= 7575,7576 kg / jam
Kemurnian dari Dimetil Tereftalat (DMT) adalah 99,7%, maka :
Jumlah Dimetil Tereftalat (DMT) = 99,7% x 7575,7576 kg/jam
= 7553,0303 kg/jam
(10) (11)
AT 98,5% AT 83,933%
I 1,5% M 0,356%
W 0,029%
DMT 15,682%
M (aq) 99,4% (9) (12) AT
SB - 01 M
W(l) 0,6%
W
DMT
I
AT
AT
M (14)
W
(12) CN - 01 M
W
DMT
(13) DMT
I
I
Gambar A.2 Aliran Proses pada Ash Filter (CN-01)
AT AT
(15)
M (14) R - 01 M
W W
DMT DMT
Gambar A.3 Aliran Proses pada Reakor (R-01)
+2 → +2
P- C6H4( COOH )2 CH3OH P-C6H4( COOCH3 )2 H2O
XAT = 0,96
r1 = 0,96 x
= 0,96 x 40,5316
= 38,9103 kmol/jam
0,0009
=
15
15 NM 1743,2704
M = 15 = =0,9266
N 1881,4180
W: = + ( 2 x r1 x
= 352,3004 + (2 x 38,9103 x 18,016)
= 1754,3177 kg/jam
0,0518
DMT : = + ( r1 x
= 46,6990 + (38,9103 x 194,18)
= 7602,3084 kg/jam
N15
DMT 39,1508
DMT = 15 = =0,0208
N 1881,4180
TRIAL
T, Suhu
ZA,ZB,ZC,ZD
XA, XB, XC, XD
P
APAKAH NO
XA + XB +XC + XD=1 ?
YES T = T DEW
POINT
AT = 0,9463
P M
= M=
PoM
=
874 0,9266
M=
= 82095,5094 mmHg 82095,5094
M= 0,0099
P
= =
Po
=
874 0,0518
=
= 35421,0933 mmHg 35421,0933
= 0,0013
P DMT
DMT =
= o
PDMT
=
AT = 0,0433
= 1,0008
Suhu dew point berkisar 260oC , HE-01 digunakan terlebih dahulu untuk
mendinginkan produk gas dari reaktor sebelum produk gas didesublimasi. HE-01
akan menurunkan suhu gas produk dari 330 oC sampai suhu 270 oC .
Kesetimbangan
Diasumsikan bahwa produk yang keluar dari desublimator telah mencapai
kesetimbangan yaitu kesetimbangan 2 fase dan 4 komponen. Sehingga komposisi
dan jumlah komponen di fase gas dan fase padat bisa dihitung dengan alogaritma
Pio (
Zi 1 L
G
)
sebagai berikut : mi = dan Xi =
P mi L
G
APAKAH
XA + XB +XC + XD =1 ?
dan
NO
YA + YB + YC + YD =1?
Congratulation
YES
= Po y =m
m =
P
y = 0,0518
17097,0560
m = 0,0518 (1+0,0009485)
= 874 =
19,5618+ 0,0009485
=17097,0560 m =19,5618
mmHg
Σ = 1,0000 Σ = 1,0000
1881,4180 = 0,0009485
1881,4180 = 1,0009485
kmol
1879,6352 =
jam
11
AT = 0,8439 1,7828 166,128 18
AT = 0,0001 1879,6352 166,128
11
AT = 249,9455 kg/jam 18
AT = 19,3919 kg jam
18
19,3919 kmol
= AT
= =0,1167
MrAT 166,128 jam
0,0001
11 18
M: M= M L11 MrM 18
M= y MrM
11
M= 0,0186 1,7828 32,042 18
M= 0,9274 1879,6352 32,042
11
M= 1,0607 kg/jam 18
M= 55856,8088 kg jam
18
M 55856,8088 kmol
=
MrM
= =1743,2373
32,042 jam
11
W: = L11 Mr 18
=y 18
Mr
11
= 0,0026 1,7828 18,016 18
= 0,0518 1879,6352 18,016
11
= 0,0851 kg/jam 18
= 1754,2326 kg jam
18
1754,2326
=
Mr
= =97,3708
18,016
0,0518
11 18
DMT : DMT = AT L11 MrDMT 18
DMT = yDMT MrDMT
11
DMT = 0,1349 1,7828 194,18 18
DMT = 0,0208 1879,6352 194,18
11
DMT = 46,6989 kg/jam 18
DMT = 7555,6095 kg jam
18
DMT 7555,6095 kmol
= = = 38,9103
MrDMT jam
0,0207
(20) M
W
AT AT
M (19) TS - 02 (21) M
W W
DMT DMT
Gambar A.5 Aliran Proses pada Tangki Separator (TS-02)
Kesetimbangan
Trial T = 72oC (345,15 K) ; P = 1,1 atm (836mmHg) ; L/G = 0,281
mAT =0,0000
= PoM yM = mM M
mM =
P
yM = 0,9645
1013,6529
mM = 0,9274 (1+0,281)
= 836 M=
1,2125+ 0,281
= 1013,6529 mM =1,2125
mmHg
= Po y =m
m =
P
y = 0,0355
269,9709
m = 0,0518 (1+0,281)
= 836 =
0,3229+ 0,281
Σ = 0,9999 Σ = 1,0000
1879,6352 = 0,281
1879,6352 = 1,281
kmol 20
1467,3187 =
jam
21
AT = 0,0003 412,3165 166,128 20
AT = 0,0000 1467,3187 166,128
21
AT = 19,3919 kg/jam 20
AT = 0,0000 kg jam
21 20
M: M= M L21 MrM 20
M= y MrM
21
M= 0,7955 412,3165 32,042 20
M= 0,9645 1467,3187 32,042
21
M= 10509,3580 kg/jam 20
M= 45347,4508 kg jam
21
= 0,1099 412,3165 18,016 20
= 0,0355 1467,3187 18,016
21
= 816,2171 kg/jam 20
= 938,0156 kg jam
21 20
DMT : DMT = DMT L21 MrDMT 20
DMT = yDMT MrDMT
21
DMT = 0,0943 412,3165 194,18 20
DMT = 0,0000 1467,3187 194,18
21
DMT = 7555,6095 kg/jam 20
DMT = 0,000 kg jam
AT AT
M (21) CR - 01 (22) M
W W
DMT DMT
Gambar A.6 Aliran Proses pada Cooling Crystalizer (CR-01)
Data Kelarutan
Kelarutan Asam Terephthalic dalam g / 100 g metanol
Suhu, oC 25 160
Kelarutan 0,1 2,9
(Kirk & Othmer)
Kelarutan Dimethyl Terephthalate dalam g / 100 g metanol
Suhu, oC 25 60
Kelarutan 1,0 5,7
(Kirk & Othmer)
Persamaan Clausius-Clapeyron
d ln S H
=
dT RT 2
H
d ln S = dT
RT 2
H 1
ln S = C
R T
1,5
1 y = -3221.2219x + 8.5014
0,5
0
0 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004
ln S
-0,5
-1
-1,5 Kelarutan AT dalam Metanol
-2
-2,5
1/T
0,5
Kelarutan DMT dalam Metanol
0
0,0029 0,003 0,0031 0,0032 0,0033 0,0034
1/T
Diperoleh persamaan :
1
AT : ln S = 3221,2219 8,5014
T
1
DMT : ln S = 4939,3770 16,5668
T
T = 72oC (345,15 K)
21
AT : 1 21 M M
ln S = 3221,2219 8,5014 AT 100
345,15
21 10537,6821
ln S = 0,8314 AT 100
21
AT
S = 0,4355
21 26
DMT : 1 21 M M
ln S = 4939,3770 16,5668 DMT 100
345,15
21 10537,6821
DMT (a )=9,5447
ln S = 2,2560 100
21
S = e 2, 2560 DMT (a )=670,5276
21 21 26 21
S = 9,5447 DMT (s)= DMT + DMT DMT
(a )
21
DMT (s)=7555,6095+27,0528 670,5276
21
DMT (s)=6912,1346
T = 10oC (283,15 K)
21 26
AT : 1 22 M M
ln S = 3221,2219 8,5014 AT 100
283,15
22 10537,6821
ln S = 2,8749 AT 100
22
S = e 2,8749 AT 34
22 21 26 22
S = 0,0564 AT (s)= AT + AT AT
(a )
22
AT (s)=19,3919+3,6707 3,9634
22
AT (s)=19,0992
21 26
DMT 1 22 M M
ln S = 4939,3770 16,5668 DMT 100
: 283,15
22 10537,6821
DMT (a )=0,4158
100
ln S = 0,8776
22
DMT (a )=29,2095
0,8776
S =e
22 21 21 22
DMT (s)= DMT (s)+ DMT DMT
(a )
S = 0,4158
22
DMT (s)=6912,1346+670,5276 29,2095
AT AT
M (22) CF - 01 (23) M
W W
DMT DMT
AT
(25)
M
W
DMT
M 10537,6821 0,9247
W 824,4093 0,0723
Σ=11395,2643 Σ=1
= 19,0992 + 7553,4527
= 7572,5520 kg/jam
90 10
=
Σ padatan Σ cairan
90 10
=
7572,5520 Σ cairan
Σ cairan = 841,3947 kg/jam
(27) M
W
AT AT
M (24) TS - 03 (26) M
W W
DMT DMT
Alur 24
Komponen
Fi Mri Ni = Zi=
Σ 347,1305
Kesetimbangan
Trial T = 75oC (348,15 K) ; P = 1 atm (760mmHg) ; L/G = 0,00434
= PoAT yAT = mAT AT
mAT =
P
yAT = 0,0000
4,1406e 08
= mAT =
760 0,0001 (1+0,00434)
AT =
5,45e 11+ 0,00434
=4,1406e-08 mAT =5,45e 11
mmHg
= PoM yM = mM M
mM =
P
yM = 0,8787
1133,2285
= mM =
760 0,8777 (1+0,00434)
M=
1,49109+ 0,00434
= 1133,2285 mM =1,49109
mmHg
= Po y =m
m =
P
y = 0,1213
304,1205
= m =
760 0,1218 (1+0,00434)
=
0,400159+ 0,00434
= 304,1205 m =0,400159
mmHg
Σ = 1,000 Σ = 1,0000
27 2
N2 =L
27
L26 = N
