Reologi CA 2021 Compressed
Reologi CA 2021 Compressed
Pharmaceutical Physiochemistry
(Reologi- Kimia Fisika Farmasi)
1
Christina Avanti - 2021
References
3
Capaian Pembelajaran
2. Memahami dan mendefinisikan konsep-konsep: laju
geser, gaya geser, viskositas, viskositas kinematik,
fluiditas, plastisitas, yield point, pseudoplastisitas, shear-
thinning, dilatancy, shear-thickening, thixotropy,
histeresis, antithixotropy, rheopexy, plug flow, dan
viskoelastisitas.
3. Mendefinisikan dan memahami hukum aliran Newton
dan penerapannya. 4
Capaian Pembelajaran
4. Membedakan sifat alir dan reogram yang sesuai
antara bahan Newtonian dan non-Newtonian.
5. Menghargai dasar-dasar penentuan praktis sifat
reologi dan menjelaskan empat jenis viskometer dan
kegunaannya serta keterbatasannya dalam
menentukan sifat reologi berbagai sistem.
5
RHEO : untuk mengalir LOGOS : ilmu
Reologi: Ilmu untuk menggambarkan aliran cairan dan deformasi padatan
(Bingham dan Crawford)
Definisi Reologi 6
Reologi Dalam Farmasi
Ø Pemilihan mesin dan variable proses manufaktur
sediaan farmasi :
- Mixing
- Transferring likuid
- Filling
Ø Mempengaruhi pengemasan dan pengeluaran
sediaan dari wadah
Ø Stabilitas sediaan
Ø Mempengaruhi bioavailabilitas obat terkait sediaan
7
Aplikasi Rheologi dalam Farmasi
Cairan
Pencampuran
Reduksi Ukuran Partikel
Perlewatan melalui lubang
Transfer cairan
Stabilitas fisika sistem dispersi
8
Aplikasi Rheologi dalam Farmasi
Semisolida
Kapasitas padatan
Padatan
Aliran serbuk
Kemudahan
ke dalam die
dikemas
atau kapsul
10
Parameter Reologi
▪ Viskositas
▪ Sifat Alir
▪ …
▪ …
▪ …
11
Viskositas 𝑭% 𝒅𝒗 𝑭
F = ; G = ; h =
𝑨 𝒅𝒙 𝑮
▪ Viskositas
▪ Sifat Alir
▪ Fluiditas
▪ Viskositas Kinematik
▪ Viskoelastisitas
15
Viskositas Absolut
CAIRAN VISKOSITAS
(Cp)
castor oil 1000
chloroform 0,563
ethyl alcohol 1,19
glycerin 400
olive oil 100
water 1,0019
17
Sifat Alir Zat Cair
Sistem Newtonian dan Non-Newtonian
Cairan Newtonian
19
Karakteristik Cairan Newtonian
20
Cairan Non-Newtonian
23
Sistem Non-Newtonian – Aliran Plastik
• Bingham bodies
• Kurva tidak melewati titik (0,0)
• Contoh : Suspensi terflokulasi, yield value dibutuhkan untuk
memecah ikatan partikel yang terflokulasi
24
Sistem Non-Newtonian – Aliran Pseudoplastik
25
Sistem Non-Newtonian – Aliran Pseudoplastik
27
Sistem Non-Newtonian – Aliran Dilatan
29
Time Dependent Flow - Thixotropy
30
Thixotropy dalam formulasi
Penjaminan
Kemudahan keseragaman dosis
pengeluaran sediaan sediaan cair ketika
dari wadah dituang dari wadah
primer
31
Tugas
Viskositas (cps)
Gambarkan kurva hubungan antara
viskositas dengan laju geser pada
sistem newtonian, plastik,
pseudoplastik dan dilatan dan berikan
contoh-contoh bahan/ sediaan dalam Laju geser - G (rpm)
farmasi pada setiap sistem tersebut!
32
Penentuan Parameter Reologi
One Point
Instruments
• Bekerja pada laju geser
tunggal
• Hanya untuk cairan dengan
Penentuan
sistem Newtonian Parameter
Multipoint Reologi
Instruments
• Bekerja berbagai laju geser
• Dapat digunakan untuk
sistem Newtonian maupun
Non Newtonian
34
Viskometer
Kapiler :
• Ostwald viscometer
One Point
Instruments Viskometer
Falling Sphere :
• Hoeppler falling
ball viscometer
36
Viskometer Cup and Bob
Tipe Searle : Stormer viscometer
Brookfield
Rotoviscometer
Tipe Couette : MacMichael
Multipoint viscometer
Instruments Viskometer Cone and Plate
Brookfield Cone and Plate
viscometer
Ferranti-Shirley Cone & Plate
viscometer
37
VISKOMETER KAPILER
(OSTWALD)
• one point instrument.
