Bahasa Inggris

1 Standar Kompetensi Lulusan (SKL)

Standar Kompetensi Lulusan (SKL) di dalam Ujian Nasional
1. Listening (mendengarkan)
Siswa mampu memahami makna teks lisan pendek ber­bentuk
teks fungsional pendek, percakapan dan teks monolog sederhana
berbentuk narasi (narrative, recount, news item) dan deskripsi
(report, descriptive, explanation) dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-
hari.
2. Speaking (berbicara)
Siswa mampu mengungkapkan makna teks lisan pendek
berbentuk teks fungsional pendek, percakapan
dan teks monolog sederhana berbentuk narasi
(narrative, recount, news item) dan deskripsi
(report, descriptive, explanation) dalam konteks
kehidupan sehari-hari.
3. Reading (membaca)
Siswa mampu memahami nuansa makna di
dalam teks tertulis seperti teks fungsional
pendek, teks berbentuk narasi(narrative,
news item), deskripsi (report, descriptive,
explanation) dan argumentasi (exposition,
discussion) dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-
hari.
4. Writing (Menulis)
Siswa mampu mengungkapkan nuansa di
dalam teks tertulis seperti teks fungsional
pendek, teks berbentuk narasi (narrative,
recount, news item) deskripsi (report,
descriptive, explanation) dan argumentasi
(exposition, discussion) dalam konteks
kehidupan sehari-hari.
www.myspace.com

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Ruang Lingkup Materi

1. - Menemukan gambaran umum, pikiran utama, informasi rinci
dan informasi tertentu dari teks lisan pendek sederhana yang
berbentuk teks fungsional pendek, percakapan, narasi serta
deskripsi.
- Merespon ungkapan-ungkapan :
a. Berkenalan
b. Simpati
c. Keharusan/ketidakharusan
d. Suka/tidak suka
e. Rasa bangga
f. Kemampuan/ketidakmampuan
g. Permintaan maaf
h. Penawaran jasa/bantuan
i. Undangan
j. Permintaan/pemberian dan penolakan izin
k. Kesenangan/ketidaksenangan
l. Kesetujuan/ketidaksetujuan
m. Kepuasan/ketidakpuasan
2. - Bertanya dan menjawab tentang berbagai hal.
- Melakukan percakapan pendek dengan lancar berdasar­kan
situasi.
- Secara sederhana menjelaskan benda, orang dan rang­kaian
peristiwa.
- Secara sederhana mengungkapkan pikiran, pendapat, perasaan
dan sikap.
- Secara sederhana merespon ungkapan-ungkapan.
3. - Menemukan gambaran umum, pikiran utama, informasi
tertentu dari teks tertulis berbentuk teks fungsional pendek,
narasi, deskripsi, dan argumentasi.
4. Menciptakan teks tertulis berbentuk teks fungsional pendek, narasi,
deskripsi dan argumentasi.

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2 SPOKEN
A. Introducing (Ungkapan perbedaan).
Ada 2 bentuk ungkapan perkenalan (introducing) yaitu:
1. Formal
Contoh :
• Allow me to introduce myself. My name’s Shinta.
• Let me introduce myself. I’………..
• How do you do?
Responnya adalah :
Contoh:
• Nice to meet you/see you
• My name’s………/I’m …….
• How do you do?
2. Informal
Contoh: - What’s your name?
• I’m …….What’s yours?
• How are you?
• Hi………..
Responnya adalah :
• My name is………
• I’m …….
• Fine, thanks/ thank you
• Hi……..
B. Greeting (Ungkapan salam)
Salam (greeting) digunakan untuk menyapa seseorang pada waktu
bertemu. Contoh salam dan responnya sebagai berikut :
Contoh :
Good Morning, diucapkan pada waktu bertemu seseorang di pagi
hari sampai menjelang tengah hari.
Responnya : Good morning
Artinya : Selamat pagi

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Sapaan :
Good Day, diucapkan pada waktu tengah hari.
Respons : Good day
Artinya “Selamat siang”
Sapaan :
Good Afternoon, diucapkan pada waktu bertemu seseorang antara
pukul 13.00 sampai 18.00.
Respons : Good Afternoon
Artinya : Selamat sore
Sapaan :
Good Evening, diucapkan pada waktu bertemu seseorang antara
pukul 18.00 sampai 24.00
Respons : Good evening
Artinya : Selamat malam
Sapaan :
Goodbye, diucapkan saat berpisah.
Respons : Goodbye
Artinya : Selamat tinggal
Sapaan :
Goodnight, diucapkan pada malam hari.
Respons : Goodnight
Artinya : Selamat tidur/malam
Sapaan :
How do you do?, digunakan saat pertama kali berkenalan.
Respons : How do you do?
Artinya : Apa kabar?
Sapaan :
How are you? (apa kabar)
Respons : I am fine, thank you.
Artinya : Saya baik-baik saja, terima kasih.
Sapaan :
How have you been ?(apa kabar?)
Respons : Good
Artinya : Baik
C. Expressing sympathy (ungkapan simpati)
Ungkapan rasa Sympathy (expressing sympathy) digunakan untuk
menyatakan rasa simpati kepada seseorang atas suatu kejadian,
baik kabar menggembirakan atau tidak.

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Contoh :
Ungkapan simpati terhadap sesuatu yang menggembirakan.
• Great
• Fantastic
• How nice
• How exciting
• How wonderful
• I’m pleased to hear that !
• I’m very glad to hear that !
• Nice to hear that !
Ungkapan simpati terhadap sesuatu yang tidak menyenang­kan :
• I am sorry to hear that
• Oh, poor Jane. What happened to her?
• How awful!
• That’s too bad!
• How terrible!
Untuk merespon ungkapan simpati, kita dapat mengucapkan seperti
berikut :
Contoh :
• Thanks / thanks you
• Right
• You’re right
• That’s right
D. Asking For and Giving Advice (Ungkapan meminta dan mem­beri
nasehat).
• Ungkapan meminta nasihat (asking for advice)
Contoh:
• Do you think I should……..?
• What do you think I should do?
• Ungkapan memberi nasehat (giving advice)
• Shall + V bare inf
• Ought to
Contoh :
• You should save your money in a bank
• We think she ought to use her own style
• Ungkapan memberi nasehat dengan sungguh-sung­guh (to give
advice firmly).
Contoh :
• You’d better ………
• I think you’d better ……..

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• Ungkapan memberi nasehat yang serius(to give advice seriously).

Contoh :
• My father advises me to study French well
• I strongly advise them to become more diligent
• Ungkapan untuk mrespon pemberian nasehat.
Contoh :
• Thank you
• Thanks for your advice
• A good idea
• Yeah, you ‘re right. Thanks.