= 0,00434
= 0,00434
= 1,004346
kmol
345,6304 =
jam
26
AT = 0,0147 1,5001 166,128 27
AT = 0,0000 345,6304 166,128
26
AT = 3,6677kg/jam 27
AT = 0,0000 kg jam
26 27 27
M: M= M L MrM M= y MrM
26
M= 0,5893 1,5001 32,042 27
M= 0,8787 345,6304 32,042
26
M= 19,2935 kg/jam 27
M= 9732,2075 kg jam
26 27 27
W: = L Mr =y Mr
26
= 0,3031 1,5001 18,016 27
= 0,1213 345,6304 18,016
26
= 5,5814 kg/jam 27
= 755,5569 kg jam
26 27 27
DMT : DMT = DMT L MrDMT DMT = yDMT MrDMT
26
DMT = 0,0929 1,5001 194,18 27
DMT = 0,0000 345,6304 194,18
26
DMT = 27,0303 kg/jam 27
DMT = 0,000 kg jam
AT AT
M (25) RD - 01 (29) M
W W
DMT DMT
AT 19,3919 0,0023
M 778,0732 0,0925
W 60,8721 0,0072
Σ = 8413,9466 Σ=1,0000
= 19,3919 + 7555,6095
= 7575,0014 kg/jam
99,95 0,05
=
Σ padatan Σ cairan
99,95 0,05
=
7575,0014 Σ cairan
Σ cairan = 3,7894 kg/jam
28
Udara pengering (0,3% W) = 4,3960 kg/s = 15825,6 kg/jam
28 28
28
= 47,4768 kg/jam
M: = Σ cairan x (
= 774,5587 kg/jam
=
= 778,0732 – 774,5587
= 3,5150 kg/jam
W: = )+
= 778,0732 + 60,8721 – 774,5587 + 47,4768
= 108,0098
=
= 60,8721 + 47,4768 – 108,0098
= 0,2744 kg/jam
DMT =
= 7555,6095 kg/jam
M
(33) M
W (32) TS - 05 W
Udara
Σ 575,8824
Kesetimbangan
Trial T = -5oC (268,15 K) ; P = 1 atm (760mmHg) ; L/G = 0,03157
= PoM yM = mM M
mM =
P
yM = 0,020595
21,7616
= mM = 0,0420 (1+0,03157)
760
M=
0,028634+ 0,03157
= 21,7616 mM =0,028634
mmHg
y dara
=0,977523
Σ = 1,0000 Σ = 1,0000
kmol
jam
34 33
N32 =L
34
L33 = N
= 0,03157
L33 = 575,8824 558,2581
= 0,03157 kmol
L33 17,6235
jam
575,8824 = 0,03157
575,8824 = 1,03157
kmol
558,2581 =
jam
33
M= 0,7192 17,6235 32,042 34
M= 0,020595 558,2581 32,042
33
M= 406,1685 kg/jam 34
M= 368,3902 kg jam
33
W: = L33 Mr 34
=y 34
Mr
33
= 0,2807 17,6235 18,016 34
= 0,001883 558,2581 18,016
33
= 89,131 kg/jam 34
= 18,9429 kg jam
34 34
Udara : = yDMT MrDMT
34
= 0,977523 558,2581 26
34
= 15825,6 kg jam
M
W (20)
M
(27)
MD-01
W
M
W (33)
M
(41) W
M (7) FU - 01 (9) M
W W
LAMPIRAN B
PERHITUNGAN NERACA PANAS
Asam Tereftalat
Tabel LB.1 Penentuan Konstanta Asam Tereftalat
Ni Jenis Gugus Ni ai Ni bi Ni ci Ni di
2 -COOH 2(1,4055) 2(3,4632 10-2) 2(-0,2537 10-4) 2(0,6886 10-8)
1 -CH=CH- 1(-3,1210) 1(3,8060 10-2) 1(-0,2359 10-4) 1(0,5504 10-8)
Dimetil Tereftalat
Tabel LB.2 Penentuan Konstanta Dimetil Tereftalat
Jenis
Ni Ni ai Ni bi Ni ci Ni di
Gugus
2 -CH3 2(0,6087) 2(2,1433 10-2) 2(-0,0852 10-4) 2(1,1350 10-8)
2 -COO- 2(2,7350) 2(1,0751 10-2) 2(0,0667 10-4) 2(-0,0923 10-8)
1 -CH=CH- 1(-3,1210) 1(3,8060 10-2) 1(-0,2359 10-4) 1(0,5504 10-8)
2 -C=CH- 2(-1,4714) 2(3,3842 10-2) 2(-0,2371 10-4) 2(0,6063 10-8)
Sum 0,6236 17,011 10-2 -0,7471 10-4 2,187 10-8
Cp = A BT CT 2 DT 3
dengan Cp = kJ
kmol K
Metanol
T norm : 337,75 K
1 1 1
uap =A T+ B T2 + C T3 + D T4 +
2 3 4
Asam Tereftalat
T Sublim : 298,15 K
1 1 1
uap =A T+ B T2 + C T3 + D T4 +
2 3 4
solid = Cpsolid T
Dimetil Tereftalat
T fusion : 50 oC
T nm : 284 oC
1 1 1
uap =A T+ B T2 + C T3 + D T4 +
2 3 4
solid = Cpsolid T
AT AT
Metanol Metanol
H2O 597,15 K 602,9 K H2O
DMT DMT
Reaksi esterifikasi Asam Tereftalat dengan Metanol menjadi Dimetil Tereftalat dan
Steam :
COOH COOCH3
+ 2 CH3OH + 2 H2O
COOH COOCH3
Panas Reaksi
T
ΔHr T = ΔHr0 cp dT
To = 298
Qreaksi =
= -12,327,874,805.0655 kJ/kmol
m= = 654,0538 kg/jam
Metanol Metanol
H2O H2O
Metanol
H2O
= 48937,7570 kJ/kmol
= 152712526371,3570 kJ/tahun
= 19281884,6428 kJ/jam
AT AT
I Metanol
H2O
DMT
Metanol AT
H2O Metanol
H2O
Tabel LB.9 Panas masuk Sublimator DMT
T
H H H
INPUT Source Input kmol/ tahun
o (kJ/kmol) (kJ/tahun) (kJ/jam)
C
25 Fresh pure fresh AT 309094,3829 4992,1464 1543044411 194828.8398
25 Fresh Impurities 0
25 Desublimator recycle AT 11915,9064 4992,1464 59485949.4 7510.852197
25 Desublimator recycle metanol 262,1702 2014,3075 528091.3475 66.67820044
25 Desublimator H2O recycle 37,3936 1882,8000 70404.73922 8.889487275
25 Desublimator recycle DMT 1904,7059 6796,3000 12944952.66 1634.463719
385 Furnace Metanol 14422778,9877 59209,8815 8.53971E+11 107824625.6
385 Furnace H2O 154837,1102 58334,2173 9032301635 1140442.126
SUM 14900830,6569 138221,7991 8.64619E+11 109169117,4514
= Cpsolid T
= 199,685856 25
= 4992,1464 kJ/kmol
= 1111345,3870 kJ/jam
M
W AT
AT HE-01 A M
M W
W DMT
DMT M
W
Tabel B.11 Panas masuk Heat Exchanger
T Input (K) Input kmol/tahun H (kJ/kmol) Q (kJ/tahun)
AT 12840,4116 163176,9059 2095258631,3318
Metanol 13806701,4023 55480,0686 765996740275,0500
603,15
H2O 771214,2594 56330,2509 43442692719,7602
DMT 310074,5836 195863,4514 60732278142,9066
Total 14900830,6569 872266969769,0480
= 56131321969,2235 kJ/tahun
= 7087288,1274 kJ/jam
= 56131319405,4847 kJ/tahun
= 7087287,8037 kJ/jam
AT
M M
W W
DMT
Tabel B.13 Panas masuk Desublimator
T Input
(K) Input kmol/tahun H (kJ/kmol) Q (kJ/tahun)
AT 12840,4116 159407,7312 2046860876,4828
Metanol 13806701,4023 51643,8547 713031281395,7800
543,15
H2 O 771214,2594 54162,0459 41770542093,8699
DMT 310074,5836 191202,2673 59286963433,6921
Sum 14900830,6569 8,1614 x 1011
T Output
Output (gas) kmol/tahun H (kJ/kmol) Q (kJ/tahun)
(K)
Metanol 14426454,4903 42130,3104 607791006219,1880
372,12
H2 O 783599,7588 48175,5497 37750349110,4403
T Output
Output (gas) kmol/tahun H (kJ/kmol) Q (kJ/tahun)
(K)
Metanol 14426454,4903 45173,5318 651693900369,0480
431,237
H2 O 783599,7588 50196,8981 39334277282,7416
Sum 15210054,2491 691028177651,7900
AT
M
W
DMT
AT
M
W
DMT
AT AT
M M
W W
DMT DMT
= 20273144760,4711 kJ/tahun
= 2559740,5001 kJ/jam
AT
M
W
DMT
AT
M
W
DMT
Tabel L.22 Panas masuk vaporizing crystalizer pada alur 21
T Input
Input kmol/tahun H (kJ/kmol) Q (kJ/tahun)
(oC)
AT Terlarut 174,9991 33596,85856 5879418,4717
Metanol 2412337,0217 805,7230053 1943675434,8369
10 H2 O 335658,0141 756,49184 253922548,6730
DMT
1103,3987 29848,4964 32934791,4560
Terlarut
Sum 2749273,4335 2236412193,4376
M
W
M
W
M
W
M
W
M
W
Tabel L.25 Panas masuk Menara Destilasi alur 18
T Input
Input kmol/tahun H (kJ/kmol) Q (kJ/tahun)
(K)
Metanol 11208782,5459 40830,0234 457654853226,3770
343,15
H2 O 412360,3056 47255,2049 19486170724,2394
Sum 11621142,8515 477141023950,6170
A. DATA TERMODINAMIKA