• Pengukuran viskositas dengan
viskometer ini didasarkan pada
persamaan Poiseuille untuk aliran
zat cair melalui tabung kapiler.
• Viskometer kapiler atau viskometer
Ostwald digunakan untuk
menentukan viskositas cairan
Newtonian.
38
•
Persamaan Poiseuille untuk aliran zat cair melalui tabung kapiler
h = t ( Sb - Sf ) B 42
VISKOMETER BOLA JATUH (FALLING BALL)
43
Viskometer bola jatuh
44
PENGUKURAN VISKOSITAS DENGAN
VISKOMETER BOLA JATUH (FALLING BALL)
45
VISKOMETER BOLA JATUH (FALLING BALL)
46
VISKOMETER CUP AND BOB (STORMER)
49
Viskotester VT-04
50
51
Viscotester VT-03F/04F
52
Viskotester VT-04
53
ROTOVISKOMETER BROOKFIELD
55
ROTOVISKOMETER BROOKFIELD
56
ROTOVISKOMETER BROOKFIELD
FAKTOR SPINDEL
57
VISKOMETER BROOKFIELD
TIPE CONE AND PLATE
58
Prinsip Kerja viskometer
Cone and Plate :
Mengamati besarnya
hambatan yang dialami
oleh cone yang berputar
pada sampel yang
terdapat di dalam plate
T
η=C Newtonian
v
T - Tf
U= Plastic
C v
LATIHAN SOAL
Berbagai rumus yang dapat digunakam
h = t ( Sb - Sf ) B
• Bagian R&D industri farmasi akan mengukur viskositas sediaan sirup bromhexine
HCL menggunakan viskometer Falling Ball. Diperkirakan viskositas sirup
bromhexine tersebut adalah 40 cps; massa jenis sirup bromhexine HCL = 1,18
g/cm3. Bola yang digunakan memiliki konstanta 0,09 dan densitas 8,1 (g/cm3).
Waktu jatuh bola rata-rata 72,55 detik. Berapakah viskositas sirup bromhexine
tersebut?
h = t ( Sb - S f ) B
Seorang apoteker di industri farmasi,
melakukan kontrol kualitas sediaan
suspensi antasida dalam hal
viskositas dan sifat alir menggunakan
viskometer stormer (pada suhu
penelitian). Pemberian beban 50
gram pada sediaan suspensi antasida
diperoleh t untuk 100 putaran
adalah 90 detik. Pada gliserin p.a
dengan beban yang sama yaitu 50
T (°C) 15 20 25 30
gram diperoleh t untuk 100 putaran
adalah 80 detik. Berapakah viskositas
dari suspensi tersebut (suhu
penelitian 25°C)? η 2330 1490 954 629
69
70
Atkin’s Version
For further reading
Description Of The Flow Of Matter
01
Newtonian
01 liquids
01
02
Non-Newtonian
02 liquids
03
Visco-elasticity
03
03
04
Viscosity
04 of polymer solutions
04
72
1. Newtonian Liquids
Divide cube of liquid in stacked layers like a deck of cards, which you can spread
over a table by pushing it with your hand
Shear rate (D) is the change of the flow rate (dv) with the change of the distance
dv
perpendicular to the fixed surface (dy) à D =
dy t
(Dynamic) viscosity, h, is a measure of the resistance against flow à h=
D
τ
Specific for Newtonian liquids: η= = constant
D 74
Shear Stress Plotted As A Function Of The Shear Stress
79
Other extreme
- Particle moves forwards but
also fully rotates
- For rotation (extra mobility)
shear stress is required
- Shear stress is not only used
for flow but also for rotation
of particle
- Viscosity is higher
80
- It is unknown how the particle behaves:
non-rotating, fully rotating, or “something” in between
- Extremes results in increased viscosity
à Everything in between à Also increased viscosity 81
Viscosity of solutions
hsolution h
hr = =
Relative viscosity: hsolvent ho
h - ho h h0
Specific viscosity: hsp = = - = hr - 1
ho h0 h0
hsp
Reduced viscosity: (C: solute concentration in g/dl)
C
82
From: Einstein A, Annalen der Physik 19 (1906) 289
Reduced Viscosity
▪ Very low concentrated solutions (no interaction between solute
molecules):
h - ho hsp
hsp = hr - 1 = = 2.5 × f =k
ho C
▪ Low concentrated solutions (interaction between solute molecules):
hsp
= + + + k1 = [h]
+ ...procedure)
2 3
(correction for interactionsà k k
virial
1 2 C k C
approach;
3 k C
fitting
4
C
[h]: intrinsic viscosity or limiting viscosity number
f: volume fraction solute. which is proportional to the concentration à f =
C times a constant (k)
83
Intrinsic Viscosity
hsp hsp
= k1 + k 2C + k 3C 2 + k 4C3 + ...