E. Expressing Obligation/Non Obligation (ungkapan Keharus­an/

ketidak­harusan).
• Ungkapan keharusan
Contoh :
• All students must obey the school rules
• You must submit your assignment next week
• If you want to pass the exam, you must study hard
• You’re sick. You have to go to see a doctor
• Your mother said that you had to go home now
• Ungkapan ketidakharusan
Contoh :
• I don’t have to go to home soon
• You don’t have to return my book immediately
• We don’t have to do observation for the assignment
• The workers must not have lunch at the canteen
F. Expressing Likes and Dislikes (Ungkapan suka dan tidaksuka)
Beberapa kata/frase yang menunjukkan suka (like) dan tidak suka
(dislike) adalah :
• don’t mind
• like, be fond of, be keen on
• love, be grazy about, be mad about
• adore
• can’t stand, can’t bear, detest
• hate
• dislike
Contoh :
Ungkapan suka (expressing like):
• We don’t mind having one servant
• I like grapes and apples

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• I love singing. I do it every day

• I adore Tom Cruise as my favorite actor.
Ungkapan tidak suka (expressing dislike) :
• We can’t stand our boss. He is arrogant
• I hate a careless man who often does some mistakes
• I dislikes watching a war movie
G. Expressing Pride (Ungkapan rasa bangga)
Ungkapan rasa bangga (expressing pride)
Contoh :
• I am very proud of you. You are the winner of the biggest
competition of this year
• I feel proud of my brother. He is one of candidates in Physics
Olympics
H. Expressing Capability/Incapability(Ungkapan Kemampuan/ketidak­
–mampuan)
• Capability artinya kemampuan dalam melakukan se­suatu hal
• Capable artinya mempunyai kemampuan (an adjective of persons)
• Incapable berarti tidak dapat/tidak mampu, tidak mem­punyai
kemampuan untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh :
Ungkapan kemampuan (expressing capability)
• Although my father is old, he is still capable of driving car well
• The situation is capable of improvement
• They think I have the qualifications needed for his job
• Andi is able to draw anything well
Ungkapan ketidakmampuan (expressing incapability)
Contoh :
• You don’t know anything about making a good writing
• I don’t think you have the ability to do this work
• They are not able to play basketball well
• I am incapable of speaking French
I. Expressing an Apology (Ungkapan permintaan maaf)
Ungkapan permintaan maaf (expressing an apology) diguna­kan untuk
menyatakan maaf atas suatu kesalahan.
Contoh :
• Sorry, I could not visit you yesterday
• I’m very sorry for my mistakes
• We apologize for our late arrival
• Sony really must apologize for disturbing my weekend

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Untuk merespon ungkapan permintaan maaf, gunakan ungkapan-

ungkapan berikut.
Contoh :
• It’s all right
• Never mind
• No problem
• Forget it
• No worry
• Take it easy

J. Offering Services/Help (ungkapan penawaran jasa/bantuan)

Ungkapan penawaran jasa/bantuan(offering services/help) diguna­
kan untuk menawarkan jasa atau bantuan kepada orang lain.
Contoh :
• What can I do for you?
• Can I help you?
• Can I do something for you?
• Do you want something to eat?
• Shall I get you something to read?
Ungkapan untuk merespon pemberian jasa/bantuan adalah ungkapan
terima kasih.
• Ungkapan untuk mengucapkan terima kasih (Expressing Gratitude)
Contoh :
- Thank you
- Thanks
• Ungkapan untuk mengucapkan terima kasih yang lebih formal.
Contoh :
- I want to thank you for……..
- I want to tell you how grateful I am……..
- I’m extremely grateful to you for……..
- I’m grateful for…………….
• Ungkapan untuk merespon ucapan terima kasih.
Contoh :
- You’re welcome - It is no trouble
- That’s all right - It is nothing
- That’s okay - Not at all
- It’s a pleasure - Don’t mention it

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K. Inviting someone and its responses (ungkapan undangan dan

responnya)
Ungkapan mengajak/mengundang inviting digunakan untuk mengajak
seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu/meng­undang seseorang ke suatu
kegiatan.
• Ungkapan ajakan umumnya dinyatakan dengan :
Let’s + V Base/be+……….
Contoh :
• Let’s Speak English
• Let’s sing a pop song
• Let’s be happy
• Let’s be smart
• Ungkapan ajakan/undangan dapat juga disertai dengan bentuk
penegasan (question tag).
Contoh :
- A : Let’s go to the beach, shall we?
B : That’s a good idea
- X : Let’s be happy, shall we?
Y : All right.
• Ungkapan mengundang dapat juga seperti berikut :
- I’d like to invite you to my birthday party
- Can you drop by my house after school?
- Would you like to attend the meeting?
- I wonder if you’d like to come to my wedding party
• Respons undangan/ajakan.
Menerima undangan/ajakan :
- All right
- I’d love to
- I’d be happy/ glad to accept
- Yes, I’d be delighted to
- Yes, that would be nice
• Menolak undangan atau ajakan :
- I’m sorry I can’t
- I’d like to very much, but……..
- I am afraid I can’t
- No, let’s not
- I’d like to, but I can’t
- I’m afraid I’m busy
- Sorry, I have to see the doctor

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L. Asking For, Giving and Refusing to give permission (Ungkapan meminta,

memberi, dan menolak memberi izin).
• Ungkapan meminta izin (asking for permission)
Contoh :
- Can I……….?
Can I use your car?
- Could I ……..?
Could I visit you today?
- Would it be all right……?
Would it be all right if I come to your room?
- Do you mind if……?
Do you mind if I smoke here?
- Would you mind if……?
Would you mind if I borrow your handphone?
- I was wondering if I could …….
I was wondering if I could borrow your motorcycle.
• Ungkapan memberi izin (giving permission)
Contoh :
- Yes, you can
- Okay
- Sure
- Of course
- By all means
- No problems
• Ungkapan tidak memberi izin
Contoh :
- I was wondering if I could not lend my father’s car for you
- Sorry………
- I’m sorry, you can’t
- I’m afraid not………
M. Expressing Pleasure/Displeasure (Ungkapan Kesenangan/
ke­tidaksenangan).
• Ungkapan kesenangan(pleasure).
Contoh :
- I’m so happy hearing the news
- I feel delighted/excited
- How happy to meet you here
- I’m very pleased with the services
- It’s a pleasure to be with you again

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• Ungkapan ketidaksenangan (displeasure).

Contoh :
- I feel bad about this
- I’m really sad to see the situation
- The customers feel unpleased with the restaurant’s services
- The room is really unpleasant. I feel disappointed
- The jokes didn’t make me happy at all
N. Expressing an Agreement/Disagreement (Ungkapan kese­tujuan/
ketidaksetujuan).
Ungkapan setuju/tidak setuju(expressing agreement atau ­tidak­setuju/
disagreement) digunakan untuk menyatakan apakah seseorang setuju/
tidak setuju atas sebuah ide atau opini dari orang lain.
Contoh :
• Ungkapan setuju (expressing agreement)
- I agree with her opinion - I am with you
- I can go along with that - I am on your/his side
- I think so - I buy that idea
- That’s what I want to say - I like your idea
• Ungkapan tidak setuju (expressing disagreement):
- I disagree with you
- I can’t go along with you
- I don’t think so
- I wouldn’t say that
O. Expressing Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction (Ungkapan kepuasan/ketidak–
puasan)
Ungkapan rasa puas atau tidak puas (expressing satisfaction/
dissatisfaction) digunakan untuk menyatakan kepuasan atau ketidak­
puasan atas sesuatu.
Contoh :
• Ungkapan rasa puas:
Contoh :
- We feel satisfied/contented with it
- It makes us satisfied
- It gives my satisfaction
• Ungkapan rasa tidak puas
Contoh :
- I am dissatisfied with it
- It is dissatisfactory
- It makes me dissatisfied

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3 TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense
Pola : S + V-1 + O
V-1 ditambah s/es untuk subjek bentuk ketiga tunggal (he, she, it).
Pengggunaan
A. Menyatakan suatu kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan
yang terjadi berulang-ulang dan atau terus menerus.
- My sister lives in Kuningan.
- Everynight the watchman turns on all the light and walks
around the building every half an hour.
- I go running three times a week.
B. Menyatakan kebenaran umum(General Truth).
- The sun rises in the east.
- The earth revolves around the sun
C. Membicarakan hal yang akan datang, dalam hal ini berkenaan
dengan jadwal, program acara atau kegiatan lain yang terencana
dan atau berseri.
- We begin lesson next week.
- What time does the film start?
- The train arrives at 10.20.
D. Stative Verbs; Kata kerja yang menunjukkkan waktu sekarang
tetapi selamanya tidak boleh dalam bentuk Continuous
melainkan harus dalam bentuk non- continuous.
appear know owe taste
belong like prefer understand
believe love realize want
forget mean remember wish
hear mind seem
hate need see
have own smell
- Do you like Jakarta? (bukan are you liking Jakarta?)
- I need two papers now(bukan I am needing two papers
now).
- The hamburger tastes delicious. (bukan The ham­burger is
tasting delicious).