Kesetimbangan yang terjadi adalah sistem biner dengan dua fase. Data
kesetimbangan sistem metanol-air dengan fase uap-cair pada tekanan total
101.3 KPa diperoleh dari ( Perry, 1984 ) :
Xa, Ya,
T ,oC
Metanol Metanol
0.000 0.000 100.0
0.020 0.134 96.4
0.040 0.230 93.5
0.060 0.304 91.2
0.080 0.365 89.3
0.100 0.418 87.7
0.150 0.517 84.4
0.200 0.579 81.7
0.300 0.665 78.0
0.400 0.729 75.3
0.500 0.779 73.1
0.600 0.825 71.2
0.700 0.870 69.3
0.800 0.915 67.5
0.900 0.958 66.0
0.950 0.979 65.0
1.000 1.000 64.5
( Perry,1984 )
XA = f ( YA )
T = f ( XA )
H = f ( YA )
h = f ( XA )
A adalah tanda untuk metanol dan B adalah tanda untuk air
H dan h adalah entalphi uap jenuh dan entalphi cair jenuh dan didekati
dengan persamaan 1 dan 2
H = H A YA H B YB …………… (
1)
h = hA X A hB X B …………… (
2)
T
H A = Cpg A dT ATr …………… (
Tr
3)
T
H B = Cpg B dT BTr …………… (
Tr
4)
T
h A = Cpl A dT …………… (
Tr
5)
6)
1.00
0.80
0.60
Y-X
XA
Poly. (Y-X)
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
YA
120
100
80
T, OC
60
X-T
40 Poly. (X-T)
20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
XA
50000
Grafik YA-HV
30000
Linear (Grafik YA-HV)
10000
0
0 0.5 1
XA= -5.7553 YA5 + 12.989 YA4- 8.6821 YA3 + 2.523 YA2 - 0.0787 YA + 0.0003
(7)
T = -235.6 XA5 + 725.63 XA4 - 856.29 XA3 + 490.77 XA2 - 159.71 XA + 99.512
(8)
H = -7995.2 YA + 48540 …………… ( 9 )
h = -5522.1 XA3 + 10748 XA2 – 7486 XA + 7381.6 …………… ( 10 )
Data :
F1 = 1467,316 kmol/jam
ZF1 = 96,4516 %
F2 = 345,6304 kmol/jam
ZF2 = 87,8696 %
F3 = 17,6235 kmol/jam
ZF3 = 71,9276 %
Condenser :
Condenser partial untuk mendapatkan hasil atas dalam fasa uap
V1,Y1,H1
Lo,Xo,ho
V1 Lo
= 1
D D
æ Lo ö
V1 = ç1 ÷D
è Dø
V1 = (1 R ) D .………… ( 16 )
D YD Lo Xo
Y1 = .………… ( 18 )
V1
YD R Xo
Y1 = .………… ( 19 )
1 R
( ) H = V1 H1 Lo ho .………… ( 21 )
H = H D QCD .………… ( 22 )
H = H1 R ( H1 ho) .………… ( 23 )
Algoritma Perhitungan :
9
D,YD HD
7 10 23 22
Xo ho QCD
19 9
R Xo
Y1 H1
V1 Lo
Plate n
V2 L1
Lo Xo Y1 V1 = L1 X 1 V2 Y2 .………… ( 25 )
Lo ho V1 H1 = L1 h1 V2 H 2 .………… ( 26 )
Algoritma Perhitungan :
24 25 9
TRIAL
V2
L1 Y2 H2
26
Y1 X1 h1 V2
7 10
APAKAH
SAMA ?
HASIL PERHITUNGAN
Dengan bantuan program solver pada Microsoft Excell maka diperoleh hasil
perhitungan :
Total plate ideal yang dibutuhkan 9 buah + Condenser partial + Reboiler
partial
Reflux = 1
Beban Panas Condenser Partial = -17289136,9073 Watt
Beban Panas Reboiler Partial = 16454916,0107 Watt
Suhu condenser = 64,8569 oC
Suhu reboiler = 99,3076 oC
Feed 1 masuk pada plate 2 ( ideal )
Feed 2 masuk pada plate 5 ( ideal )
Feed 3 masuk pada plate 6 ( ideal )
D = 1749,7593 kmol / jam
B = 80,8105 kmol/jam
YD = 98,94 % mol
XB = 0,56 % mol
V1 = 3499,5186 kmol/jam
RD-01 AT
W M
Udara W
DMT
T Input
Input kg/jam H ( kJ/ kg) Q (kJ/tahun)
(K)
H2 O 376016,2560 2735,6 1028630069,9136
415
Udara 125338752 416,47 52199830045,4400
Sum 53228460115,3536
T Output
Input kg/jam H ( kJ/ kg) H ( kJ/tahun)
(K)
319 Udara 125338752 319,4520 40039715003,9040
M
W
M M
VP-03
W W
AT
M
W
DMT
= 45109,099 ft3
( ) ( )
H total = 40ft
Tebal dinding tangki :
ntuk Dtangki < 50 t , t harus ≥ 3 16 in
Untuk 50 ft < Dtangki < 120ft , t harus ≥ 1 4 in
ntuk 120 t < Dtangki < 200 t , t harus ≥ 5 16 in
ntuk Dtangki > 200 t , t harus ≥ 3 8 in
(Appendix E, Brownell & Young , 72-in. Butt-welded)
Tebal dinding tangki (untuk butt joint)
Tebal silinder (dt) = (Peters & Timmerhaus,
1991)
Dimana : t = tebal dinding tangki bagian silinder (in)
C = Corrosion allowance = 0,125
H = tinggi tangki (ft)
D = diameter tangki (ft)
ρ : 1510 kg/m3
H2
Vt = D 2 H1 D2
4 4 3 H2
æ 1ö
Vt = D 3 ç1.5 ÷
4 è 3ø Do
√ √ ≈ 30 ft
ρ : 1283 kg/m3
H2 H2
Vt = D 2 H1 D2
4 4 3
æ 1ö
Vt = D 3 ç1.5 ÷
4 è 3ø Do
√ √ ≈ 28 ft
√ √ ≈ 15 ft
√ √ ≈6 t
0,3032
Dc = = 1,741 m
0,1
Scaling Factor :
1
d 2 éæ Dc2 ö Q1 1 2 ù
3 2
= êç ÷ ú
d1 ëêè Dc1 ø Q 2 2 1 ûú
2
Perbedaan densitas solid-fluida pada desain, kg/m3
1
d 2 éæ 1,741 ö 223 2000 0,02 ù
3 2
= êç ÷ ú = 2,7637
d1 êëè 0,203 ø 16371 2500 0,018 úû
Pressure drop:
Area of inlet duct, A1 = 0,5 Dc x 0,2 Dc
= 0,1 x 1,741 x 1,741 m
= 0,3031 m2
Cyclone surface area, As = π x Dc x (1,5 Dc + 2,5 Dc)
= 3,14 x 4 x 1,7412
= 38,07 m2
= 0,628
ϕ = 0,95
{ [ ( )] }
{ [ ] }
0,3032
Dc = = 1,712 m
0,1
Scaling Factor :
1
d 2 éæ Dc2 ö Q1 1 2 ù
3 2
= êç ÷ ú
d1 êçè Dc1 ÷ø Q2 2 1 ú
ë û
d1 Diameter rata-rata partikel yang diseparasi pada kondisi standard dengan
tingkat effisiensi yang dipilih
d2 Diameter rata-rata partikel yang diseparasi pada desain dengan tingkat
effisiensi yang sama
Dc1 Diameter dari standard cyclones, 8 in ( 203 mm )
Dc2 Diameter dari cyclones yang didesain
Q1 Standard Flow rate;
2
Perbedaan densitas solid-fluida pada desain, kg/ m3
1
d 2 éæ 1,712 ö 2000 0,018 ù
3 2
223
= êç ÷ ú = 3,63
d1 êëè 0,203 ø 15825,6 1282 0,018 úû
Pressure drop:
Area of inlet duct, A1 = 0,5 Dc x 0,2 Dc
= 0,1 x 1,712 x 1,712
= 0,293 m2
Cyclone surface area, As = π x Dc x (1,5 Dc + 2,5 Dc)
= 3,14 x 4 x 1,7122
= 36,813 m2
= 0,628
ϕ = 0,95
{ [ ( )] }
{ [ ] }
0,302
Dc = = 1,738
0,1
Scaling Factor :
1
d 2 éæ Dc2 ö Q1 1 2 ù
3 2
= êç ÷ ú
d1 êçè Dc1 ÷ø Q2 2 1 ú
ë û
2
Perbedaan densitas solid-fluida pada desain, kg/m3
1
d 2 éæ 1,738 ö 223 2000 0,02 ù
3 2
= êç ÷ ú = 3,57
d1 êëè 0,203 ø 16308 1500 0,018 úû
Pressure drop:
Area of inlet duct, A1 = 0,5 Dc x 0,2 Dc
= 0,1 x 1,738 x 1,738
= 0,302 m2
Cyclone surface area, As = π x Dc x (1,5 Dc + 2,5 Dc)
= 3,14 x 4 x 1,7382
= 37,94 m2
= 0,628
ϕ = 0,95
{ [ ( )] }
Q = 3477915,2407 Btu
jam
Preheating Area :
Tujuan : untuk memanaskan metanol dari suhu 96,44 oF sampai suhu 174,2 oF.(
sensible heat ). Dari neraca panas diketahui pemanas gas masuk pada preheating
area pada suhu 343,1533 oF dan keluar pada suhu 235,987 oF. Panas yang
terlibat pada preheating area adalah
168,9533 139,547
LMTD preheating = = 153,7819 cF
æ 168,9533 ö
ln ç ÷
è 139,547 ø
Vaporizing Area :
Tujuan : untuk menguapkan metanol pada suhu 174,2 oF dan tekanan 1,7 atm. (
latent heat ). Dari neraca panas diketahui pemanas gas masuk pada preheating
area pada suhu 527,5oF dan keluar pada suhu 343,1533 oF. Panas yang terlibat
pada preheating area adalah 2838599,7291 Btu/jam.
