Konsep mol

dan
Stoikiometri
DR. WIDYA ERNAYATI K., S.SI.,M.SI.
Tujuan pembelajaran
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, mahasiswa mampu memahami
• Mol
• Massa atom relative, massa atom relative rata-rata vs massa molar
• Konsep mol: konversi dari massa atau jumlah partikel ke mol atau sebaliknya
• Rasio mol dalam suatu rumus kimia dan kegunaannya
• Persen massa unsur dan identitas kimia
• Penentuan rumus empiris dan rumus molekuler
• Menulis dan menyetarakan persamaan reaksi
• Stoikiometri
• Reaktan pembatas
• Yield reaksi
mol
• Satu mol didefinisikan sebagai suatu bilangan yang sama dengan jumlah atom dalam 12
gram tepat atom karbon-12 (12C)
Berapa?
6,022 x 1023 unit
• Bilangan 6,022 x 1023 disebut juga sebagai bilangan Avogadro
• Jadi dalam 12 gram karbon-12 terdapat 6,022 x 1023 atom karbon
Analogi
1 lusin = 12 unit
1 kodi = 20 unit
1 gross = 144 unit
1 mol = 6,022 x 1023 unit
Massa atom relative, massa atom relative rata-rata
vs. massa molar

• 12C = 12 amu • 12C = 12 gram/mol

• 1H = 1,007825 amu • 1H = 1,007825 gram/mol
• 2H = 2,0140 amu • 2H = 2,0140 gram/mol
• Ar H = 1,008 = 1,008 amu • H = 1,008 = 1,008 gram/mol
Massa atom relative, massa atom relative rata-rata
vs. massa molar
Massa atom relative, massa atom relative rata-rata
vs. massa molar
Atom Molekul massa Jumlah partikel
atom relative molekul
Molekul Molekul
(Ar) relative (Mr)
unsur senyawa
Cu 63.55 amu 1 atom Cu
O O2 16.00 amu 32.00 amu 2 atom O atau
1 molekul O2
N, H NH3 14.01 amu, 17.034 amu 1 atom N, 3 atom H,
1.008 amu atau1 molekul NH3

Unsur Senyawa Massa molar Jumlah partikel

Cu 63.55 gram/mol 6.022 x 1023 atom Cu
O2 32.00 gram/mol 6.022 x 1023 molekul
O2
NH3 17.034 gram/mol 6.022 x 1023 molekul
NH3
146,00 gram/mol 6,022 x 10 23 molekul
asam amino
2 x 6,022 x 23 atom O
6 x 6,022 x 10 23 atom
Konsep mol

• 1 mol karbon = 12 gram atom karbon-12

• 1 mol karbon = 6,022 x 1023 atom karbon
• 12 gram 12C = 1 mol 12C = 6,022 x 1023 atom 12C

: molar mass x NA
Mass Mol Particle number
x molar mass : NA
Contoh soal
Titanium (IV) oksida merupakan bahan sunscreen karena dapat memblokir radiasi sinar UV
terhadap kulit. Dalam suatu percobaan dilakukan pembuatan TiO2 dari 23.5 gram titanium.
Berapa mol titanium yang digunakan tersebut? (Ar Ti = 47,87 amu)
Analisa
Titanium(IV) oksida = TiO2, massa titanium = 23.5 gram, massa molar Ti = 47,87 gram/mol
Penyelesaian
massa Ti 23.5 gram
mol Ti = ----------------- = ----------------------- = 0.491 mol
massa molar Ti 47.87 gram/mol
Latihan
1. We need 0.254 moles of FeCl3 for a certain experiment. How many grams do we need to
weigh? (Ar Fe = 55.85 amu, Cl = 35.45 amu)
2. Tungsten wire is the filament inside most incandescent lightbulbs. In a typical lightbulb,
the tungsten filament weighs 0.635 grams. How many atoms of tungsten are there in
such a lightbulb filament? (Ar Tungsten = 183.84 amu)
 Rasio mol dalam rumus kimia
Contoh : P4O10