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- Now I know how to do the job properly. (bukan now I am

knowing.)
2. Present Continuous Tenses
Pola : S + is/am/are+ V-ing + O
Penggunaan:
A. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang
berlangsung sekarang (Now) atau sekitar waktu pembicaraan
(Around the time of speaking).
- Listen. He is singing a good song.
- Radizaga is eating dinner now.
- Sarah is in Britain for three months. She is learning
English.
B. Dingunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi
segera.
- Radizga is leaving for Singapore tomorrow.
- I am watching the movie tonight.
Exercise
Tentukan kata Kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk simple
present atau present continuous berdasarkan konteks yang ada.
1. Something …….(smell) very good.
2. We…….(eat) dinner at seven o, clock tonight.
3. He…….(practice) the piano everyday.
4. They……(drive) to school tomorrow.
5. I…….(believe) in you.
6. Adiz……….(have) cold.
7. Radizga ……..(swim) right now.
8. Andy………(hate) smoke.
9. Randy always…….(get) up 6:00 A.M.
10. Shanty …..(mow) the lawn now.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Pola : S + have/has + V-3 + O
Penggunaan:
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah rampung/selesai
dilaksanakan sekarang.
- We have already written our reports. (We are not writing them
any more now.)
- Radiz has already read the entire book. (he is not reading it any
more).

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4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Pola : S + have/has + been + V-ing
Penggunaan :
Untuk menyatakan sesuatu kegiatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau
dan sekarang masih berlangsung dan ada kemungkinan masih akan
terus berlangsung.
- Radizga has been working in Surabaya for three years
- Over the past few years medical doctors have been searching
for a drug to control the AIDS virus.
- One of my friends has been working in your company since he
graduated.
- All these years, Fini’s family has been living in property.
Exercise 2
Tentukan Kata kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk present
perfect atau present perfect continuous berdasarkan konteks yang
ada.
1. She………(work) here for ten years.
2. Look! Somebody …….(break) that window.
3. I…….read the book you gave me but I……..(not fishing) it yet.
4. “Sorry I am late.” “That’s all right. I …..( no wait) long
5. Hello! I……..(clean) the window. So far I……..(clean) five of them
and there are two more to do.
6. There’s strange smell in here. You ……(cook) something?
7. My brother is an actor. He …..(appear) in several films.
8. I……..(lost) my key. Can you help me look for it?
9. You look tired. You……..(work) hard?
10. The ceiling was white. Now it’s blue. Radiz……(paint) the ceiling.
5. Simple Past Tense
Pola : S + V-2 + O
Penggunaan:
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada suatu titik waktu
lampau.
- Radizga went to Spain last year.
- Maria did her work last night.
Exercise
Tentukan Kata Kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk present
perfect atau past simple berdasarkkan konteks yang ada.
1. Radizga…….(write) his report last night.
2. Randy ……..(see) the movie before.
3. Sigit…….(read) the newspaper already.
4. Mr. Krisna……(work) in the same place for thirty five years, and
he is planning not to retire.

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5. We……(not begin) to study for the test yet.

6. Regy ……(go) to the store at ten o’clock this morning.
7. Radiz…….(travel) around the world.
8. Shinta……(write) a letter last night.
9. Sebastian …….(call) his employer yesterday.
10. We……..(not seen) this movie yet.
6. Past Continuous Tense
Pola : S + was/were + V-ing
Penggunaan:
A. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang ber­langsung di
waktu lampau saat kegiatan lain terjadi menyela.
When + S-1+ Simple past + S2 + past continuous
S1 + past continuous + when+ S2+ simple past
- The enginee was running when it suddenly stopped
- When Fini came home, Radizga was watching television
B. Menyatakan dua kegiatan berlangsung bersamaan di waktu
lampau.
Pola : S1 + past continuous + while + past continuous
While + S1 + past continuous + S2 + past continuos
- Fini was was watching television while Radiz was reading a
book
- While Kevin was reading a book, karina was watching
television
Atau ada kemungkinan pola berikut muncul:
While + S1+ past continuous +S2 +Simple past tense
- While Radizga was watching television, Setiawan read a
book.
C. Menyatakan suatu tindakan yang sedang berlangsung pada
suatu waktu spesifik di masa lampau.
- Radizga was watching TV at seven o’colck last night.
Exercise
Tentukan Kata kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk simple past
atau past continuous berdarkan konteks yang ada.
1. Radizga…….(eat) dinner when his friend called
2. While Sarah was cleaning the apartment, her husband…….(sleep).
3. At three o’clock this morning, Radizga …….(study).
4. When Randy arrived, steven ……(have) dinner, but they stopped
in order to talk to him.
5. Primus…….(go) to France last year
6. When the teacher……(enter) the room, the students were talking.

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7. While Rivald was writing the report, Cyntia…..(look) for more

information.
8. We…….(see) this movie last night
9. At on time, Mr Bernard ……(own) this building.
10. Kristian……(write) a letter to his family when his pencil…..(break).
7. Past Perfect Tense
Pola : S + had + V-3
Penggunaan :
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan/tindakan yang terjadi sebelum kegiatan
lain di waktu lampau, biasanya ada dua atau lebih kegiatan yang
beriringan.
Rumus :
S1 + past perfect+ before+ S2+ past simple
- Fini had gone to the store before she went home.
Before + S1+ simple past+ S2+ simple perfect
- Before Fini went to campus, she had had her breakfast
After + S1 + past perfect+ S2+ simple past
- After Fini had had her breakfast, she went to campus
S1 + Simple past + after+ S2 +Simple perfect
- Fini went to campus after she had had her breakfast
Tentukan Kata kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk past perfect
atau past simple berdasarkan konteks yang ada.
1. The house was very quite when I got home. Everybody……(go) to
bed.
2. I felt very tired when I got home. So I …..(go) straight to bed.
3. Sorry I’m late. The car…….(broke) down on my way there.
4. There was a car by the side of the road. It……(break) down And
the driver was trying to repair so we……(stop) to see if we could
help.
5. “Was Pratama there when you arrived?” No, he……(go) home.
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Pola : S + Had + been + V- ing
Penggunaan :
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulai sebelum waktu
pembicaraan pada waktu lampau dan berjalan terus sampai waktu
itu, atau baru saja selesai/terjadi sebelum orang itu berbicara. Tense
ini umumnya menyatakan ­kegiatan/peristiwa berdurasi di waktu
lampau.

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- Radizga had been living in Bandung for ten years before she
moved to Boston.
- Randy had been working for an educated consultant for five
years before he retired.
- I had been waiting for a bus for twenty minutes when I saw you.
Tentukan kata Kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk past perfect
continuous atau past continuous berdasarkan konteks yang ada.
1. Radizga was on his hands and knees on the floor. He….(look) for
his cigarette lighter.
2. We…….(walk) along the road for about 20 minutes when a car
stopped and the driver offered us a lift.
3. When I arrived, everyone was sitting round the table with their
mouth full. They…….(eat).
4. When I arrived, everyone was sitting round the table and
talking. Their mouths were empty but their stomachs were full.
They……(eat).
5. When I arrived, Rima……(wait) for me. She was rather annoyed
with me because I was late and she ……(wait) for a very long
time.
9. Simple Future Tense
Pola : S + will/shall + V1 atau S + is/am/are + going to + V1
Penggunaan :
Shall/will = bentuk akan yang tidak terencana, spontan akan terjadi
bilamana suatu kondisi tertentu terpenuhi.
To be going to = bentuk akan yang sudah terencana atau sudah
pasti.
- I shall meet you tomorrow
- I will go and shut it
- He will come if I ask him
- Look at those black cloud! It is going to rain
- Oh, I feel terrible. I think I am going to be sick.
10. Future Continuous Tense
Pola : S + will/shall + be + V-ing
Penggunaan :
Untuk menyatakn suatu kegiatan sedang berlangsung di waktu akan
datang.
- Football begins at 5.30 and ends at 9.15. Tom will be watching
the match at 8.30.
- This time next week I will be sailing to Netherland.