431,0427 246,7133
LMTD vaporizing = = 330,3512 cF
æ 431,0427 ö
ln ç ÷
è 246,7133 ø
3477915,2407 Btu
jam
Weigthed Temperature =
639315,5116 Btu 2838599,7291 Btu
jam jam
o
o
153,7819 F 330,3512 F
Weigthed Temperature = 261,867 oF
Spesifikasi tube :
i. 1 in OD tube
ii. 0,810 in ID tube, 13 BWG ( Birminghan Wire Gage )
iii. Surface per lin ft = 0,2618 ft2/ft
iv. Flow area per tube = 0,516 in2
v. 1,25 in triangular pitch
vi. Diameter ekivalen = 0,99 in
Dicoba harga Ud = 50 Btu/(jam ft2 oF)
Dicoba jumlah vaporizer = 1 unit
Dicoba panjang tube = 8 ft
Jumlah Luas perpindahan panas yang dibutuhkan per Reboiler adalah :
3477915,2407 Btu
jam
A= = 265,6 ft 2
50 Btu 261,867 F
o
jam ft 2 oF
Jumlah tube yang dibutuhkan jika panjang tube = 8 ft ;
265,6 ft 2
= 2
= 126,8 tubes
0,2618 ft 8 ft
ft
Table 9 Kern ,1950
Dipakai 131 tubes ( standar )
Jumlah tube-pass = 1
Surface/HE = 274.3664 ft2
Clearance = 0,25 in
ID shell = 17,25 in
23788,69 lb
jam lb
G' = = 50775,525 2
131 0.515 1 / 144 ft jam
50775,525 0.0675 ft
Re = = 44429,948
0.07714
Fig 24 Kern ; jH = 225
Prandtl number =0,73
0,0265 Btu
jam ft oF
( 0,73 ) 3
1
ID 0,810
hio = hi = 79,5363 = 64,4244 Btu
OD 1 jam ft 2 oF
Gs = 99467,9785 lb
jam ft 2
Gs De
Re = = 8477,3845
Cp
Pr = = 2,4321
k
Fig 28 Kern, diperoleh jH = 50
ho = 324,3868 Btu
jam ft 2 oF
Ud dan Panjang tube
hio ho
Uc = = 53,7496 Btu
hio ho jam ft 2 oF
f Gs 2 Ds ( N 1)
( P ) = 1
2 5.22 1010 De s
lb
Gs Jumlah fluida pendingin,
jam ft 2
Ds Diameter shell, in
N+1 Jumlah crosses, = L/B
De Diameter ekivalen, in
s Specific gravity
f Friction factor dibaca pada Fig 29 Kern
( P )return = 4 n V
2
= 4 psi
s 2g
( P)Total = ( P)return ( P)t = 4,5854 psi
Perhitungan:
a. Vapor-liquid separation factor = √
= √
= 0,0123
Lv
Maximum design vapor velocity (Uv) = Kv
v
= √
= 7,0804ft/s
Untuk alasan keamanan terhadap factor tertentu seperti weight load, bahaya
gempa, angin dan ketersediaan alat maka dipakai diameter vessel design 24 in
atau 2 ft
Disengagament vessel = diameter vessel design x 1,5 = 2 ft x 1,5 = 3 ft
= 9,1351 x 10-3ft3/s
= 8,2216 ft3
Ketinggian liquid =
= 3,5303 ft
Untuk alasan keamanan di pakai ketinggian liquid design (T) = 4 ft
L/D = =4
= √
= 1,374 x 10-2
Lv
Maximum design vapor velocity (Uv) = Kv
v
= √
= 10,6943 ft/s
Laju alir volumetric vapor (Qv) =
= 401,1932 ft3/s
Vapour Volumetric overdesign 10% = 441,3126 ft3/s
41,2661 ft2
Untuk alasan keamanan terhadap factor tertentu seperti weight load, bahaya
gempa, angina dan ketersediaan alat maka dipakai diameter vessel design 90 in
atau 7,5 ft
Disengagament vessel = diameter vessel design x 2
= 7,5 ft x 1
= 15 ft
= 166,9 ft3
L/D = = 3,26
= √
= 2,1572 x 10-4
Lv
Maximum design vapor velocity (Uv) = Kv
v
= √
= 4,4560 ft/s
Laju alir volumetric vapor (Qv) =
=90,8958 ft3/s
Vapour Volumetric overdesign 10% = 99,9854 ft3/s
22,4386 ft2
Untuk alasan keamanan terhadap factor tertentu seperti weight load, bahaya
gempa, angina dan ketersediaan alat maka dipakai diameter vessel design 65 in
atau 5,42 ft
Disengagament vessel = diameter vessel design x 2
= 5,42 ft x 1
= 10,83 ft
= 23,75 ft3
L/D = = 2,91
= √
= 0,0378
Lv
Maximum design vapor velocity (Uv) = Kv
v
= √
= 11,3144 ft/s
Laju alir volumetric vapor (Qv) =
=473,9779 ft3/s
Vapour Volumetric overdesign 10% =521,3757 ft3/s
46,0806 ft2
in
Untuk alasan keamanan terhadap factor tertentu seperti weight load, bahaya
gempa, angina dan ketersediaan alat maka dipakai diameter vessel design 102 in
atau 8,5 ft
Disengagament vessel = diameter vessel design x 1,5
= 8,5 ft x 1
= 8,5 ft
= 612,4 ft3
L/D =
= 3,265
Bahan tangki : Carbon Steel SA-283 Grade D
f = 12650 ; E = 0,8 ; c = 0,125
Poperasi = 1 atm = 14,700 psi
Pdesign = 1,2 • Poperasi = 17,640 psi
Diameter Vessel = 102 in
Tebal plate minimum,adkasfjkakahskashfk
P.ri = 0,2140 in
t= c
Dipakai tebal plate standar f . 0,6.P = 0,3125 in
Tebal head minimum, 0,885.P.rc = 0,2037 in
th = c
Dipakai tebal plate standar f . 0.1P = 0,2500 in
= √
= 1,3039 x 10-3
Lv
Maximum design vapor velocity (Uv) = Kv
v
= √
= 5,1539 ft/s
Laju alir volumetric vapor (Qv) =
=109,1527 ft3/s
Vapour Volumetric overdesign 10% =120,0680 ft3/s
23,2964 ft2
in
Untuk alasan keamanan terhadap factor tertentu seperti weight load, bahaya
gempa, angina dan ketersediaan alat maka dipakai diameter vessel design 66 in
atau 5,5 ft
Disengagament vessel = diameter vessel design x 2
= 5,5 ft x 1
= 11 ft
= 65,554 ft3
L/D = = 3,075
C’ = PT – OD
= 1,25 – 1
= 0,25 in
Dirancang:
shell – tube passes = 1–1
N = 608
OD tube = 1 in
ID shell = 35 in
B = 10,5 in
PT (triangular) = in
L = 8 ft
Table
as = at’ = 0,5150 in2
10
= at =
= 0,51 ft2 =
Gs = Gt =
= =
253454,1752 66423,838
= =
lb/(jam)(ft2) lb/(jam)(ft2)
Fig. Fig.
μs = 0,595 cP μt = 0,02 cP
14 14
Fig. Table.
Ds = 0,99 in Dt = 0,81 in
28 10
= 0,0825 ft = 0,0675 ft
Res = Ret =
= =
= 14521,82 = 92636,55167
Fig.
jH = 60 jH = 380 Fig.24
28
Table.
0,067 0,0173
K = k =
4
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft) Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft)
ho = √ hi = √
113,086 92,78
= =
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF) Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
hio =
75,154
=
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
Uc =
= 33,38 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
A =
= 1273,3952 ft2
UD =
= 27,042 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
RD =
= 0,007 (jam)(ft2)(oF)/Btu
Pressure Drop
N+1 =
= 9,143
s = 0,8 s = 0,001
ΔP = ΔP1 =
= =
= 0,0001 Fig. 27
ΔP2 =
= 0,4 psi
1,40176 psi
=
(memenuhi)
527,48 519,4
LMTD = = 495,96 cF
æ 527,48 ö
ln ç ÷
è 519,4 ø
Dirancang:
shell – tube passes = 1–1
N = 91
OD tube = 1 in
ID shell = 15,25 in
B = 30,5 in
PT (triangular) = in
Table
as = at’ = 0,5156 in2
10
= at =
= 0,646 ft2 =
= 0,3255 ft2
Gs = Gt =
= =
53992,6431 73094,4382
= =
lb/(jam)(ft2) lb/(jam)(ft2)
Fig. Fig.
μs = 0,03 cP (T=513,5oF) μt = 0,03 cP
14 14
Fig. Table.
Ds = 0,99 in Dt = 0,81 in
28 10
= 0,0825 ft = 0,0675 ft
Res = Ret =
= =
= 57743,9037 = 63959,5956
Fig.
jH = 130 jH = 200 Fig.24
28
Table.
k = 0,067 k = 0,0173
4
ho = √ hi = √
37,5990 70,699
= =
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF) Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
hio =
57,2662
=
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
Uc =
= 22,697 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
A =
= 190,5904 ft2
UD =
= 20,3546 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
RD =
= 0,0051 (jam)(ft2)(oF)/Btu
Pressure Drop
Shell Tube
Fig. 29
f = 0,0013 ft2/in2 f = 0,0001 Fig. 26
N+
=
1
= 3,1475
s = 0,001 s = 0,001
Δ
= ΔP1=
P
= 0,001 Fig. 27
Δ
=
P2
= 4 psi
Δ
= ΔP1 + ΔP2
PT
5,2131 psi
=
(memenuhi)
Tout = 75 oC
3932841,4561 watt
mc = = 1,772 kg
(2697,2 478,3) kj kg s
Dirancang:
shell – tube passes = 1–1
N = 199
OD tube = 1 in
ID shell = 21,25 in
B = 6,375 in
PT (triangular) = in
L = 20 ft
C’ = 0,25 in
(untuk
as = hio = 2 o
Btu/(jam)(ft )( F) steam)
= 0,1882 ft2
Gs =
123662,8615
=
lb/(jam)(ft2)
Fig.
