TEKNIK OPERASI GRANULOMA-KLP 3A FIX-digabungkan
TEKNIK OPERASI GRANULOMA-KLP 3A FIX-digabungkan
DISUSUN OLEH:
KELOMPOK 3 / KELAS A
UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
DENPASAR
2021
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat dan karunia-
Nya kepada penulis, sehingga dapat menyelesaikan paper yang berjudul “Teknik Operasi
Granuloma”. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Dosen Mata kuliah Ilmu Bedah
Khusus Veteriner yang telah membimbing dan menuntun penulis dalam menyelesaikan paper
ini dengan baik.
Penulis menyadari bahwa paper ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan dan masih banyak
kekurangan karena keterbatasan yang dimiliki oleh penulis. Oleh karena itu, dengan segala
kerendahan hati penulis mengharapkan adanya kritik dan saran yang sifatnya membangun
untuk kesempurnaan paper ini. Paper ini tidak akan terwujud tanpa adanya bantuan berbagai
pihak baik bantuan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.
Atas segala bantuan yang diberikan penulis mengucapkan terima kasih dan penulis
memohon maaf atas banyaknya kekurangan yang dimiliki dalam paper ini sehingga dengan
adanya paper ini diharapkan dapat menjadi ilmu bagi yang membacanya.
Penulis
ii
DAFTAR ISI
COVER .............................................................................................................................. i
2.1 Terminologi............................................................................................................. 2
2.2 Indikasi .................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Anestesi ................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Praoperasi ................................................................................................................ 4
2.5 Operasi .................................................................................................................... 5
2.6 Penanganan Granuloma Tanpa Operasi .................................................................. 7
2.7 Pascaoperasi ............................................................................................................ 8
iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
iv
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Terminologi
Granuloma merupakan nodul yang terjadi pada kulit yang sering juga disebut dengan
lick granuloma, acral lick dermatitis, acral pruritie nodule, acropruritie granutomi, psycogenue
dermatosis, dan neurodermatitis. Granuloma timbul karena jilatan atau gigitan yang terus-
menerus terjadi pada satu kaki (unilateral) yaitu pada aspek kranial dari korpus metacarpus dan
lateral tarsus atau metatarsus. Granuloma biasanya disebabkan oleh karena luka, benda asing,
infeksi, nyeri otot, dan faktor psikogenik yang mengakibatkan kebosanan, ketidakaktifan atau
perubahan lingkungan.
ALD (acral lick dermatitis) paling sering terjadi pada ras aktif besar, namun anjing kecil
mungkin akan terpengaruh juga. Dari keturunan besar Doberman , Jerman Shepard , Great
Dane , Golden Retriever , Labrador Retriever dan tampaknya lebih cenderung untuk ALD
daripada keturunan besar lainnya. Sebagian besar sepakat bahwa ALD adalah gangguan
perilaku dengan banyak kemungkinan penyebab. Menjilati diri dan gigitan merupakan pelepas
ketegangan untuk anjing yang bosan, terisolasi secara sosial, terkurung untuk jangka waktu
yang lama atau dihukum secara fisik terus-menerus oleh pemiliknya. Menjilati diri juga dapat
disebabkan oleh pemilik overattentive atau gugup yang secara tidak sengaja mendorong
perilaku sararfi pada hewan peliharaan mereka. Pengenalan hewan baru atau orang-orang ke
dalam rumah juga dapat memulai ALD. Hal ini sangat penting jika Anda melihat anjing Anda
menjilati terus-menerus bahwa kemungkinan penyebab lain dikesampingkan seperti infeksi
bakteri atau jamur, neoplasia, trauma, benda asing dan alergi yang dapat menyebabkan gejala
yang sama. Dalam rangka untuk menyingkirkan penyebab lain dokter hewan perlu mengambil
kultur bakteri, radiografi, pemeriksaan histologis atau tes laboratorium lainnya.
Granuloma biasanya ditandai dengan adanya lesi dengan bulu yang jarang , kulit
menebal, lengket, mengalami ulserasi, eritematus dan dikelilingi oleh banyak pigmen serta
jaringan superficial mengalami erosi.
2
Gambar 1. Acral Lick Dermatitis
(Sumber : Tammy Hunter, 2021)
2.2 Indikasi
Sebagian besar sepakat bahwa ALD adalah gangguan perilaku dengan banyak
kemungkinan penyebab. Menjilati diri dan gigitan merupakan pelepas ketegangan untuk anjing
yang bosan, terisolasi secara sosial, terkurung untuk jangka waktu yang lama atau dihukum
secara fisik terus-menerus oleh pemiliknya. Menjilati diri juga dapat disebabkan oleh pemilik
overattentive atau gugup yang secara tidak sengaja mendorong perilaku sararfi pada hewan
peliharaan mereka. Pengenalan hewan baru atau orang-orang ke dalam rumah juga dapat
memulai ALD.
Hal ini sangat penting jika melihat anjing menjilati terus-menerus bahwa kemungkinan
penyebab lain dikesampingkan seperti infeksi bakteri atau jamur, neoplasia, trauma, benda
asing dan alergi yang dapat menyebabkan gejala yang sama. Dalam rangka untuk
menyingkirkan penyebab lain dokter hewan perlu mengambil kultur bakteri, radiografi,
3
pemeriksaan histologis atau tes laboratorium lainnya. Granuloma biasanya ditandai dengan
adanya lesi dengan bulu yang jarang , kulit menebal, lengket, mengalami ulserasi, eritematus
dan dikelilingi oleh banyak pigmen serta jaringan superficial mengalami erosi.
2.3 Anastesi
Premedikasi yang digunakan adalah dengan atropine dilanjutkan dengan anestesi
kombinasi dari ketamin dan xylazin disesuaikan dengan berat badan dan dosis anjuran hewan.