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11. Future Perfect Tense

Pola : S + will/shall + have + V-3
Penggunaan :
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/aktivitas yang terjadi dan selesai
pada saat kegiatan lain berlangsung di waktu akan datang.
- By the time we come home, the boys will have finished their
homework
- I can lend you the book next week because by that time, I will
have finished reading it.
- By the end of this week, I will have been back from Malang.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Pola : S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing
Penggunaan :
Pada dasarnya sama dengan future perfect, hanya saja tense ini lebih
menekankan pada saat terjadinya peristiwa. Tense ini umumnya
mengisyaratkan suatu peristiwa berdurasi di waktu lampau.
- “Exams will start in this week.”
“I know, I will have been studying all next week.”
- I will have been living here for ten years by the end of this Years.

4 DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH

1. DIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech adalah kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya
suatu perubahan. Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda
kutip, kalimat selalu diawali huruf Kapital. Tanda titik dua(:) atau koma
(,) diletakkan sebelum direct speech bilamana kata penghubung/
pelapor (reporting verb)nya berada dimuka dan tanda koma (,)
harus diletakkan setelah direct speech bilamana kata penghubung
diletakkan setelah atau di antara direct speechnya. Tanda baca seperti
tanda seru(!), tanda Tanya (?) yang menunjukkan jenis kalimat direct
tidak mengalami perubahan.
Contoh :
- She yelled at me: ’Don’t leave the door open!’
- My mother says to my sister: ‘Brush your teeth!’
- ‘Where are you going?’ She asked.

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2. INDIRECT SPEECH
Bentuk kalimat laporan ini adalah untuk menceritakan kembali
pembicaraan/pendapat seseorang yang mana meng­alami modifikasi
tertentu. Terdapat 3 jenis indirect speech :
a. Imperative(command/request)
b. Declarative(statement)
c. Interrogative(Question)
A. Imperative
Yang dilaporkan disini adalah suatu perintah. Karena kalimat
perintah biasanya tidak mengenal subjek maka verb dalam direct
imperative tidak mengalami perubahan. Verb dalam direct speech
menjadi ‘to infinitive’.
Positive Imperative
Perhatikan perubahan berikut ini:
- He said , “Go away!”------- He told me to go away
Ordered her to go away
- “Come here! ”She said ---- She asked him to come there
She commanded them to come there
- I said, ”Be quite” ------- I begged us to be quite
I suggested the children to be quite
- He begged, ”be happy!”------He warned the children to be
Happy
Negative Imperative
Perhatikan perubahan berikut :
- He said,” Don’t go away!” He told me not to go away
He ordered her not to go away
- “Don’t come here!” She said---She asked him not to
come there
She commanded them not to come there
- I said, “Don’t be noisy!”----- I begged you not to be noisy
I suggested the children not to
be noisy
- He begged, “don’t be lazy!”-- He warned us not to be noisy
Kalimat positive imperative memiliki 2 tipe :
1. Mengandung kata kerja/aktivitas
2. Tidak mengandung kata kerja
Apabila kalimat positive imperative mengadung kata kerja, maka
pola perintahnya adalah……’V…….! dan bila tidak mengandung kata kerja
pola perintahnya mendapat awalan ‘be’ yakni be adjective adverb! Untuk
kalimat tidak langsung dari positive imperative, tinggal menambahkan

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kata’to’di muka imperative tadi kemudian dirangkai dengan kata kerja

penghantar seperti dicontohkan di atas.
Kalimat Negative Imperative selalu mendapat awalan “don’t”. Pada saat
pola ini diubah kedalam indirect kata don’t harus diubah menjadi not to.
Contoh :
Direch Indirect
- “Please help me!” She told him
She asked him to help her
- “Don’t worry about it!” He said to
He told her not to worry Her
- “Be quite!” She yelled the children
She ordered the children to be quite
- “Don’t be lazy!” She said to John
She advised John not to be lazy
Exercise 1
Rubahlah kalimat berikut ke dalam bentuk Indirect Speech
1. “Eat more fruit and vegetable”, the doctor said.
The doctor told ………
2. “Read the instruction before you switch on the machine”, he said to
me.
He told…………..
3. “Shut the door but don’t lock it”, she said to us.
She told…………
4. “Don’t come before 6 o’clock”, I said to him.
I told……….
5. “Don’t wait for me if I’m late!” Radizga said.
Radizga asked………….
B. Declarative(statement)
Kalimat laporan dari suatu pernyataan mengalami beberapa
perubahan antara lain :
1. Pronoun dan possessive adjective
Direct Indirect
I He/She
You Me/He/She/Them/I/Him/Her
My His/Her
Our Their/Our
Your My/His/Her
2. Keterangan Waktu dan tempat
Direct Indirect
Now Then

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Today That day

Tomorrow The next day
The day after
The following day
A day after
Next…. The……after
The following
Last The……before
The previous……..
The preceding…….
…..ago …..before
…..earlier
Yesterday The day before
The previous day
The preceding day
Here There
This That
These Those

3. Tenses
Direct Indirect
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Future Simple Past Future
Future Continuous Past Future Continuous
Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous Past future perfect
continuous
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Untuk mudahnya berikut inti dari perubahan tenses :
Direct Indirect
Verb 1 Verb2
Verb 2 Had verb 3
Is/am Was
Are Were
Have/has Had

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Do/does did
Did Had verb3
Can Could
May Might
Must Had to
Shall Should
Will Would
Ought to Ought to
Might ----V-1 Might---have V-3
Contoh :
Direct : Anto : I will go now.
Radi : They love me
I have been writing , Pardi answered.
Father : “ I was sick yesterday.”
Indirect : Anto said that he would go there.
Radi told that they loved me.
Pardi answered that he had been writing.
Father told that he had been sick the day before.
Dalam Interrogative, Yes – No Question, dalam Indirect speech jangan
membuat kalimat Tanya, tapi dalam bentuk affirmative.
She asked me, “ does your mother understand English ?”
She asked me If/Whether My mother understood English.
Sedangkan bila menggunakan 5 W + 1 H questions, dalam indirect speech
kata Tanya harus diulang.
He asked, “ Why did you leave my party yesterday ?”
He asked her Why She had left his party the previous day.
Passive Voice
Kalimat pasif adalah suatu kalimat dimana subject dikenai tindakan/
pekerjaan/perbuatan, berbeda dengan kalimat aktif dimana sub­jectlah
yang melakukan perbuatan/pekerjaan/tindakan.
Pola : tobe + verb 3 ( past participle)
Secara umum kalimat passive dibentuk oleh ‘to be’ yang diikuti kata
kerja bentuk ketiga(verb-3). Perubahan dari kalimat aktif menjadi pasif
tidak mengubah tense yang digunakan kalimat tersebut, dengan kata
lain tense kalimat passive akan mengikuti pola kalimat aktifnya.
Terdapat beberapa hal yang harus diindahkan dalam mengubah pola
aktif menjadi pola aktif, antara lain:

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- subjet pada kalimat pasif berasal dari object pada kalimat aktif.
- ‘be…….ing’ dalam aktif ‘being ‘ dalam bentuk pasifnya.
- Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti bentuk kalimat aktifnya
- Verb 3 pada kalimat pasif dibentuk oleh verb pada kalimat aktifnya.
- Hanya kalimat transitif – kalimat yang mengandung object yang bisa
diubah ke dalam bentuk pasif dan atau kalimat pasif hanya berlaku
bagi kata kerja transitif.
Rumus pola Aktif pasif untuk semua tenses :
Perhatikan Proses cara merubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif.
- Present Simple
Active : My mother cooks the meal everyday.
Passive : The meal is cooked my mother every day.
- Present Continuous
Active : My mother is cooking the meal at the moment.
Passive : The meal is being cooked by my mother at the moment.
- Present Perfect
Active : My mother has cooked the meal.
Passive : The meal has been cooked by my mother.
- Present Perfect Continuous
Active : My mother has been cooking the meal since I arrived.
Passive : The meal has been being cooked by my mother since I
arrived.
- Past Simple
Active : My mother cooked the meal yesterday.
Passive : The meal was cooked by my mother yesterday.
- Past Continuous
Active : My mother was cooking the meal when I arrived.
Passive : The meal was being cooked by my mother when I arrived.
- Past Perfect Continuous
Active : My mother had been cooking the meal for an hour when
father came home from work.
Passive : The meal had been being cooked by my mother for an
hour when father came home from work
- Future Simple
Active : My mother will cook the meal this afternoon.
Passive : The meal will be cooked by my mother this afternoon.
- Future Continuous
Active : My mother will be cooking the meal at four this
afternoon.

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Passive : The meal will be being cooked by mother at four this

afternoon.
- Future Perfect
Active : My mother will have cooked the meal when the children
come home from school this afternoon.
- The meal will have been cooked by mother when the children come
home from school this afternoon.
- Future Perfect Continuous
Active : My mother will have been cooking the meal for an hour
when father comes home from work this afternoon.
Passive : The meal will have been being cooked by mother for an
hour when father comes home from work this afternoon.
Meskipun pasif future continuous(will be being V-3) dan pasif
present/past/future perfect continuous (have/has been being V-3/

Present Active Passive

Simple S + V1 + O S + is/am/are + V3
Rafi writes a letter A letter is written by Rafi
Continuous S + is/am/are + V-ing S + is/am/are + being + V-3
Rafi is writing a letter A letter is being written
by Rafi
Perfect S + have/has + V-3 S+ have/has + been + V-3
Rafi has written a letter A letter has written by Rafi
Perfect S + have/has + been + S + have/has + been +
V-ing being + V-3
Continuous Rafi has been writing a letter A letter has been being
written by Rafi
Present Active Passive
Simple S + V2 + O S + was/were + V-3
Rafi wrote a letter A letter was written by Rafi
Continuous S + was/were + V-ing S + was/were + being + V-3
Rafi was writing a letter A letter was being written
by Rafi
Perfect S + have/has + V-3 S + had + been+ V-3
Rafi had written a letter A letter had been written
by Rafi
Perfect S + had + been + V-ing S + had + been + being +
V-3
Continuous Rafi had been writing a letter A letter had been being
written by Rafi

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Future Active Passive

Simple S + will + V-1 + O S + will + be + V-3
Rafi will write a letter A letter will be written by
Rafi
Continuous S + will + be + V- ing S + will + be + being + V-3
Rafi wil be writing a letter A letter will be being written
by Rafi
Perfect S + will + have + V-3 S + will + have + been + V-3
Rafi will have written a letter A letter will have been
written by Rafi
Perfect S + will have+ been + V-ing S + will + have + been +
being + V-3
Continuous Rafi will have been writing being A letter will have been
a letter written by Rafi
Past Future Active Passive
Past Future S + would + V1 + O S + would + be + V-3
Rafi would write a letter A letter would be written
by Rafi
Past Future S + would + be + V-ing S + would + be + being +
V-3
Continuous Rafi would be writing a letter A letter would be being
written By Rafi
Past Future S + would + have + V-3 S + would + have + been
+ V-3
Perfect Rafi would have written a letter A letter would have been
written By Rafi
Past Future S + would + have + been + S + would + have + been
V-ing + beingV3
Perfect Rafi would have been writing A letter would have been
+ a letter being Written by Rafi

will have been being V-3) secara struktur dapat dibentuk, namun
penggunaannya(laguange use) teramat langka.
- Kalimat yang menggunakan modal
Active : We can solve the problem.
Passive : The problem can be solved.
Active : They may open the hotel next year.
Passive : The hotel may be opened next year.

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- Kalimat dengan Complement atau sub-clause.

Active : It is said that he is 108 years old.
Passive : He is said to be 108 years old.
Active : It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion.
Passive : Two people are reported to have been killed in the
explosion.
Active : It is said that Henry eats ten eggs a day.
Passive : Henry is said to eat ten eggs a day.
Active : It is alleged that he stole $200,000
Passive : He is alleged to have stolen $ 200,000
Active : It was alleged that he stole $ 200,000
Passive : He was alleged to have stolen $ 200,000
Active : It is believe that the wanted man is living in New York
Passive : The wanted man is believed to be living in New York
Elliptical Construction
Elliptical construction adalah bentuk kalimat majemuk gabungan
setara, terjadinya penghilangan bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu
kalimat.
C. Gabungan Setara
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung”and”.
Gabungan setara dibagi dua:
• Positif
• Negatif
• Positif
“too” dan “so” digunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat positif.
Untuk mudahnya kita golongkan kalimat menjadi dua :
- Berauxiliary
- Tidak berauxiliary
- Berauxiliary
Pola : Subject + auxiliary + verb + and + Subject2 + Auxiliary + too atau
And + so + auxiliary + subject 2
My mother will be interested in reading this novel and my Father will
to.
And so will my father.
Fini is pretty and Karina is too.
And so is Karina.
I can go and beat them and you can too
and so can you.

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- Tidak berauxiliary
Pola : Subject1 + Verb1 + subject2 + do/does + too
Atau and so + do/does + subject 2
Subject1 + verb 2+ and + subject2 + did + too
Atau and + so + did + subject2
Your sister likes seafood and I do too.
And so do I.
The students often come late and the teacher does too.
And so does the teacher.
I went abroad last year and Radizga did too.
And so did Radizga.
• Negative
“Either” dan “neither” digunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat
negative.
Pola : Subject + auxiliary not(verb) + and + subject2
+ auxiliary not + either atau and + neither + auxiliary
+ subject2
Neither = not either, oleh karena itu setelah auxiliary tidak disertai “not”
lagi.
The teacher couldn’t come on time and I couldn’t either.
And neither could I.
Shanty didn’t like the movie and Rany didn’t either.
And neither did Rany.
Any’s mother can’t speak English and my mother can’t either
And neither can my mother
D. Gabungan Setara Berlawanan
- Subject1 + verb1 + but/while + subject 2 + do/does not
- Subject 1 + Verb 2 + but/while + subject 2 + did not
- Subject 1 + auxiliary (verb) + but/while + subject 2 + auxiliary
not
- Subject 1 + auxiliary not (verb) + but/while + subject +
auxiliary
She always comes late but I don’t.
We don’t have to return the book tomorrow, but he does.
I think that my mother will be interested in reading this novel while my
father won’t.
Randy agreed that everybody has to pay Rp 50,000, for the study tour to
Waduk Darma but/while I didn’t.