μs = 0,4 cP
14
Fig.
Ds = 0,99 in
28
= 0,0825 ft
Res =
= 10539,4484
Table.
0,289
k =
4
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft)
ho = 366 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
Uc =
= 294,854 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
A =
= 1041,964 ft2
UD =
RD =
= 0,006 (jam)(ft2)(oF)/Btu
Pressure Drop
Shell Tube
Fig. 29 Fig. 26
f = 0,0013 ft2/in2 f = 0,0001
N+1 =
= 37,6471
s = 0,85 s = 0,001
ΔP = ΔP1 =
= 0,0001 Fig. 27
ΔP2 =
= 0,4 psi
Flowrate dari flue gas ( gas hasil pembakaran ) bisa dibaca pada fig 1-6 Evans.
Untuk Excess air sebesar 25 % maka Flue gas yang dihasilkan adalah
Radiation Section
12,489 MBtu
jam
Radiasi surface yang dibutuhkan ARC = = 1040,755 ft 2
12000 Btu
jam ft 2
m s
Dicoba 3 pass :
Tube total = 30
Atotal = 3pass • 10 tube • L tube • a’
= 3 • 10 • 38,5 • 1,178
= 1360,6 ft2
(Mencukupi ARC 1040,755 ft2 dan kelebihannya sebagai overdesign )
30 tube = 27 tubewall + 3 shield tube
spacing 8
Spacing ratio = = = 1,78
OD 4,5
a = Faktor perbandingan tube bank dan cold plane = 0,92
Fig 1-18 Evans menunjukkan efisiensi absorpsi pada tube bank.
Mean-bean Length,L = 2 3
3763.375 = 10,3697 ft
3
Partial Pressure , CO2 + H2O, P = 0,23 atm ( Fig 1-7 )
P•L = 0,23 • 10,3697 = 2,385 atm t
Fig 1-8 ,untuk menentukan emisivitas gas diperlukan data suhu gas ( suhu
average box ) dan PL.
Neraca panas :
Qst QA Qn = QR QW Qg
QR Panas radiasi
QR
Bandingkan harga yang diperoleh dari fig 1-11 dengan constant
aAcp
temperature wall = 652,97 oF
Dengan memplotkan hasil trial pertama dan hasil trial kedua pada fig 1.19
maka didapatkan hasil
QR 20,696 Btu
= = 11396,4757 mendekati 12000 Btu/jam ft2 ( hasil
aAcp 1816 jam ft 2
Convection Section
Besarnya panas yang disuplai secara konveksi :
Qgc Panas yang hilang lewat flue gas meninggalkan convection section
Qgc (QR QC ) QW
Stack heat content/ release = = 1
Qn Qn Qn
Qgc
= 1 0.75 0.02 = 0.23
Qn
Suhu flue gas meninggalkan convection section = 850 oF ( Fig 1-10 )
Convection section :
4.5 in OD tube sebanyak 4 unit per row
Spacing 8 in secara staggered ( selang-seling )
Gross width = 4,5 x 8 = 36 in
Free width = 36 – (4 x 4,5) = 18 in = 1,5 ft
Area = 1,5 ft x 38,5ft = 57,75 ft2
Mass velocity at minimum cross section ,
11,0356 lb
G= s = 0,1911lb
57,75 ft 2 ft 2 s
hco = 3 Btu
( jam ft 2
oF ) , koefisien konveksi panas bagian luar
hr = 2,2 Btu
( jam ft 2
oF ) , koefisien radiasi oleh gas (fig 1.13)
hrw = 6,3 Btu
( jam ft 2
oF ), koefisien radiasi oleh dinding (fig
1.14)
hi , koefisien konveksi panas bagian dalam tube diprediksi dengan
persamaan empirik Sieder-Tate :
kg
harga c untuk gas adalah : 0,021
Prandtl number terhitung = 0,86
Reynold number terhitung = 10226
( )
Row to row tube spacing = sin 60 8 ft = 0,58 ft
12
Acw = 2 0,58 38,5 = 44,66 ft 2 ( dinding sebelah kiri dan kanan )
ft 2
Tube area per row; Act = 4 38,5 ft 1,178 = 181,412 ft 2
ft
6,3 æ 44,66 ö
f = ç ÷ = 0,1349
2,2 3 6,3 è 181,412 ø
ho, koefisien transfer panas total bagian luar tube :
ho = (1 f ) (hco hr )
kg
G' = v = 25
m2 s
G 18,19 kg
G' = , Ai = s = 0,7276 m 2
Ai 25 kg 2
m s
1 ID 2 = 0,7276 m 2
4
ID = 0,9627 m =37,903 in
Ai = 1 1,0478 2 = 0,8618 m 2
4
18,19 kg
G' = s = 21,108 kg
0,8618 m 2 m2s
Kecepatan gas = 21,108 m/s
v ID
Re = = 1105797
Panjang pipa yang dibutuhkan =21,108 m/s x 6 s =126,6482 m = 415,5073 ft
Over design 15 % , panjang = 477,8 ft ≈ 480 ft
Dipakai pipa 40 ft & 12 turn
13,1 = 1,221 D3
D = 3,27 m = 10,74 t ≈ 12 t
Hs = 1,5 • 3,27 m = 4,9 m = 16,11 t ≈ 17 t
Hh = ¼ • 12 t = 3 t
Pendingin
Produk
gas DE-01
Gas hasil
desublimasi
Padatan hasil
desublimasi
Pendingin
IDinner
hio = hi
ODinner
648,2568
diameter annulus De = 4 = 10,4877cm
78,74
1 1 1
=
Uc hio ho
Uc = 0,0472 ⁄
1 1
Rd =
Ud Uc
Ud = 0,0405 ⁄
Ao =
L=
T1 = 30oC t1 = 220oC
T2 = 60 oC t2 = 72oC
Azas Black
Q terima = Q lepas
mt x Ct x ΔTt = ms x Cs x ΔTs
mt = 75,2219 kg/s
= 597008,7727 lb/jam
N = 674
OD tube = 1 in
ID shell = 37 in
B = 11,1 in
PT (triangular) = in
L = 20 ft
C’ = 0,25 in
Table
as = at’ = 0,516 in2
10
= at =
= 0,5704 ft2 =
= 2,41 ft2
Gs = Gt =
= =
523309,3698 29809,4649
= =
lb/(jam)(ft2) lb/(jam)(ft2)
Fig. Table.
Ds = 0,99 in Dt = 0,81 in
28 10
= 0,0825 ft = 0,0675 ft
Res = Ret =
= =
= 71360,3686 = 41573,1174
Table.
0,067 294,448
k = hi =
4
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft) Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
238,503
=
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
Uc =
= 121,45 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
A =
= 3529,064 ft2
UD =
RD =
= 0,026 (jam)(ft2)(oF)/Btu
Pressure Drop
Shell Tube
Fig. 29 Fig. 26
f = 0,0013 ft2/in2 f = 0,0001
N+1 =
= 21,62
s = 1 s = 0,85
ΔP = ΔP1 =
= 0,0001 Fig. 27
ΔP2 =
= 0,0005 psi
T1 = 122oF t1 = 5oF
T2 = 23 oF Cp = 0,81 Btu/lb oF
G = 36836,7324 lb/jam
Cp = 0,24 Btu/lb oF
ΔP yang diizinkan = max 5 psi
Q = 453183,4 Watt = 1532381,8573 Btu/jam
Azas Black
Q terima = Q lepas
mt x Ct x ΔTt = ms x Cs x ΔTs
mt = 70067,7575 lb/jam
Q = •Cp•ΔT Q= • + •
Q = •Cp•ΔT
= 268935,3117 Btu/jam
QC = 941143,8329 Btu/jam
Weigthed Temperature
1532381,8573 Btu
jam
Weigthed Temperature =
591238,0244 Btu 941143,8329 Btu
jam jam
o
o
57,2006 F 24,9698 F
Weigthed Temperature = 31,9063 oF
Trial Ud = 15 Btu/( jam ft2 oF )
Dirancang:
shell – tube passes = 1–4
N = 632
OD tube = 1 in
B = 37 in
PT (triangular) = in
L = 12 ft
C’ = 0,25 in
Table
as = at’ = 0,516 in2
10
= at =
= 1,9014 ft2 =
= 0,566 ft2
Gs = Gt =
= =
19373,5919 123998,4894
= =
lb/(jam)(ft2) lb/(jam)(ft2)
Fig. Fig.
μs = 0,02 cP μt = 3 cP
14 14
Fig. Table.
Ds = 0,99 in Dt = 0,81 in
28 10
= 0,0825 ft = 0,0675 ft
Res = Ret =
= =
Fig.
jH = 170 jH = 4 Fig.24
28
Table.
