Abstrak
Latar Belakang: Meningkatkan prevalensi praktik pemberian ASI yang optimal, termasuk pemberian ASI
eksklusif selama 6 bulan, dapat mencegah sekitar 823.000 kematian anak per tahun. Self-efficacy adalah
penentu penting dari perilaku menyusui. Namun, langkah-langkah yang ada tidak secara khusus menilai
eksklusif efikasi diri pemberian ASI, tetapi lebih pada efikasi diri untuk setiap pemberian ASI. Oleh karena itu,
kami berusaha untuk beradaptasi dan memvalidasi instrumen untuk mengukur self-efficacy menyusui
eksklusif. Metode: Kami memodifikasi dan menambahkan item-item dari Skala Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy
Dennis-Short Form (BSES-SF). Kemudian diimplementasikan dalam kohort observasional di Gulu, Uganda
pada 1 (n = 239) dan 3 (n = 238) bulan postpartum (clinicaltrials.gov NCT02925429). Kami melakukan
korelasi antar-item dan item-test yang disesuaikan, serta analisis faktor eksplorasi dan analisis paralel pada 1
bulan pascapersalinan untuk menghilangkan item yang berlebihan dan menentukan struktur faktor latennya.
Kami selanjutnya menerapkan analisis faktor konfirmatori untuk menguji dimensi skala pada 3 bulan
postpartum. Kami kemudian menilai reliabilitas skala dan melakukan tes validitas prediktif dan diskriminan.
Perbandingan kelompok yang diketahui dibuat berdasarkan status primipara dan pengetahuan menyusui
yang benar. Hasil: Modifikasi BSES-SF asli untuk menargetkan pemberian ASI eksklusif menghasilkan 19
item, yang dikurangi menjadi 9 berdasarkan korelasi item dan pemuatan faktor. Dua dimensi dari skala yang
diadaptasi, Skala Self-Efficacy Menyusui untuk Mengukur Menyusui Eksklusif BSES-EBF muncul: subskala
Kognitif dan Fungsional, dengan koefisien alfa 0,85 dan 0,79 pada 3 bulan postpartum. Validitas prediktif dan
diskriminan serta penilaian perbandingan kelompok yang diketahui mendukung validitasnya. Kesimpulan:
Versi skala Self-Efficacy Menyusui ini, Skala BSES-EBF, valid dan dapat diandalkan untuk mengukur
self-efficacy menyusui eksklusif di Uganda utara, dan siap untuk adaptasi dan validasi untuk penggunaan
klinis dan program di tempat lain.
Kata kunci: Pengembangan Skala, Menyusui eksklusif; susu manusia, Self-efficacy, Keandalan,
Validitas, evaluasi Psikometrik
* Korespondensi: sera.young@northwestern.edu 1Departemen
Hasil Karakteristik peserta Usia rata-rata peserta adalah 25,2 Menyusui Eksklusif (EBF) (%) 151 (63.9)
dengan kisaran 16 hingga 42 tahun (Tabel 1). Setiap wanita EBFSSinstrumental3 (3–9) 4.8 (1.7)
memiliki rata-rata 1,6 anak dengan ukuran rata-rata rumah
EBFSS emosional (8-24) 13.2 (3.7)
tangga 4,6. Seperempat (23,1%) adalah primipara dan 36,8%
EBFSS informasi (5–15) 7.4 (2.3)
adalah HIV positif. Adapun pendidikan, sekitar setengah
(55,7%) memiliki kurang dari pendidikan dasar. Skor BSES-EBF
Skor
Skala Umum Dukungan Sosial menghasilkan skor
4
rata-rata 19,1 ± 4,2, denganCronbach'salpha 0,86. Rata skor kognitif subskala (1 bulan) (4-20) 13.5 (4.1)
CES-D adalah 18,5, denganCronbach'salpha 0,89 (Tabel 1). Subskala fungsional (1 bulan) (5–25) 17.2 (4.3)
Dari 239 peserta, 58,2% dianggap memiliki pengetahuan Subskala kognitif (3 bulan) (4–20) 13.6 (4.1)
menyusui eksklusif yang memadai. Pada satu bulan
subskala fungsional (3 bulan) (525) 17.7 (4.3)
pascapersalinan, 63,9% melaporkan secara eksklusif menyusui
1
bayi mereka (Tabel 1). Kami menilai dukungan sosialCatatan : CESD Pusatuntuk Studi Epidemiologis-Skala Depresi, N Ukuran
sampel, SD Standar Deviasi; 2wanita dianggap memiliki pengetahuan
menyusui menggunakan skala Dukungan Sosial Menyusuimenyusui yang benar jika mereka menjawab kedua pertanyaan pengetahuan
Eksklusif yang terdiri dari tiga menyusui dengan benar; 3EBFSS = Dukungan sosial pemberian ASI eksklusif; 4Skala
Tabel 1 Statistik deskriptif karakteristik sosio-demografis dan Self-Efficacy Menyusui untuk MengukurMenyusui Eksklusif
Graviditas (1–10) 2.9 (1.8) Pengurangan item dan fungsionalitas Kriteria kami untuk
pengurangan item dan fungsionalitas menghasilkan
Pendidikan Ibu (%)
penghapusan 8 dari 19 item. Semua delapan item memiliki
Kurang dari SD 131 (55.7) kurang dari 0,2 korelasi antar-item dengan setidaknya 5 dari 19
Kekayaan (%) item. Lima dari 8 item yang dihapus memiliki korelasi
item-total dan korelasi item-total yang disesuaikan <0,3 (file
Miskin 82 (34.1)
tambahan 1: Tabel S1). Estimasi ulang dari 11 item yang tersisa
Tengah 80 (33.5)
menghasilkan korelasi antar item
Dukungan Sosial Umum (GSS) (10 –30) 19.1 (4.2)
Fig. 1 Item response clustered bar graph showing response categories for 11 Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale to Measure Exclusive
Breastfeeding (BSES-EBF) items (n = 239). “Manage BF” and “Challenging Tasks” were ultimately dropped after exploratory factor
analysis; All items are examined at one month postpartum
Geomin Oblique Rotation (Initial CFA test) CFA 11 (2 factors) 5837.01 5934.11 90.62 26 0.10 0.94 0.91 0.61
After re-specification (Geomin Oblique Rotation) CFA (2 factors) 5808.44 5912.48 58.05 24 0.08 0.97 0.95 0.60