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• Pernyataan yang mengandung kata : never, seldom, rarely, barely,

hardly, few, little dianggap berpengertian negative.
Conditional
Pola Conditional merupakan bentuk kalimat pengandaian dengan ciri
hadirnya kata jika/apabila, yang umumnya dinyatakan dengan kata if.
Terdapat 2 kategori besar pola pengandaian yaitu : The real (factual dan
habitual) dan unreal (contrary to the fact).
The real conditional, yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah future conditional,
merupakan pola lamunan yang menyatakan sesuatu memiliki peluang
untuk terjadi bila syarat tertentu terpenuhi selanjutnya disebut conditional
type 1.
The unreal conditional merupakan pola lamunan yang merupakan
pengingkaran dari fakta sebenarnya akan atau sedang atau telah terjadi,
yang dibicarakan sebenarnya tidak atau tidak akan terjadi. Unreal
conditional ini memiliki 2 varian yaitu pertama lamunan yang berkontradiksi
dengan apa yang sebenarnya akan terjadi atau sedang terjadi sekarang,
yang lebih dikenal dengan present conditional atau conditional type 2, dan
kedua lamunan yang berkontradiksi dengan apa yang sebenarnya sudah
terjadi, yang lebih dikenal dengan past conditional Type 3.
1. Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu mungkin terjadi pada waktu
mendatang ataupun sekarang jika syarat/kondisi tertentu terpenuhi.
Conditional type 1 dibentuk oleh rangkaian simple present sebagai
sub clause dan simple future sebagai main clause.
Pola : If + subject + present + subject2 + will/can/may/must/ + Verb
1 (simple form)
Contoh :
- If you come with me for a joyride tonight, you will have a great
fun.
- If you don’t have any money, you may borrow from me.
- You must study hard if you want to enter a favorite university.
- If we finish the assignment today, we can have a free time next
week.
# “if” pola diatas dapat dihilangkan tanpa mengubah makna
dengan mengubah struktur polanya kedalam bentuk inversi:
Should + subject + simple form + subject + will/can/may/must +
Verb 1 (simple form).
Contoh-contoh kalimat diatas dapat dinyatakan kembali dengan pola
inversi menjadi:

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- If you come with me for a joyride tonight, you will have a great
fun = should you come with me for a joyride tonight, you will
have a great fun.
- If you don’t have any money, you may borrow from me = should
you not have any money, you may borrow from me.
- You must study hard if you want to enter favorite university =
should you want to enter favorite university, you must study
hard.
- If we finish the assignment today, we can have a free time week
= should we finish the assignment today, we can have a free
time next week.
Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan (habitual), pergunakan pola berikut :
If + subject+ simple present tense……+simple present tense
Contoh :
- If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in
the hospital in the afternoon .
- John usually walks to school if he has enough time.
Untuk membuat kalimat perintah (command), pergunakan pola
berikut :
If + subject+ simple present tense……+command form…..
Contoh :
- If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me.
- Don’t tell this problem to father if you care of me.
2. Present Conditional(Conditional type 2)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan
apa yang ada/terjadi sekarang belakangan ini.
Pola : If + subject1+ simple past + subject 2 + would/could/might +
verb 1/be
Contoh :
- If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
- He would tell you about it if he were here.
(Dia akan mengatakan hal itu jika dia ada disini sayangnya dia
tidak ada disini.) Untuk conditional type 2 hanya tobe were yang
digunakan untuk semua subjek.
# "If" dengan menggunakan to be were pada pola diatas dapat
dihilangkan tanpa mengurangi makna dengan mengubah
struktur polanya kedalam bentuk inversi :
Polanya :
Were + subject + adjective/adverb/noun + subject2 + would/could/
might + V1/be

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- He would tell you about it if he were here = were he here, he

would tell you about it.
- If I were you, I would start packing now = were I you, I would
start packing now.
3. Past Conditional (Conditional type 3)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa
yang telah terjadi/sesuatu yang sudah berlalu.
Pola :
If + subject1 + past perfect + subject 2 + would/could/might + have
Verb 3/been.
Contoh :
- If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter.
- If you had asked me I would have told you the whole story.
# Bentuk inversi(pola tanpa if) untuk type ini adalah:
Had + subject1 + verb3 + subject 2 + would/could/might + have
Verb3/been.
Contoh :
- If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter
= Had I known you were there, I would have written you a
letter.
- If you had asked me I would have told you the whole story =
Had you asked me I would have told you the whole story.
Note :
Unless = if not
You would not have won unless I had helped you= you would not have
won if I had not helped you.
Rubahlah kata kerja dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk yang benar sesuai
dengan konteks pola conditional yang diberikan:
1. If I were offered the job, I……..(take) it.
2. I’m sure Tom will lend you some money, I would be surprised it
be…….(refuse).
3. Many people would be out of work if that factory……(close) down.
4. They are expecting us. They will be disappointed if I we….
5. (not come).
6. Will Adiz be angry if I…….(take) his bicycle without asking.
7. If I sell the car, she………(not get) much money for it.
8. Ann gave me this ring. She…….(be) terribly upset if I lost it.
9. if someone…..(walk) in here with a gun. I’d have been very frightened.
10. What would have happened if you…..(not go) to work yesterday.
11. I’m sure she…..(understand) if you had explained the situation to her.

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Exercise 2
Rubahlah Conditional dibawah ini ke dalam bentuk inversinya.
1. If you should see Tom this afternoon, can you tell him to phone
me?
2. You would not be punished if you were honest
3. I would have been very grateful if you had sent me your brochure
and price list before yesterday
4. what will you do if you win a million pounds?
5. If I were her I would not lend any money to you
6. if you are arrogant, one day somebody will throw an egg at you
7. What would you do if you were bitten by a snake?
8. They might have been angry if I had not visited them
9. If you stop smoking you’ ll probably feel healthier
10. If I don’t go to the party next week, they will be angry

Subjunctive
Subjunctive atau angan-angan digunakan untuk menyatakan/
mengungkapkan kejadian, keinginan ataupun kenyataan yang
bertentangan dengan apa yang sesungguhnya ada atau sesungguhnnya
terjadi.
1. Subjunctive wish
• Future
Pola : Subject1 + wish (that) + Subject2 + Could + V1/be
+would + V1/be
+ were + V-ing
- I wish you would stop saying that. (You won’t probably stop)
- We wish that you could come to the party tonight.
(Kepengennya sih kamu bisa datang ke pesta nanti malam)
• Present
Pola :
a. Subject1 + wish(that) + subject 2 + V2/were
- We wish that you were old enough to come with us
- They wish they didn’t have to go to class today
b. Subject 1 + wish (that) + subject + could have V-3/had V-3
- I wish that you had come here yesterday
- Past
Pola :
Subject 1 + wished(that) + subject 2 + had V-3/could have V-3
- She wishes that she had had more time last night.

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2. Subjunctive as if/as though

• Present
Pola :
Subject1 + verb(present) + as if/as though + subject2 + verb past :
V2/were.
- The old lady dresses as if it were winter now even in Summer.
- Bill has been working in this bookstore for years and now he
acts as if he were the owner.
• Past
Pola : Subject1 + verb(past) + as if/as though + subject 2 + had Verb
3/been.
- Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.
3. Subjunctive would rather
• Present
Pola : Subject 1 + would rather + subject 2 + V2/were + keterangan
waktu kini.
- Radiz would rather it were winter Now.
• Past
Pola : Subject 1 + would rather + subject 2 + had V3/been +
keterangan waktu lampau.
- Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
@ Bentuk past dati “to be” dalam subjunctive selamanya dalam
“were” untuk semua subjek.
@ “would rather” yang tidak diikuti subject 2 mengharuskan
pengikutnya dalam Verb 1 untuk menyatakan pilihan kesukaan
(preference).
Exercise
Rubahlah kata kerja dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk yang benar
1. We would rather……….(stay) home tonight.
2. Mr. John would rather…..(stay) home last night.
3. The police would rather…..(work) on Saturday than on Sunday.
4. Maria would rather that we…..(study) more than we do.
5. The photographer would rather that we…..(stand) closer together
we are standing.
6. She would rather you…..(not arrive) last night.
7. The old lady dresses as if it…….(be)winter even in he summer.
8. Radizga walks as though he……(study) modeling.
9. He looked as though he…….(run) ten miles.
10. I wish they……(stop) making so much noise that I could concentrate.