• 4 mol P → 10 mol O

• 4 mol P → 1 mol P4O10

• 10 mol O → 1 mol P4O10

Kita dapat menghitung jumlah senyawa hanya dengan menganalisa salah satu
unsurnya
 Contoh soal
Calcium phosphate is widely found in nature in the form of natural minerals. It is also found in
bones and some kidney stones. In one case a sample is found to contain 0.864 moles of
phosphorus. How many moles of Ca3(PO4)2 are in that sample? (Ar Ca = 40.08, P = 30.97, O =
16.00 amu)
• Analisa
Sampel mengandung 0.864 mol P
• Penyelesaian
2 mol P → 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
2 mol P 0.864 mol P
--------------------------- = -----------------------------------
1 mol Ca3(PO4)2 mol Ca3(PO4)2

Mol Ca3(PO4)2 = 0.432 mol

 Latihan

1. Aluminum sulfate is analyzed, and the sample contains 0.0774 moles of

sulfate ions. How many moles of aluminum are in the sample? (Hint: Recall
the tool for writing the correct formula for aluminum sulfate.)
2. How many moles of nitrogen atoms are combined with 8.60 mol of oxygen
atoms in dinitrogen pentoxide?

2 Mol N 5 8.60
--- = ----- ---- = ---------
5 8.60 2 mol N
 Contoh soal
Chlorophyll, the green pigment in leaves, has the formula C55H72MgN4O5. If 0.0011 g of Mg
is available to a plant for chlorophyll synthesis, how many grams of carbon will be required
to completely use up the magnesium? (Ar Mg = 24.31, C = 12.01 amu)
• Analisa
1 Mol Mg → 55 mol C
• Penyelesaian
0.0011 g
0.0011 g Mg = ---------------= 0.000045 Mol Mg
24.31 g/mol
1 mol Mg 0.000045
---------------- = --------------
55 mol C mol C
Mol C = 0.0025 mol
Massa C = 0.0025 mol x 12.01 g/mol = 0.030 gram
 Latihan
4.7 | How many grams of iron are needed to combine with 25.6 g of O to make Fe2O3?
(Hint: Recall the mole ratios that the formula represents.)
4.8 | An important iron ore called hematite contains iron(III) oxide. How many grams of
iron are in a 15.0 g sample of hematite?
4.9 | Titanium(IV) oxide is the main pigment in white and other light-colored paints. How
many grams of titanium will combine with 12.0 g of oxygen to form titanium(IV) oxide?
Persentase komposisi

• Persen massa dari suatu unsur merupakan gram unsur yang ada dalam 100 gram
senyawa

Contoh:
A sample of a liquid with a mass of 8.657 g was decomposed into its elements and gave
5.217 g of carbon, 0.9620 g of hydrogen, and 2.478 g of oxygen. What is the percentage
composition of this compound?
 Latihan
4.10 | An organic compound weighing 0.6672 g is decomposed, giving 0.3481 g carbon
and 0.0870 g hydrogen. What are the percentages of hydrogen and carbon in this compound?
Is it likely that this compound contains another element? (Hint: Recall the tool
concerning the conservation of mass.)
4.11 | When 0.5462 g of a compound was decomposed, 0.2012 g of nitrogen and 0.3450
g of oxygen were isolated. What is the percentage composition of this compound? Explain
how you can determine if there are any other elements present in this compound.
Percentage Composition and Chemical Identity

Persen massa sangat berkorelasi dengan rumus kimia

Rumus kimia %N %O
NO 46,73 % 53,27 %
NO2 30,4 % 69,6 %
N2O 63,63%
N2O3
N2O4
N2O5 25.94 % 74.06 %

2 mol N 2 x 14.01
----------------- → ----------- x 100 % = 25.94 %
1 mol N2O5 1 x 108.02
Penentuan Rumus Empiris dan Rumus Molekuler
• Rumus molekuler (RM) : rumus yang menyatakan komposisi dari suatu molekul
• Rumus empiris (RE) : rasio paling sederhana dari atom-atom dari setiap unsur dalam
suatu senyawa

Contoh
A 2.57 g sample of a compound composed of only tin and chlorine was found to contain
1.17 g of tin. What is the compound’s empirical formula? (Ar Sn = 118.71, Cl =35,45 amu)
Analisa
SnxCly = 2.57 gram, massa Sn = 1.17 gram, massa Cl = 2.57 – 1.17 gram = 1.4 gram
Penyelesaian
Mol Sn : mol Cl
1.17 1.4
---------- : --------- = 0.0098 : 0.039 = 1 : 3.97 = 1 : 4
118.71 35.45
RE = SnCl4
 Latihan