C C
Intrinsic viscosity:
[h]
Lim æ hsp ö
[h] = çç ÷÷ Concentration (C in g/dL)
C ® 0è C ø
• Ma is not so handy
• Make linear:
86
A B
Capillary Viscometer
Procedure:
2
▪ Fill reservoir 1 with liquid
▪ Put pressure on A or vacuum on B
Capillary
▪ Reservoir 2 will be filled
▪ Releave presssure on A or vacuum
1
on B.
▪ Measure time reservoir 2 empties
87
Capillary Viscometer:
Poiseuille’s Law
Thus: h = Crt or n = Ct
h (C: constant for a
Kinematic viscosity: n =
r given viscometer) 89
Capillary viscometer h
h = Crt C=
rt
When the viscosity of certain liquid is known,
à The constant, C, for a given viscometer can be determined
t1
h1 h2 r1t1 n1 = n2
= h1 = h2 or t2
r1t1 r2 t 2 r2 t 2 t1
h1 = h2
t2
91
Time
p 3
• Gravitional forces: Fg = d p rs g dp: Diameter sphere
6
p 3 rs: Density particle
• Uplift forces: Fup = d prf g
6 rf: Density fluid
• Frictional forces: v: Sedimentation speed
(if laminar flow)
Ff = 3d p vph
h: (Dynamic) viscosity
p 3
à Gravitational forces: Fg = d prs g
6
à Uplift forces: p
Fup = d3prf g
6 95
Sedimentation Rate Particles In A Suspension
d (r s - r f )g
2
h=
2
v=
(
d ρs − ρ f g )
18v 18η
We will use the equation on the right a lot when discussing suspensions
96
THE DIFFERENCE
NEWTONIAN LIQUID NON-NEWTONIAN LIQUID
Examples: Examples:
- Liquids of low molecular weight - Liquids of high molecular weight
- Solutions with low molecular weight solutes - Highly concentrated polymer solutions
- Low concentrated polymer solution - Suspensions
- Emulsions
The viscosity does exist The viscosity does not exist , called apparent
viscosity
97
2. Non-Newtonian
Liquids
Three Types Of Non-Newtonian Liquids
99
Examples:
- Tomato ketchup
- Polymer solution
(cross-linked or gel)
- Flocculated suspensions
(we will discuss later)
Which is true?
t
Remember: h=
D
40
B' : = 2.67
15
Example:
• Polymer solutions
(no cross-links; no-gel)
Examples:
- Wet sand
- Deflocculated suspension
(we will discuss later)
109
Anti (Thixotropy)
When gradually increasing the shear stress and then gradually decreasing the shear
stress, the viscoscity at a certain shear stress during increasing shear stress is not the
same as during decreasing the shear stress
110
t
h=
D
“On the way back”:
à Viscosity at a given shear stress is lower!
THIXOTROPY 111
Disorder increases due tendency for increased entropy
• However, formation of entanglements takes time.
• Polymer chains are more aligned “on the way back” (at a given t)
à “On the way back” à Viscosity is lower
THIXOTROPY 112
t
h=
D
“On the way back”:
à Viscosity at a given shear stress is higher!
ANTI-THIXOTROPY 113
System collapses:
• However, collapse takes time.
• Less lubricant action water ”on the way back” (at a given t)
à “On the way back” à Viscosity is higher
ANTI-THIXOTROPY 114
At a fixed shear stress:
• Polymer chains become more aligned with time
à Viscosity decreases à Thixotropy
THIXOTROPY 115
At a fixed shear stress:
• Material dilates with time
à Viscosity increases à Antithixotropy
ANTI-THIXOTROPY 116
Rotation viscometer
Viscometers For Non-
Newtonian Liquids
Brookfield Viscometer
118
Which Viscometer?
Newtonian liquids: Non-Newtonian liquids:
▪ Capillary, falling sphere and ▪ Only rotation viscometer can be
rotation viscometers can be used
used ▪ With capillary and falling sphere
viscometers, shear stress
▪ Changes during the
measurement, and thereby
viscosity
119
Effect Temperature On Viscosity
Effect temperature on
viscosity will not be further
considered in this course
120
3. Visco-Elasticity
Viscous Versus Elastic Behavior
122
123
Pure viscous No memory
128
129