0,014 0,33
k = k =
4
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft) Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft)
ho = √ hi = √
51,0786
= 26,21 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF) =
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
hio =
41,3737
=
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
Uc =
= 16,0456 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
A =
UD =
= 14,5135 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
RD =
= 0,0066 (jam)(ft2)(oF)/Btu
Pressure Drop
Shell Tube
Fig. 29 Fig. 26
f = 0,0016 ft2/in2 f = 0,0002
N+1 =
= 6,48
ΔP = ΔP1 =
= 0,0015 Fig. 27
= 0,024 psi
0,0705 psi
=
(memenuhi)
Azas Black
Q terima = Q lepas
mt x Ct x ΔTt = ms x Cs x ΔTs
mt = 275,0516 kg/s
= 2182985,549 lb/jam
58901195,3943
Dirancang:
shell – tube passes = 1–2
N = 664
OD tube = 1 in
ID shell = 25 in
B = 37 in
PT (triangular) = in
L = 20 ft
C’ = 0,25 in
Table
as = at’ = 0,516 in2
10
= at =
= 1,9014 ft2 =
= 1,19 ft2
= =
32077,2877 919259,3258
= =
lb/(jam)(ft2) lb/(jam)(ft2)
Fig. Fig.
μs = 1 cP μt = 0,5 cP
14 14
Fig. Table.
Ds = 0,99 in Dt = 0,81 in
28 10
= 0,0825 ft = 0,0675 ft
Res = Ret =
= =
= 40,0676 = 51280,9955
Table.
0,13
k = hi = 1000 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
4
Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF/ft)
Fig
ho = 325 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF) hio =
12.9
= 810Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
Uc =
= 231,9383 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
A =
= 3476,704 ft2
UD =
= 147,2872 Btu/(jam)(ft2)(oF)
RD =
= 0,0025 (jam)(ft2)(oF)/Btu
Pressure Drop
Shell Tube
Fig. 29 Fig. 26
f = 0,0013 ft2/in2 f = 0,0002
N+1 =
= 6,48
s = 0,001 s = 1
ΔP = ΔP1 =
= 0,0015 Fig. 27
ΔP2 =
= 0,024 psi
0,0705 psi
=
(memenuhi)
LMTD =
(73 25) (10 5) = 19
æ 73 25 ö
ln ç ÷
è 10 5 ø
U ( koefisien overall transfer panas ) menurut ( Perry ,1984) untuk Agitated –
Btu Watt
Tank Crystalyzer berkisar 50 – 200 atau 285 -1135 2 .
jam ft F
2 o
m K
Inner vessel
Dicoba ID inner = 132 in = 11 ft = 3,3528 m
OD inner = 132,5 in = 3,3655 m
Panjang pengaduk = 3 ft = 0,914 m
Diameter Draft tube = 6 ft
RPM pengaduk = 100 rpm = 1,67 RPS
L2 N
Reynold number = = 3483948,73
Prandtl number = =2
Jacket
Menghitung kebutuhan air pendingin :
711039 Watt
mc = = 8,491 kg
(25 5) C
j o s
4.187 o
g C
Dicoba IDj = 133 in = 3,3782 m
672,3132 cm2
Luas penampang aliran
4
Diameter ekivalen = ODinnervessel =2,545 cm
Kecepatan aliran air pendingin dalam jacket
g
2
a’ = 12,6296 cm s
Ga' De
Reynold number = v = 3213,9657
L=
Da = Diameter impeller
gc = gravitasional conversion
N = kecepatan putaran pengaduk
Diameter pipa standar yang dipakai dengan NPS = 1/8 in, Schedule Number
=40, dengan thickness 0,068 in ( Brownel and Young,1959)
Feed hasil Condenser CD-01
Dipakai carbon steel
G = 5,2502 kg/s
Diameter pipa standar yang dipakai dengan NPS = 2 in, Schedule Number
=40, dengan thickness 0,154 in ( Brownel and Young,1959)
( P ) = w
2
(r
2 r1
2 2
) ………….. ( 1 )
2 gc
Dengan
P = Pressure drop . dyne/ cm3
= Berat jenis filtrat , g/cm3
w= Kecepatan putar, Rad/s
r2 = Inside Radius of basket , cm
ri = Radius of innner surface of Cake , cm
r1 = Radius of innner surface of liquid , cm
B= Panjang Bowl, cm
CAKE LIQUID
AXIS
r1
ri
r2
Asumsi :
Cake bersifat incompressible
Tahanan media filter tidak ada, tahanan hanya berupa cake
220 ( Brown,1950 ). Dari grafik diperoleh harga FRE = 75 dan Ff = 250.000 . Harga
2 b(r2 r1 )
AL = ………….. ( 5 )
r
ln 2
r1
Aa = (r2 r1 ) b ………….. ( 6 )
t Cv V
= ………….. ( 8 )
V AL Aa ( P )
V adalah volume filtrat yang dihasilkan per sekali push atau volume filtrat
saat tebal cake mencapai tebal cake yang diinginkan. Hubungan V dengan tebal cake
atau massa cake yang ada pada bowl adalah :
æ (1 x ) (1 X )
V = çç S
x
ö
( 2 2
)
X ÷÷ r2 ri b ………….. ( 9 )
è ø
Dengan menggabungkan persamaan 1, 5 , 6 , 8 dan 9 maka diperoleh persamaan :
æ S (1 x ) (1 X ) ö
çç X ÷÷ Cv V
x t
b=è ø
(r2 r1 ) (
r2 r1 ) w 2
ln æç 2 ö÷
r
è r1 ø
æ 1.2 (1 0.4) (1 0.1) ö g 3
çç 0.1÷÷ 3.1964 10 4 3664,538 cm
0.8 0.4 3 s
b=è ø cm s
(32.5 28.5) (32.5 28.5) cm 2 0.8 g æ 62.8 rad ö 2
ç ÷
ln æç 32.5 ö cm 3 è s ø
è 28.51 ÷ø
b = 45,836
Panjang Bowl adalah = 45,836 cm dan sebagai oveerdesign dipakai harga b = 50 cm
RD-01
A = 1 / 4 D 2
1/ 2
æ 4 x 4,396m 2 ö
1/ 2
æ 4 xA ö
D=ç ÷ = çç ÷÷ = 2,366 m
è ø è 3,14 ø
Diameter rotary dryer biasanya antara 0,2-3 m (hal.12-56, Perry, 1999), sehingga
desain diameter terpenuhi.
d. Hold-up padatan
Hold-up padatan berkisar 10 -15 % ( Perry, 1984 )
Diambil harga 10 %
s = 1283 kg / m
3
e. Slope
0,23 L BLG
= 0.9
0,6
SN D F
B = 5 8330.5 = 0,1732
Dari persamaan Friedman and Marshall diperoleh :
S = 9,843 10-3
Feed plate juga harus dikoreksi, feed 1 berupa uap masuk pada spacing antara
plate 4 dan 5 , feed 2 berupa uap masuk pada spacing antara plate 11 dan 12, dan
feed 3 berupa liquid masuk pada downcomer menuju plate 13
Menentukan Diameter Coloum dengan Sieve -Tray:
Berdasarkan kecepatan uap maksimum yang diperbolehkan agar
entrainment dan pressure drop kecil.
Persamaan 42 dan 43 merupakan persamaan Souder & Brown yang bisa
digunakan untuk mengestimasi kecepatan uap maksimum dan diameter coloum.
0.5
æ L vö
( )
Uv = 0.171 lt 0.27 lt 0.047 çç
2
÷÷
è v ø …………… ( 42 )
4 Vw
Dc = …………… ( 43 )
v Uv
dengan ;
Uv = kecepatan uap maksimum , m/s
lt = plate spacing , m
Dc = diameter coloum, m
Vw = maksimum vapor rate , kg/s
Jenis plate yang digunakan adalah Sieve-plate. Tipe Sieve plate merupakan tipe
yang paling sederhana, paling murah ( berkisar 1/3 dari harga bubble cap ) dan
pressure drop yang lebih kecil. Liquid tertahan ( tidak jatuh melalui lubang tray )
hanya karena ditahan oleh uap. Sehingga sieve tray tidak bisa digunakan untuk
vapor flow rate yang rendah karena weeping akan terjadi. Weeping terjadi bila
liquid jatuh melalui lubang karena uap tidak mampu menahan liquid di lubang.
T = 64,8569oC = 338,0069 K
BMM = 32,042
BMA = 18,02
T = 98,6256oC = 371,7756 K
BMM = 32,042
BMA = 18,02
T= 338,01 K
L= 15,5014 Kg/s
V= 30,7872 kg/s
Fraksi berat tiap komponen
xi BM,i xi * BM,i wi rho,i wi/rho,i
Metanol 0,9894 32,042 31,7024 0,994 792 1,26E-03
Water 0,0106 18,02 0,191 0,006 984,7 6,08E-06
1,0000 31,8934 1,26E-03
BM camp. = 31,8934 kg/kmol
ρL= 792,9293 kg/m3
ρV = 1,1498 kg/m3 ( )
Lt = 2,5ft = 0,762 m
0.5
æ L vö
(
Uv = 0.171 lt 0.27 lt 0.047 çç
2
) ÷÷
è v ø
0.5
æ 792,9293 1,1498 ö
(
Uv = 0.171 (0,762) 0.27 (0,762) 0.047 ç
2
) ÷
è 1,1498 ø
Uv = 1,56m / s
4 Vw
Dc =
v Uv
)
÷÷
è v ø
0.5
æ 795,328 1,033 ö
(
Uv = 0.171 (0,762) 0.27 (0,762) 0.047 ç
2
) ÷
è 1,033 ø
Uv = 1,648m / s
4 Vw
Dc =
v Uv
4 17,616
Dc = = 3,63m = 11,907 ft
3,14 1,033 1,648
Flv = √ = √ = 0,0191
= 3,1489 m/s
Uf design = 3,1489 • 0,8 = 2,5191 m s
An =
Downcomer area = 12 %
Ac =
Dc =√ √ = 3,9283 m = 12,89 ft
Flv = √ = √ = 0,0306
= 0,125 √
= 3,4696 m/s
Uf design = 3,4696 • 0,8 = 2,7757 m s
An =
Downcomer area = 12 %
Ac =
Dc =√ √ = 2,9844 m = 9,79 ft
Design
Menara bagian atas menggunakan :
Diameter coloum = 15 ft = 4, 572 meter
Ac = 176,625 ft2 = 16,409 m2
Menara bagian bawah menggunakan :
Diameter coloum = 11 ft = 3,3528 meter
Ad = 1,9691 m2
2
An = Ac-Ad= 14,4399 m
2
Aa = Ac-2Ad = 12,4708 m
Ah = 0.08Aa= 0,9977 m2
Ad/Ac = 0,12
dari fig 11.31 Coulson diperoleh lw/Dc =0.77
lw = 3.5204 meter = 11,55 ft
Diameter Menara, Dc = 15 ft
Panjang Weir, lw = 11,55 ft
Tinggi Weir ,hw =2 in
Diamater hole, dh = 0.25 in
Tebal plate = 3/16 in
Material = Carbon Steel
Layout Plate :
Menara bagian atas :
Digunakan cartrige-type construction dengan 2 in unperforated strip around plate
edge dan 2 in wide calming zones.