4.14 | A 1.525 g sample of a compound between nitrogen and oxygen contains

0.712 g of nitrogen. Calculate its empirical formula. (Hint: How many grams of
oxygen are there?)
4.15 | A 1.525 g sample of a compound between sulfur and oxygen was
prepared by burning 0.7625 g of sulfur in air and collecting the product. What
is the empirical formula for the compound formed?
Contoh soal
One of the compounds of iron and oxygen, “black iron oxide,” occurs naturally in the mineral
magnetite. When a 2.448 g sample was analyzed it was found to have 1.771 g of Fe and
0.677 g of O. Calculate the empirical formula of this compound. ( Ar Fe = 55.85, O = 16.00
amu)
• Analisa
Massa FexOy = 2.448 g, massa Fe = 1.771 gram massa O = 0.677 gram
• Penyelesaian
Mol Fe : Mol O
1.771 gram 0.677 gram
----------------------- : ------------------------
55.85 gram/mol 16.00 gram/mol
0.031 : 0.042 → 1 : 1.35 → 3 : 4
Menentukan Rumus Empiris dari persen komposisi
A white powder used in paints, enamels, and ceramics has the following percentage composition:
Ba, 69.6%; C, 6.09%; and O, 24.3%. What is its empirical formula? What is the name of this
compound?
 Menentukan Rumus Empiris melalui analisis tak langsung
• A 0.5438 g sample of a pure liquid consisting of only C, H, and O was burned in 100% oxygen, and 1.039 g of
CO2 and 0.6369 g of H2O were obtained. What is the empirical formula of the compound.
CxHyOz + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Mol C = mol CO2 → 1.039 g
mol C = ------------- = 0.02361 mol
44.01 g/mol
0.6369 g
Mol H = 2 x mol H2O = 2 x ------------------- = 0.07069 mol
18.02 g/mol
Massa C = 0.02361 mol x 12.01 g/mol = 0.2835 Gram → mol C = 0.02361 1.998 2
Massa H = 0.07069 mol x 1.008 g/mol = 0.07125 Gram → mol H = 0.07069 5.983 6 C2H6O
Massa O = 0.5438 – 0.2835-0.07125 = 0.1890 gram → mol O = 0.0118 1 1
Combustion analysis
 Latihan
4.20 | A sample containing only sulfur and carbon is completely burned in air. The
analysis produced 0.640 g of SO2 and 0.220 g of CO2. What is the empirical
formula? (Hint: Use the tools for relating grams of a compound to grams of an
element.)
4.21 | The combustion of a 5.048 g sample of a compound of C, H, and O gave
7.406 g of CO2 and 3.027 g of H2O. Calculate the empirical formula of the
compound.
 Latihan
4.22 | After determining that the empirical formulas of two different compounds were
CH2Cl and CHCl, a student mixed up the data for the molecular masses. However, the
student knew that one compound had a molecular mass of 100 and the other had a
molecular
mass of 289. What are the likely molecular formulas of the two compounds?
(Hint: Recall the relationship between the molecular and empirical formula.)
4.23 | The empirical formula of hydrazine is NH2 and its molecular mass is 32.0. What
is its molecular formula?
 Persamaan Reaksi Kimia

Pemba-
karan

Pengen- Fotosin
dapan tesis

Reaksi
Penetra- kimia
pemutih
lan asam
an
lambung

Hujan
korosi
asam
Writing Chemical Equations

1. Write the chemical formula in reactant and product

2. Balance the numbers of atoms of each kind on both sides of
the expression to obtain a balanced chemical equation
3. The state of matter or physical form of reactants and
products is shown by symbols in parentheses

4. The reaction conditions are often written above or below the

arrow in an equation.

27
 Balancing Chemical Equation

Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)

Contoh :
Sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid, H3PO4, react as aqueous solutions to give sodium
phosphate and water. The sodium phosphate remains in solution. Write the balanced equation for
this reaction.