Notes: 1AIC = Akaike, 2BIC = Bayesian, 3χ2 = chi-square goodness of fit statistic; 4df = degrees of freedom; 5RMSEA (≤0.08) = Root Mean Square Error of
Approximation; 6CFI (≥0.95) = Comparative Fit Index; 7TLI (≥0.95) = Tucker Lewis Index; 8SRMR (≤0.08) = Standardized Square Root Mean Residual; 9EFA =
Exploratory Factor Analysis; 10WRMR (≤1.0) = Weighted Root Mean Square Residual; 11CFA = Confirmatory Factor Analysis; All goodness-of-fit tests were
statistically significant at p < 0.0001
Boateng et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2019) 19:73 Page 8 of 14
Fig. 2 Scree plot showing retained scale factors using exploratory factor analysis at one month
postpartum
Sup- port (EBFSS) and maternal depression. The model fit in-
dexes suggested the LVMs were tenable for 6 out of the 8
interrelationships (Additional file 5: Table S4). The population
correlation estimates between the Cognitive subscale and
Informational EBFSS (ρ =0.23, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.36; p =0.001)
and Emotional EBFSS (ρ = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.40; p =
0.001) showed strong evidence of a weak (linear) relationship
between exclusive breast- feeding self-efficacy and EBFSS
(Fig. 4a & 4b). Similarly, a weak correlation was evident
between the Functional
subscale and Instrumental EBFSS (ρ = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18,
0.43; p =0.001), Informational EBFSS (ρ = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.28,
0.50; p =0.001), Emotional EBFSS (ρ = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.38,
0.57; p = 0.001), and depression (ρ = − 0.14, 95% CI: -0.28, −
0.01; p = 0.05) (Fig. 4-4f). In both constructs, the correlation
estimates ranged from −0.14 to 0.57.
BF Every
Feeding
... continue to breastfeed my baby for every
Fig. 3 CFA model estimates with residual errors showing a bi-
feeding*
dimensionality of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale to
... continue to breastfeed my baby for every
Measure Exclusive Breastfeeding (BSES-EBF) Scale at 3
feeding*
months postpartum (n = 238)
T
Domain Item Label Items
Cognitive EBF Milk I can always give my baby only breast milk
without using animal milk, formula, or other
liquids or foods as a supplement
I can continue exclusively breastfeeding for
as long as I want
Authors' contributions The authors' responsibilities were as follows: GOB Kepentingan yang bersaing Penulis menyatakan bahwa
designed and performed the data analysis, drafted the methods, results, mereka tidak memiliki kepentingan yang bersaing.
and discussion section of the manuscript; GOB, ELT and SLM wrote the
introduction; SLM and SLY conceptualized the adaptation of the scale to
focus on exclusive breastfeeding; CLD developed the Breastfeeding Penerbit'sNote Springer Nature tetap netral berkaitan dengan
Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form; SMC conducted data cleaning and
klaim yurisdiksi di peta yang diterbitkan dan afiliasi institusional.
management; BKN and SLY con- ceived and designed the PreNAPS and
PostNAPs studies; BKN and SMC su- pervised the data collection; SLY
and GOB had primary responsibility for the final content of the manuscript; Author details 1Department of Anthropology & Global Health, Northwestern
and all authors reviewed and contributed to the intellectual content of the 2
manuscript, critically reviewed earlier versions, and approved the final University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department
manuscript. of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
3
Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7461, Chapel Hill, NC
Ethical approval and consent to participate Cornell University's 27599, USA. 4Department of Community Health Systems, University of
Institutional Review Board for Human Participants (Protocol ID California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 5Lawrence S.
#1302003634) and Gulu University's Institutional Review Committee Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto and St. Michael's
(Reference Number: GU/IRC/02/02/13) approved the PostNAPs study Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. 6Noncommunicable Diseases Theme,
protocol. Permission to conduct the study in Uganda was granted by the MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS1261). The 7
Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
ethical approval applies to this current study. Study participants provided
Boateng et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2019) 19:73 Page 12 of 14
WHO/UNICEF. Global Breastfeeding Scorecard, 2017. Tracking
Progress for
Received: 11 July 2018 Accepted: 5 February 2019
Breastfeeding Policies and Programmes. USA: United Nations Children's
Fund (UNICEF)/World Health Organization (WHO); 2017. 10. de la Mora
A, Russell DW, Dungy CI, Losch M, Dusdieker L. The Iowa infant
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