* Perforated Area
dari Fig 11.32, pada lw/Dc = 0.77
- teta = 98 o
- alfa = 82 o
-
Panjang rata-rata unperforated edge strips = 21,3948 m
- Tinggi total = 92 ft
- H/D = 6,1
Tebal dinding dan Head Menara :
Persamaan empirik yang digunakan untuk mengestimasi thickness vessel yaitu ;
P Ri
t= C ………………( 52 )
f E 0.6 P
( Brownel & Young , 1959)
Untuk mencegah terjadinya buckling maka harga Rk / Rc harus lebih besar dari
0.06 dan Rc = ID shell. Bahan kontruksi head terbuat dari bahan yang sama
dengan dinding coloum yaitu Baja SA – 283 , grade C dengan f = 12650 psia.
*Menara bagian atas :
14.7 180 1.77 1
t=
2 12650 0.8 14.7 (1.77 0.2) 8
Dengan memasukkan data ke persamaan 52 diperoleh harga t = 0,25 in dan
untuk alasan keamanan dipakai t untuk = 3/8 =0.375 in .
Azas Black
Q terima = Q lepas
mt x Ct x ΔTt = ms x U
ms = 7,3805 kg/s
= 58576,3303 lb/jam
t 2 t1 27
S= = = 0.3734
T1 t1 149.3013 77
Dari Fig 18 Kern, Ft; faktor koreksi mendekati harga 1
Dirancang:
shell – tube passes = 1–2
N = 736
OD tube = 1 in
Asumsi untuk steam menurut Kern 1950 adalah hio = 1500 Btu
jam ft 2 oF
Q flux
Pressure drop
Shell side
Pressure drop pada shell side sangat kecil dan diabaikan.
Tube-side
f Gt 2 L n
( P )t =
5.22 1010 IDtube s
( P )return = 4 n V
2
s 2g
f = 0,0002
s = 0,5
f Gt 2 L n
( P )t =
5.22 1010 IDtube s
( P )t = 0,0002 1022331,1 20 2
2
V2
= 0,001
2g
( P )return = 4 n V
2
s 2g
( P )return = 4 2 0,001
0,5
( P)return = 0,0160 psi
γ= = 1,2
rpm = 3000
Efisiensi = 75 %
Kondisi P = 1 atm ; T = 25 C
Panjang, L = 1000 ft
dari tabel 7-10 Perry, 1984 dipilih ukuran belt Conveyor standar :
hp required , Brown,1950 :
Antifriction bearing without tripper
Elevation = 0 hp
Trippers = 0 hp
Total 1,7164 hp
Panjang, L = 1000 ft
dari tabel 7-10 Perry, 1984 dipilih ukuran belt Conveyor standar :
hp required , Brown,1950 :
Antifriction bearing without tripper
Elevation = 0 hp
Trippers = 0 hp
Total 1,4571 hp
Panjang, L = 200 ft
Elevasi, Δ = 10 ft
dari tabel 7-10 Perry, 1984 dipilih ukuran belt Conveyor standar :
hp required , Brown,1950 :
Antifriction bearing without tripper
Elevation = 0,0937 hp
Trippers = 0,2325 hp
Total 0,8699 hp
Panjang, L = 1000 ft
dari tabel 7-10 Perry, 1984 dipilih ukuran belt Conveyor standar :
hp required , Brown,1950 :
Antifriction bearing without tripper
Elevation = 0 hp
Trippers = 0 hp
Total 1,7547 hp
Tinggi = 75 ft
Panjang bucket = 12 in
Lebar bucket = 7 in
hp tambahan = 10,5 hp
Lebar Belt = 13 in
Tinggi = 50 ft
Panjang bucket = 6 in
Lebar bucket = 4 in
hp tambahan = 1 hp
Lebar Belt = 7 in
Tinggi = 75 ft
Panjang bucket = 6 in
Lebar bucket = 4 in
Hp tambahan = 0,28 hp
Lebar belt = 7 in
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 0 DH = z2 - z1
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 0.4 ft) (@ Le = 0.4 ft) fig. 127, Brown
fully open
Tot Head =
Total Head : m
18,2449 DP+DH+DV+Fs
DH = z2-z1 = 0 – 0 = 0
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 0,21244 Hp = 0,1564 kW
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 (@ Le = 1 ft) fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 50
Globe valve 1 (@ Le = 50 ft) fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 5,97
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 0,453522 Hp = 0,333792 kW
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 11 DH = z2 - z1
0 (@ Le = 180
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 11,96
DP+DH+DV+Fs
DH = z2-z1 = 15 – 4 = 11 m
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 4,678431 Hp = 3,443325 kW
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 (@ Le = 1 ft) fig. 127, Brown
fully open
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 6,78
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 0,5166695 Hp = 0,3802687 kW
⁄
⁄
⁄
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 5 DH = z2 - z1
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 (@ Le = 1 ft) fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 50
Globe valve 1 (@ Le = 50 ft) fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 6,4779
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 0,2747223 Hp = 0,2021956 kW
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 5 DH = z2 - z1
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 9,1846
DP+DH+DV+Fs
DH = z2-z1 = 7 – 2 = 5
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 0,002707 Hp = 0,001992 kW
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 14 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 10
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 16.9818
DP+DH+DV+Fs
DH = z2-z1 = 15 – 1 = 14
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 0,036871 Hp = 0,027137 kW
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 1 DH = z2 - z1
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 30
Globe valve 1 (@ Le = 30 ft) fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 5,7776
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 0,09 Hp = 0,066 kW
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m -1 DH = z2 - z1
3 (@ Le = 15 3 (@ Le = 15
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
0 (@ Le = 180
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 44,14
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
= 0,0263 Hp = 0,0194 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,4 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
( )
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 15 DH = z2 - z1
2 (@ Le = 10
Elbow 2 (@ Le = 10 ft) fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Gate valve
0 (@ Le = 2 ft) 0 (@ Le = 2 ft) fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 100
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 16,918
DP+DH+DV+Fs
DH = z2-z1 = 20 – 5 = 15
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
3,793741 Hp = 2,7921934 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,4 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
2. Bak penggumpal
Fungsi : Menggumpulkan koloid dengan menambahkan koagulant Al2(SO4)3
(Alum) dan water presoftening Na2CO3 (Soda Abu)
Pada bak pengumpal disertai pengaduk untuk mempercepat proses flokulasi
ALum digunakan untuk menetralkan ion-ion penyebab koloid
ALum =
Na2CO3 =
166,548=
D =√ =5m
H = 10 m
Diameter impeller Di = 1 3 • D = 1 3 • 5 = 2 m = 79 in
Vcairan ZL = m
Re = =
1,667 =
D =√ =1m
Vcairan ZL = m
( ) ( ) = 317,568 rpm
Re = =
Dt / Di = 3,03 ; ZL / Di = 6,43
Dari Fig. 477 Brown dipilih jenis marine propeller dengan 3 blade
Pitch = 2 • Di = 0,7 m
Jumlah baffle = 4
w/Di = 0,1
w = 0,033 m
Po (Fig. 477 Brown ) = 0,85
Power pengaduk
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) = 0,666 hp
= =
Fig. 5.6 Ludwig diambil efisiensi = 9,084
Power pengaduk = 0,55
Power standar = 1 hp
0,325 =
D =√ = 0,59 m
H = 1,18 m
Diameter impeller Di = 1 3 • D = 1 3 • 0,59 = 0,197 m = 7,8 in
Vcairan ZL = m
( ) ( ) = 512,039 rpm
Re = =
Dt / Di = 3 ; ZL / Di = 5,997
Dari Fig. 477 Brown dipilih jenis marine propeller dengan 3 blade
Pitch = 2 • Di = 0,394 m
Jumlah baffle = 4
w/Di = 0,1
w = 0,02 m
Po (Fig. 477 Brown ) = 0,85
Power pengaduk
=
= 0,249 hp
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
=
Fig. 5.6 Ludwig diambil efisiensi = 0,6
5. Clarifier
Fungsi : Mengendapkan gumpalan-gumpalan kotoran dari bak penggumpal
secara sedimentasi
Dipakai bak berbentuk kerucut terbalik, dengan waktu tinggal 60 menit &
over design 10 %
Volume Clarifier = 199,8579 m3
D1
h = 10 ft = 3,048 m
D2 = 0,61 D1
V=
V=
D1 = √ = √ = 10,26
D2 = 6,26 m
y = 4,57 m
D= √ = 17,6 ft = 5,4 m
= = 3,940 gpm/ft2
Bacgashing
Internal back washing = 24 jam
(kisaran : 8-24 jam, Powell, 1954)
kecepatan backwash = 25 gpm/ft2
(kisaran : 15-30 gpm/ft2, Powell, 1954)
Area = 244,44 ft2
= 22,707 m2
kecepatan backwash = 6110,399 gpm
Jumlah air untuk backwash diambil sebesar 4 % dari air yang disaring
( kisaran : 0,5-5 % air disaring, Powell, 1954)
Kebutuhan air backwashing
= 42239,203 galon
= 4 • 733,319 gpm • 60 • 24
waktu backwashing = 6,913 menit
= 0,115 jam
Dimensi tangki : D = H
D=H= √ = 6,2 m
Tebal dinding = = 12 cm
9. Hot Basin
Fungsi : Menampung proses yang akan didinginkan di cooling tower
Diameter, D = √ = 2,6 ft
= 0,8 m
Kebutuhan zeolit :
Tebal zeolit yang diperlukan 30 - 72 in (Powell, 1954),
diambil t = 60 in (1,524 m)
Volume zeolit, V = 26,244 ft3
Densitas zeolit, ρ = 13,85 lb/ft3
Kebutuhan zeolit = ρ • V = 363,48 lb = 164,871 kg
Kebutuhan R - NH2 :
Diambil V R-NH2 = V zeolit = 26,244 ft3
Densitas RNH2 , ρ = 16,55 lb/ft3
Larutan NaCl yang digunakan adalah larutan jenuh pada suhu kamar.