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11. Radizga wished that the editors…….(permit) him to copy some of

their material.
12. John wishes that he…….(spend) his vacation on the Gulf Coast next
year.
13. Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she…….
(study) harder last night.
14. Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though
they……(be) adult.
15. We wish that we……(have) time last night.
Causative
Causative adalah suatu pola kalimat yang menyatakan bahwa
seseorang/subjek menyebabkan orang lain melakukan sesuatu atau
menyebabkan sesuatu dikerjakan untuknya oleh orang lain.
1. Active Causative
Subjek menyuruh/menyebabkan objek (pelaku) melakukan suatu
tindakan.
Pola : Subject + have/make/let/help + object (pelaku) + V1
Contoh:
- Mary had John wash the car.
(Mary menyuruh John mencuci mobil = Johnlah yang mencuci
mobil.
- The robber made the teller give the money.
(Pencuri memaksa teller memberikan uang).
Pola yang diatas mempunyai makna yang sama dengan pola:
Subject + ask/get/permit/allow/ + objeck (pelaku) + to V1
Contoh :
- Mary got John to wash the car.
- The robber asked the teller to give the money
2. Passive Causative
Apabila objek dalam causative berupa benda (mati), passive
causative digunakan dimana subjek menginginkan sesuatu (objek)
di kerjakan oleh orang lain.
Pola :
Subject + have/get + object (benda) + verb 3
Contoh :
- Mary got her car washed.
(Mary menyuruh mobilnya dicuci)

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5 ACTIVE/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
Active participle ialah verb + ing
Passive participle ialah verb 3, yang dapat digunakan sebagai :
a. Noun modifier
b. Clause modifier
a. Noun Modifier terdiri dari :
Active/participle sebelum kata benda.
Contoh:
• The dancing girl is my sister
• The singing bird is a murai
• The broken car was sold
Active Participle/Passive Participle phrases.
Contoh :
• The man wearing a cap is Hendra’s father
• The boy riding the buffalo is my brother
• The man killed in the field is my uncle
Keterangan :
The boy riding that buffalo dapat diubah menjadi:
The boy who is/was riding that buffalo atau,
• The boy who rode that buffalo
• The man killed the field berarti The man who is killed in the
field
b. Active Participle/Participles phrases sebagai clauses Modifier.
Contoh:
• Being old, he has to wear glasses
• Shouting, he kicked the door
• Surrounded by mountains, Bandung has cool climate
Keterangan :
• Because he is old, he has to wear glasses
• While he was shouting, he kicked the door
• Because Bandung is surrounded by mountains, it has cool
climate
Penggunaan Active Participle :
1. Bila 2 pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama pada waktu yang
bersamaan maka salah satu kalimat tadi di­bentuk menjadi active
participle.

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Contoh :
• He rode away. He wistled as he went. He rode away whistling.
• The children came. They ran to meet us.
The children came running to meet us.
2. Bila suatu perbuatan diikuti oleh perbuatan lainnnya dan dilakukan
oleh subjek yang sama, maka perbuatan yang pertama dinyatakan
dengan active participle.
Contoh :
• He opened the drawer and took out a revolver
• Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver
• Active participle dapat menggantikan as/since/because + subject
+ verb
Contoh :
• Because he was a student, he was naturally interested in museum
= Being a student, he was naturally interested in museum
• As he didn’t know answer, he kept silent = Not knowing the
answer, he kept silent
3. Bila 2 pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama dan pekerjaan
yang satu sudah selesai dikerjakan lalu diikuti oleh pekerjaan lainnya
maka pekerjaan yang sudah selesai, dinyatakan dengan active
participle.
Contoh :
• After I had finished my work, I went out = Having finished my
work, I went out.

6 CONCORD/AGREEMENT
Concord adalah persesuaian dengan predikat. Contoh-contoh dalam
bentuk bentuk sederhana adalah sebagai berikut :
I fly to Manado once a week.
He flies to Manado once a week.
• I have been to Bali
• He has a nice car
• You always complains about her job.

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Contoh-contoh lainnya :
1. Ada beberapa kata benda yang nampaknya tunggal tetapi
mempunyai arti jamak.
Yaitu : cattle, public, police, people, poutry.
Contoh :
• The cattle are grazing in the field
• The police enforce the law
2. Beberapa kata benda yang kelihatannya jamak tetapi mengan­dung arti
tunggal.
Yaitu : economics, statistics, billiards, mathematics, measles, mumps.
Contoh :
• Mathematics is difficult
• Measles is a contagious disease
3. Beberapa kata benda yang bisa jamak, bisa tunggal.
Yaitu : Jury, committee, team, crowd, class, family, crew, army,
congress, press.
Contoh :
• The jury consists of ten persons
• The jury are arguing among themselves
Notes : Kalau yang dilihat itu kesatuannya maka mengandung arti
tunggal. Tetapi kalau yang dilihatnya itu anggotanya maka mengandung
arti jamak.
4. Contoh-contoh kalau subject digabungkan dengan kata either…….
or, neither……nor, both…….and……
Contoh :
• Either you or she was here yesterday
• (Yang dilihat, kata setelah “or”)
• Neither I nor he likes coffee (Kata yang dilihat kata setelah “nor”)
• Both you and your sister work well (subjeknya jamak karena
terdiri dari you and your sister)
• Not only Rudy but also his brother are actors
• Not only does Rudy teach math but also English
• Rudy teaches not only math but also English
5. Penggunaan each, either, dan neither of, every, one of. Kalau dalam
sebuah kalimat dimulai dengan kata each, either, atau neither maka
sudah pasti kata kerjanya harus berbentuk singular.
Contoh :
• Neither of the films is interesting
• My school has ten rooms; each of them is equipped by the over
head projector

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6. Penggunaan “as well as” bila dua subjek tunggal dihubung­kan

dengan kata as well as maka kata kerja yang digunakannya untuk
subjek tunggal.
Contoh :
• An apple as well as an orange is good for our health
• A television as well as a radio is the source of information
Bila kedua subjeknya tidak sama jumlahnya maka yang dilihat
(disesuaikan) adalah subjek yang ditulis terdahulu.
Contoh :
• The students as well as the teacher have worked hard;
A banana as well as oranges is going to be sent to you
7. Lama waktu, jarak, berat, volume, selalu diikuti dengan kata kerja
untuk subjek tunggal.
Contoh :
• Five hours is not long for me to wait
• Two hundred kilometers is not far away nowadays
• Five kgs is heavy to carry, eight is enough
8. Kata-kata berikut ini selalu diikuti oleh predikat untuk benda
jamak.
Yaitu : tweezers, binoculars, glasses, shoes, pyamas, pliers, trousers.
Tetapi bisa ditunggalkan dengan kata “a pair of” (sepasang)
bandingkan :
• My glasses are on the table
• A pair of glasses is on the table, two pairs of glasses are on the
table
9. Kata benda yang bentuk tunggal dan jamaknya sama.
Yaitu : deer, sheep, salmon, mackerel, aircraft, Vietnamese, Chinese,
Japanese.
Contoh :
• I saw two Japanese in that hotel
• There are hundred of deer in the palace garden

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7 MODALS
Modals adalah kata kerja atau auxiliary verb yang terdiri-dari : Shall,
should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare,
used to.
Kata-kata tersebut diatas diikuti verb.
Contoh :
Shall dipakai untuk
1. Menyatakan future dengan subjeck I/We
Contoh : I shall leave for America tomorrow
2. Janji
Contoh : You shall have a motorbike
(Saya janjikan anda akan dapat sepeda)
3. Ancaman
Contoh : You shall be punished if you do that job.
Should dipakai untuk :
1. Bentuk past dari shall, kalau berada pada anak kalimat.
Contoh : I say that I shall leave
I said that I should leave
2. Mengandung arti seharusnya dalam bentuk present.
Contoh : You should obey your parents
You ought to obey your parents
3. Mengandung arti sebaiknya suggestion/advice.
Contoh : If you are tired, you should take a rest
Will dipakai untuk :
1. bentuk future
Contoh : I will go to Jakarta tomorrow
2. janji
Contoh : I will come to your house if it doesn’t rain
3. polite request
Contoh : Will you open the window please ?
Would :
1. Past tense dari will kalau berada pada anak kalimat.
Contoh :
• He says he will come
• He said he would come

