Chi-square (X2)
statistical tests with a significance level of 95% (α = 0.05). The homogeneity test showed that all
characteristics of the respondents had p-value > 0.05.Thus it can be concluded that there are equality
in the characteristics of respondents between the intervention group and the control group, so that if
there is a difference after the intervention is carried out, the difference is concluded as the effect of
the intervention.
The results are presented in the tables. The tables show urine elimination characteristics (based on
urine frequency and urine flow characteristics) and the difference of urine elimination between
intervention and control group. The results are categorized based on parity, types of delivery and
elimination problems in previous pregnancy. Effect of respondent’s characteristics on urine
elimination after intervention also presented in the table. The study got ethical clearance from
STIKes Bakti Tunas Husada Tasikmalaya Health Research Ethics Commission, certificate
No.200/kepk-bth/11/2019.
RESULTS
group
n % n %
Urinary frequency
a. dribbling 0 0 0 0
b. low urine volume 4 13 10 31
c. strong urine stream 25 78 17 53
Table 1 shows that in intervention group, urinary frequency more than 8 times a day were less than in
control group and 78 % respondents have strong urine stream. The difference of urine elimination
between intervention and control group
Table 2 The Difference of Urine Elimination between Intervention and Control Group
a. Yes
b. No Intervention 17 0.280 Intervention 17 1.000
Control 10 Control 10
Table 3 shows that the characteristics that have a p-value < 0.05 are the characteristics of urine flow
in primipara and multipara (p-value = 0.004), and the characteristics of urine flow in the SC delivery
(p-value 0.004). This shows that there are differences in urine elimination for primiparous and
multiparous parity as well as SC delivery in the intervention and control groups.
No Characteristics p-value
pregnancy
Table 4 shows that the characteristics that have a p-value < 0.05 are age (p-value 0.044), parity (p-
value 0,000) and type of delivery (p-value 0.031). This shows that age, parity, and type of delivery
affect urine elimination after pelvic floor exercise.
DISCUSSION
The Effect of Pelvic Floor Exercise on The Urine Elimination of Postpartum Women The results
showed that there is no difference of urine elimination in the intervention group and the control group
(p > 0.05). Research results that are in line with this study include research conducted by Sari Y.K
(2015) which stated there was no significant difference in frequency p = 0.238 (<0.05) and urine fluid
volume p = 0.102 (<0.05) before and after Kegel exercises in postpartum women. The study that are
not in line with the results of this study include the results of research conducted by S.Morkved, K.
Bo (2005) which stated that there was a significant difference (p <0.01) in the intervention group who
underwent pelvic floor exercise training, where the pelvic floor exercise was effective in increasing
pelvic muscle strength and reducing urinary incontinence during the postpartum period. He also
stated that pelvic floor exercise is effective in reducing urinary incontinence if done with the guidance
of a physiotherapist. Guidance from a physiotherapist once a week can increase the effectiveness of
exercise and the mother's motivation to continue to exercise during the postpartum period. The results
are strengthened by other studies such as research from Yuni (2017), which stated that there was a
change between the function of urine elimination in postpartum mothers when doing Kegel
exercises. Murbiah (2015) stated there was a difference between the treatment group and the
control group with a difference in the proportion of discourse 80% in the treatment group and 46.7%
in the control group with a p- value of 0.027. She concluded there was an effect of pelvic floor
muscle training on the prevention of urinary incontinence in postpartum women. Rahajeng (2010)
proved that pelvic floor muscle training can improve pelvic floor muscle strength from 4 weeks to the
first 12 weeks postpartum. Good pelvic floor muscle strength in postpartum women can help prevent
urinary incontinence in postpartum. He concluded that there was an influence between pelvic floor
muscle training and the prevention of urinary incontinence. The same thing was stated by Chan,
Cheung, Yiu, Chung (2012) that there was an effect of pelvic floor exercise on the occurrence of
stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with p-value = 0.009.
Pelvic floor exercises are movements that are focused on strengthening the pelvic floor muscles.
Pelvic floor exercise is a simple exercise that can be done anywhere and anytime. Pelvic floor
exercises include Kegel exercises and muscle exercises around the rectum. During pregnancy, pelvic
floor muscles are affected by hormonal changes, weight gain and changes in pelvic posture. Pelvic
floor exercise needs to be done since pregnancy and after giving birth to help the pelvic muscles
return to normal function and to maintain muscle tone so that pelvic floor muscle function can be
maintained. During childbirth, the pelvic floor muscles relax and during postpartum the pelvic floor
muscles strength increases again. If done regularly, this exercise can help prevent uterine prolapse
and stress incontinence later in life.
The results of previous studies indicate that the average success of pelvic floor muscle training
(pelvic floor exercise) to prevent urinary incontinence is reported at 5% -75% (Freeman, 2004).
According to Purnomo (2003), pelvic floor muscle training is the most popular non-operative therapy
for coping with urinary incontinence. This is reinforced by the results of research conducted by
Rejisha TR (2015) which stated that pelvic floor muscle exercises significantly (P = 0.006) were
effective in reducing postnatal SUI. He also stated the severity of SUI in the control group was
greater than the intervention group. Several factors may cause the difference result of the study
including duration of intervention, quality of the intervention by the respondents, respondent’s
compliance of the intervention and respondent’s muscle structures which involve in urine elimination.
CONCLUSIONS
There was no difference in urine elimination both in postpartum women who performed pelvic floor
exercise and who did not perform pelvic floor exercise. Nurses or midwives need to give health
education about pelvic floor exercise to the postpartum women since they were pregnant in antenatal
care, so they can practice regularly and properly to strengthen pelvic floor muscle and prevent urine
elimination problems.
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