Konsentrasi larutan jenuh NaCl pada suhu kamar adalah 36,36 g NaCl/ 100g
H2O
Kebutuhan air untuk membuat NaCl jenuh =
D= √ = 0,5 m
H = 2D = 1,1 m
12. Deaerator
Fungsi : Menghilangkan gas - gas yang terlarut dalam air (seperti CO2 dan
O2) umpan boiler untuk mengurangi terjadinya korosi.
Jenis : Silinder tegak yang berisi packing. Steam dialirkan dari bawah
Bahan Kimia : Na2SO3
Bahan Isian : Rashig ring ceramic (d = 1in = 25,4mm ; packing factor,
Fp=160)
Jumlah air umpan boiler = 5960,015 kg/jam
Kecepatan volumetrik air = 5,960 m3/j
Waktu tinggal diambil 12 jam, dan digunakan tangki dengan overdesign 20%
D= √ = 3,8 m
H = 2D = 7,6 m
steam
D= √ = 1,469 m
≈ 1,5 m
Untuk diameter packing 1 in, tinggi bed = 0,4 - 0,5 m, diambil
Tinggi bed = 0,5 m
tinggi ruang kosong diatas bed = 0.5*H = 0,25 m
tinggi ruang kosong dibawah bed = 0.5*H = 0,25 m
Tinggi shell = 1 m
Dipakai elliptical dished head
Tinggi head atas dan bawah, h = D/4 = 0,375 m
Tinggi Total = 1,75 m
D=H= √ = 23,1 dm
= 2,3 m
P = L = 2T = √ = 8,3 m
Tinggi = 4,2 m
Karena terlalu besar untuk 1 bak digunakan 4 bak =
Volume bak = 72 m3
P = L = 2T = √ = 5,2 m
Tinggi = 2,6 m
V= = 0,336 m3
D =√ = 0,5 m
H = 2D = 1 m
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 10 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 2 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 1,319
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 11,4457
DP+DH+DV+Fs
7,6572 hp = 5,7079 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,8 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,85 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 0 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 2 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,4130
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 0,5397
DP+DH+DV+Fs
Static Head : m 7 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 2 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,4133
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 7,5401
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
Static Head : m 0 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 2 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,4133
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 0,5401
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g
0,365 Hp = 0,27 kW gc
P =
550
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 5 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 4 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
1 (@ Le = 40
Standard Tee 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
2 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,8036
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 5,9305
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 3 DH = z2 - z1
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 40
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,8678
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 3,9659
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
0,095 hp = 0,0,708 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,4 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 40
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,8678
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 3,9659
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
0,095 hp =550
0,0708 kW
4Efisiensi pompa = 0,5 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 2 DH = z2 - z1
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 40
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,8678
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 2,9659
DP+DH+DV+Fs
0,071 hp = 0,0529 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,4 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 3 DH = z2 - z1
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 40
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 1,6178
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 4,7158
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
0,113 hp = 0,0842 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,38 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 40
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,8020
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 1,3390
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
0,3498 hp = 0,2608 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,65 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 5 DH = z2 - z1
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 1 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 40
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 3,1462
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 8,4748
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
0,3715 hp = 0,2769 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,65 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 4 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 2 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,263
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 4,510
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
24,48 hp = 18,25 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,8 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,85 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 3 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 20 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
4 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 3,7472
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 7,0516
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
42,5346 hp = 31,7067 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,85 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 3 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 20 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 3,2068
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 6,5112
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
39,275 hp = 29,277 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,85 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,85 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 4 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25 2 (@ Le = 25
Elbow fig. 127, Brown
ft) ft)
Gate valve
1 (@ Le = 5 ft) 0 fig. 127, Brown
fully open
1 (@ Le = 200
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,3144
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 4,6188
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
27,86 hp =550
20,7681 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,8 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
1 (@ Le = 25
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 14,8011
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 15,8127
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
0,6354 hp = 0,474 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,38 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 3 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 25
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 29,7647
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 32,9163
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
0,05 hp = 0,04 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,5 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 3 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 15
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,4950
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 3,5091
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
0,0009 hp = 0,00066 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,2 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Perhitungan Head
Static Head : m 3 DH = z2 - z1
1 (@ Le = 15
Globe valve 0 fig. 127, Brown
ft)
Fs tot.=Fs suction+Fs
Fs total, m 0,0246
discharge
Tot Head =
Total Head : m 3,0251
DP+DH+DV+Fs
(-Ws).Q. g gc
P =
550
0,00015 hp = 0,00011 kW
Efisiensi pompa = 0,2 (Fig 5.9 Coulson)
Efisiensi motor = 0,8 (Tabel 3.1 Coulson)
Biaya perataan tanah diperkirakan 5 dari harga tanah seluruhnya (Peters et.al.,
2004).
Biaya perataan tanah = Rp 195.415.000
Modal untuk pembelian tanah (A) = Rp 4.103.715.000
r=
n ΣX i Yi ΣX i ΣYi
(Montgomery, 1992)
(n ΣX i 2 (ΣX i )2 ) (n ΣYi 2 (ΣYi )2 )
105
Jan,2002
P-82
103 2
10-1 1 10 10 103
3
Capacity, m
Gambar LE.1 Harga Peralatan untuk Tangki Penyimpanan (Storage) dan Tangki
Pelarutan (Peters et.al., 2004)
Indeks harga tahun 2012 (Ix) adalah 1.274,099. Maka estimasi harga tangki untuk
(X2) 529,644 m3 adalah :
0 , 49
1450,4534 1653,63
Cx = US$ 6667 ×
1 1103
Cx = US$ 353,94 × (Rp 9175,-)/(US$ 1)
Cx = Rp 3.247.402.705,-/unit
Dengan cara yang sama diperoleh perkiraan harga alat lainnya yang dapat
dilihat pada Tabel LE.3 untuk perkiraan peralatan proses dan Tabel LE.4 untuk
perkiraan peralatan utilitas.
Untuk harga alat non impor sampai di lokasi pabrik ditambahkan biaya sebagai
berikut :
- PPn = 10 (Rusjdi, 2004)
- PPh = 10 (Rusjdi, 2004)
- Transportasi lokal = 0,5
- Biaya tak terduga = 0,5
- Total = 21
Total harga peralatan tiba di lokasi pabrik (purchased – equipment delivered) adalah :
= 1,43 × (Rp 29.979.657.211 + Rp 10.668.240.838) + 1,21 ×
(Rp 414.068.404 + Rp 1.118.852.104)
No Jenis Kendaraan Unit Tipe Harga/ Unit (Rp) Harga Total (Rp)
1 Direktur 1 Fortuner 300.000.000 300.000.000
4. Modal Kerja
Modal kerja didasarkan pada perhitungan pengoperasian pabrik selama 1
bulan (30 hari).
2.1 Persediaan Bahan Baku
2.1.1 Bahan Baku Proses
Flow Harga Harga Harga/30hari Harga/hari harga/330 hari
(kg/jam) (Rp) / jam (Rp) (Rp) (Rp) (Rp)
1. AT 6.582 3.680 24.222.577 17.440.255.676 581.341.856 191.842.812.438
2. M 2.898 2.616 7.580.359 5.457.858.764 181.928.625 60.036.446.404
3. Katalis 174.250 125.460.000 4.182.000 1.380.060.000
4. Pengolahan 98,733 30.000 2.961.990 2.132.632.800 71.087.760 23.458.960.800
Limbah
2.2 Kas
2.2.1 Gaji Pegawai
Tabel LE.6 Perincian Gaji Pegawai
Bangunan Rp 25.920.000.000 +
3 Pemasaran 80.130.000
= Rp 28.877.960.415
2.4 Piutang Dagang
IP
PD = HPT
12
dimana : PD = piutang dagang
dimana : IP = jangka waktu kredit yang diberikan (1 bulan)
dimana : HPT = hasil penjualan tahunan
Penjualan :
1. Harga jual DMT = US$ 1,8/kg (ICIS Pricing, 2011)
Produksi DMT= 7.579 kg/jam
Hasil penjualan DMT tahunan yaitu :
= 60.000.000 kg/tahun US$ 1,8/kg
= Rp 991.296.742.091
Total 19.864.160.077
= Rp 17.844.445.087
Total Biaya Depresiasi dan Amortisasi= Rp 19.864.160.077 + Rp 17.844.445.087
= Rp 37.708.605.164
3.1.10 Asuransi =
Rp 137.827.096.441
PM = 100 %
Rp 991.296.742.091
PM = 13,9 %
Rp 139.527.291.003
BEP = 100
Rp 991.296.742.091 Rp 713.249.756.173
BEP = 50,18 %
= Rp 497.444.518.405
Rp 103.370.322.330
ROI = 100
Rp 421.339.779.194
ROI = 25,07 %
Rp 103.370.322.330
RON = 100
Rp 247.403.867.516
RON = 41,78 %
5.549.840.884 -6.348.243.900
penjualan
600
BEP = 50,09%
400
200
36,08
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Gambar E.2 Grafik Break Even Point (BEP) Pabrik Dimetil Tereftalat dari Asam Tereftalat dan Metanol