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2. More polite request

Contoh : Would you open the door, please!
3. Berarti want kalau ditambah “like”(would like = want)
Would you like a cup of tea? = Do you want a cup of tea?
Can mengandung arti :
1. ability at present
Contoh : I can speak English
2. permission
Contoh : Can I go out?
3. Request
Contoh : Can you help me?
4. Present Possiblity
Contoh : He can be at home
Could mengandung arti :
1. Past dari can kalau berada pada anak kalimat.
Contoh : I said that I could go with you
2. Ability in the past
Contoh : When I was young, I could play well.
3. Permission (Izin yang lebih halus dari can)
Contoh : Could I borrow your ball point?
4. Past Possibilty
Contoh : He could be at home last night
May berarti:
1. Permission
Contoh : May I go home now ?
2. Possibility
Contoh : He may come late (mungkin)
Might berarti :
1. Past dari may kalau berada pada anak kalimat.
Contoh : he said that he might go home (= boleh)
2. Past (conclusion)
Contoh : Andy has many luxurious cars; he must be rich.
Need dapat dipakai:
1. Sebagai kata kerja biasa
Contoh : Do you need a new book?
2. Sebagai kata kerja Bantu
Contoh : Need you go so soon?

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8 MODALS PERFECT
(Subject – Modals – have - Verb 3 - object etc)
Contoh :
1. I could have lifted the box just now (Saya bisa mengangkat kotak itu,
tetapi tidak saya lakukan).
Artinya suatu kemampuan di waktu lampau yang tidak dikerjakan.
2. He might have gone by train early this morning.
(Mungkin dia pergi dengan kereta api tadi pagi-pagi).
Artinya suatu kemungkinan di waktu lampau.
3. The road is wet this morning, it must have rained last
Night (pasti tadi malam hujan, buktinya jalan basah).
Suatu kesimpulan di waktu lampau.
4. I would have returned your bycyle (saya ingin mengembalikan
Sepedamu, tetapi tidak bisa).
Suatu keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi.
5. I should have given him some money (seharusnya saya memberi dia
uang tetapi tidak saya berikan).
Suatu keharusan yang tidak dipenuhi.

9 GERUND
Gerund adalah kata kerja di tambah -ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata
benda atau yang dibendakan.
Gerund bisa berfungsi sebagai:
a. Subject
b. Object
c. Predicate complement
d. Noun modifier
a. Gerund sebagai subject
• Smoking is bad for our health
• Riding a bycyle isn’t easy
• Baking cake is very hard

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b. Gerund sebagai object

• I like reading
• She enjoys dancing
Kata-kata kerja yang lain yang bisa diikuti dengan Gerund adalah:
admit, appreciate, avoid, begin, can’t help, can’t stand, continue,
deny, dislike, finish, forget, hate, keep, mind, neglect, practice,
prefer, regret, remember, start, stop.
Gerund sesudah preposition.
• I am fond of playing the piano
• They left without having breakfast
• She apologized for coming late
• I am looking forward to waiting her performance
• I object to joining his club
• I am used to waiting in queues
• I am accustomed to going out alone
c. Gerund sebagai predicate complement
• My hobby is dancing
• His favorite sport was bycyle riding
d. Gerund sebagai ”modifiers of nouns”
• The waiting room is full of girls
• The reading books are on the table
Gerund after Possesive Adjective
Contoh :
• Tuti’s cooking is delicious
• Her dancing is interesting
• I enjoy her cooking
• You can’t prevent his spending on his money
• Forgive my ringing you up so early
Ada beberapa kata kerja tertentu yang dapat diikuti dengan Gerund
dan dapat juga diikuti dengan to infinitive, artinya berbeda.
Contoh :
1. He forgets telling her story
(Dia menceritakan cerita itu kepadanya tetapi dia lupa)
He stopped to tell her the story
(Dia lupa bahwa dia harus menyatakan cerita itu).
2. He stopped working (he stopped his work)
He stopped to work (he stopped in order to work)
3. They tried to make a kite (berusaha)
They tried making a kite (melakukan percobaan)

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10 TO INFINITIVE (TO + V-1)

1. Sebagai subject
• To cook takes a lot of time
• To be a teacher is interesting
• To understand English is not easy
2. Sebagai keterangan dari suatu kata benda
• I have something to do
• Do you need a man to help you
• I have some problems to solve
3. Sebagai keterangan dari kata sifat
• John is happy to help Almira
• The lesson is easy to understand
4. Sebagai keterangan dari kata kerja
• They ran to help the injured child
• He came to see that he was wrong
• I will agree to marry David
5. Sebagai keterangan dari “Wh-Question words”
• I know how to drive a car
• I don’t know how to thank you
• Can you tell me which button to press

11 SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctive digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan atau keadaan
yang tidak terpenuhi atau juga untuk menyatakan situasi yang bertentangan
dengan fakta. Beberapa kata-kata yang menunjukkan bahwa pernyataan
ini subjunctive yaitu: wish, if only, would rather, as if, as though, suppose,
would to god, it’s high time.
Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk present adalah kata kerja ke 2,
sedang to be yang digunakan adalah were untuk semua subjek.

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Contoh :
• I wish I knew his address now = I am sorry I don’t know his address
now
• I wish I were happy now = I am sorry I am not happy now
Sedangkan wish + (that) subject + past perfect digunakan untuk bentuk
past.
Contoh :
• I wish I had known his address yesterday = I am sorry I didn’t know
his address yesterday
• I wished (that) I hadn’t spent much money = I was sorry I spent
much money
• I wished I had not been rich = I was sorry I had been rich
• I wished I knew it = I was sorry, I didn’t know it
Contoh-contoh kalimat subjunctive
1. I wish I could speak English well
2. If only he had eaten many apples yesterday
3. I would rather you came back now
4. He speaks as though he were a smart student
5. He laughs loudly as though nothing happened
6. it’s time you did your work

12 DEPENDENT/INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
Dependent Clause disebut juga sub clause atau anak kalimat adalah kalimat
yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri jadi bergantung kepada induk kalimatnya
atau main clause sedangkan Independendent clause atau induk kalimat
adalah kalimat yang dapat berdiri sendiri.
Contoh Dependent dan Independent Clause
She said to me that she had ever been to Bali.
She said to me = Independent Clause
That she had ever been to Bali = Dependent Clause
If you invite me, I will come
If you invite me = Dependent Clause
I will come= Independent Clause
I don’t know how old she is.

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It was a mystery why he was shot dead.

The man whom I met last night is my uncle
The man is my uncle = Independent Clause
Whom I met last night = Dependent Clause
Keterangan :
1. Apabila induk kalimatnya bentuk present maka anak kalimatnya
(dependent clausenya) boleh present, future atau past tense
2. Apabila induk kalimatnya past tense maka anaknya harus past tense
lagi yang dimaksud disini past simple, past countinous ataupun past
perfect.
3. Dependent clause selalu diikuti oleh kata-kata lain seperti: If, that,
when, how, where, why, which, etc, sedangkan Independent clause
langsung dimulai oleh subject.
4. Kalimat yang terdapat pada dependent clause tidak boleh berbentuk
kalimat Tanya, lihat contoh yang terdapat pada point c dan d.
5. Kalau diakhir kalimat dependent dan independent ada tanda tanya,
maka yang berbetuk kalimat tanya ada pada independentnya.
Contoh :
• Can you tell where he lives?

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