28
Latihan soal
1. Write the balanced chemical equation that describes what happens when a solution
containing calcium chloride is mixed with a solution containing potassium phosphate and the
product of the reaction is solid calcium phosphate and a solution of potassium chloride. (Hint:
Write the correct formulas based on information in Chapter 3.)
2. When aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, and ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4,
are mixed, a reaction occurs in which solid calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, separates from the
solution. The other product is NH4NO3(aq). Write the balanced equation.
Stiokiometri Reaksi
• Dasar: persamaan kimia yang setara menyatakan hubungan
mol-mol yang ekivalen antara satu sama lain dalam suatu
reaksi
Stiokiometri Reaksi
• How many moles of sodium phosphate can be made from 0.240 mol of sodium
hydroxide by the following unbalanced equation?

Penyelesaian
Step 1: setarakan reaksi
3 NaOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Step 2 tentukan mol yang dicari dengan cara ekivalensi terhadap mol yang diketahui
Mol Na3PO4 = 1/3 x mol NaOH
dst…
Latihan soal
Contoh soal
A certain welding operation requires at least 86.0 g of iron each time a weld is made. What
is the minimum mass, in grams, of iron(III) oxide that must be used for each weld? Also
calculate how many grams of aluminum are needed. (Ar Fe = 55.85, Al = 26.98, O = 16
amu)
Analisis
Fe2O3 (s) + Al (l) → Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
Penyelesaian
Setarakan reaksi : Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al(l) → 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
86.0 g
mol Fe = ------------------- = 1.54 mol →
55.85 g/mol
mol Fe2O3 = ½ x mol Fe = ½ x 1.54 mol = 0.77 mol
Massa Fe2O3 = 0.77 mol x 159.7 g/mol = 123 gram
Reaktan Pembatas
Reaktan pembatas
 Reaktan pembatas
Reaktan pembatas merupakan reaktan yang pertama kali habis dalam suatu reaksi

Ar: N = 14,01
H = 1,008
C = 12,01
O = 16

Penyelesaian Crosscheck
Step 1 tentukan mol-mol reaktan 2NH3 (g) + CO2 (g) → (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)
mol NH3 = 849,2 g/17,03 g. mol-1 = 49,85 mol m : 49,85 27,79 - -
mol CO2 = 1223 g/ 44,01 g. mol-1 = 27,79 mol r : 49,85 24,93
Step 2 masing-masing mol dibagikan dengan koefisiennya S : 0 2,860 ? ?
mol NH3 = 49,85 / 2 = 24,93
mol CO2 = 27,79 / 1 = 27,79
Step 3 reaktan pembatas adalah hasil bagi yang paling kecil
R : 55,58 27.79
reaktan pembatas = NH3
36
 Contoh soal
Gold(III) hydroxide is used for electroplating gold onto other metals. It can be made by the
following reaction

To prepare a fresh supply of Au(OH)3, a chemist at an electroplating plant has mixed 20.00 g of KAuCl4
with 25.00 g of Na2CO3 (both dissolved in a large excess of water). What is the maximum number of
grams of Au(OH)3 that can form?
Latihan
Reaction Yields

Ar: V = 50,94 amu

Ca = 40,08 amu
O = 16,00 amu

Penyelesaian
a. Step 1 tentukan mol
mol Ca = 48,90 mol, mol V2O5 = 8,467 mol
Step 2 tentukan reaktan pembatas
mol Ca / koef = 9,780, mol V2O5 / koef = 8,467
reaktan pembatas = V2O5
Step 3 hitung yield teoritis
mol V = 2/1 x 8,467 mol = 16,93 mol
massa V = 16,93 mol x 50,94 g. mol-1 = 862,6 gram
b. Persen yield
803 g/862,6 g x 100 % = 93.09 %
39
 Latihan
• A chemist set up a synthesis of phosphorus trichloride by mixing 12.0 g of phosphorus with 35.0 g chlorine
gas and obtained 42.4 g of solid phosphorus trichloride. Calculate the percentage yield of this compound.
Yield of multistep reaction
Consecutive reaction

42
Simultaneous Reaction

43
Overall Reaction

• The sum of consecutive reaction not simultaneous

reaction

44