Dapat pula menggunakan anestesi Blok lokal dengan menggunakan 2 % mepivicaine infus.
Dapat juga dilakukan dengan premedikasi dengan medetomedine, butorphanol, dan
glycopyrrolate serta Induksi inhalasi dengan isoflurane oksigen. Pemeliharaan anestesi umum
melalui tabung endotrakeal
2.4 Praoperasi
Sebelum melakukan tindakan operasi, terlebih dahulu dilakukan persiapan operasi.
Adapun persiapan yang dilakukan adalah persiapan alat dan bahan, persiapan ruangan operasi,
persiapan hewan kasus dan operator.
1. Persiapan Alat dan Bahan
Sterilisasi alat dengan menggunakan autoclave selama 15 menit, kecuali
gunting dan jarum disterilkan dengan dengan menggunakan alkohol 70%. Tujuan
dilakukan sterilisasi alat adalah untuk menghindari kontaminasi dari alat pada luka
operasi yang dapat menghambat kesembuhan luka. Alat-alat operasi dipersiapkan
dalam keadaan steril yang diletakkan secara urut dan rapi diatas tatakan steril di dekat
meja operasi. Untuk operasi menggunakan laser CO2, menggunakan laser dengan 20
Watt CO2 laser Novapulse ™ dengan straight handpiece dan 0,4 mm tip keramik untuk
reseksi. Scanner mekanis dengan pola 3 mm untuk memindai ablasi / penguapan sisa
jaringan granulasi
2. Persiapan Ruang
Operasi Ruang operasi dibersihkan menggunakan desinfektan. Sedangkan meja
operasi didesinfeksi dengan menggunakan alkohol 70%. Penerangan ruang operasi
sangat penting untuk menunjang operasi, oleh karena itu sebelum diadakanya operasi
persiapan lampu operasi harus mendapatkan penerangan yang cukup agar daerah/situs
operasi dapat terlihat jelas.
3. Persiapan pasien
Dilakukan anamnesa dan pemeriksaan fisik. Lakukan anmnesa dengan
beberapa cara yaitu biopsi, skin scrapping, aspirasi dengan spuite, kultur bakteri dan
4
radiografi. Keberhasilan diagnosis dan terapi dari Acral Lick granuloma tergantung
pada identifikasi akurat dari penyebab yang mendasarinya. Karena Acral Lick
granuloma dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, diagnostik lengkap dan evaluasi
pasien dianjurkan. Dokter harus mempertimbangkan tes berikut: pemeriksaan darah,
T4, TSH, tes alergi, goresan kulit dalam, biopsi, kultur bakteri dan jamur / sensitivitas
daerah yang terkena dampak, radiografi dan investigasi sistem saraf. Strategi
pengobatan melibatkan mengobati lesi karena faktor etiologi yang mendasari dan
infeksi.
Setelah semua pemeriksaan selesai, hewan di anestesi lalu diposisikan sesuai
site operasi dan daerah yang akan dioperasi dibersihkan terlebih dahulu meliputi
pencukuran rambut serta pemberian yodium tincture kemudian dipasangi kain drape.
4. Persiapan operator
Operator prosedur operasi, dapat memprediksi hal-hal yang akan terjadi selama
operasi, dapat memperkirakan hasil operasi, mencuci tangan atau personal hygiene,
serta harus siap fisik, mental, tenang dan terampil. Selama operasi, operator dan
pembantu operator harus menggunakan masker, topi operasi, dan sarung tangan yang
bersih serta pakaian khusus untuk operasi untuk mengurangi kontaminasi. Apabila
operator dan pembantu operator sudah dalam keadaan steril maka tidak boleh
bersentuhan atau memegang benda-benda yang tidak steril.
5
Gambar 3. Sebelum dan sesudah pengangkatan granuloma
(Sumber : Subharaj Samantara, 2011)
6
Gambar 4. Hasil operasi menggunakan laser CO2
7
2.7 Pasca Operasi
Untuk penanganan secara manual, luka insisi dibalut dengan perban dengan
sebelumnya diberikan iodine. Jahitan umumnya dibuka sekitar 1-2 minggu tergantung dari
besarnya luka insisi. Bekas jahitan kering dan kembali normal sekitar 10-14 hari. Dilakukan
pemberian antibiotika, antiradang dan vitamin A digunakan antibiotic spectrum luas agar
bakteri yang bersifat aerob dan nonaerob dapat dibunuh, contohnya amoxicillin,
clindamimycin, trimetropim.
Penganganan granuloma lainnya dapat dilakukan dengan aktivitas atau modifikasi
lingkungan, pembalutan, pemasangan kolar, obat anti menggigit topical, glukokortikoid, obat-
obat lain : floucomlone, acetorid, flurixme menglumil, dimethylsulfoxide, enzim proteolitik.
Hasil pengobatan yang tidak konsisten menjadikan kekambuhan sering terjadi kembali.
Pembedahan tidak umum dilakukan tetapi eksisi lick granuloma dengan pembedahan yang
diikuti dengan menggunakan konstruksi operasi langsung, penutup atau grafh dapat dilakukan,
kemudian dibalut sampai jahitannya dibuka.
Namun kekambuhan sering terjadi di tempat yang sama atau di tempat yang lain jika
faktor penyebabnya tidak dihilangkan. Antidepresan yang paling sering digunakan, termasuk
doksepin, amitriptyline, fluoxetine, dan clomipramine. Jika faktor-faktor psikologis tidak
diperbaiki, umumnya akan kambuh setelah penggunaan obat dihentikan. Endorphin blockers
seperti naltrexone dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi kecanduan atau endorphin pengganti
seperti hydrocodone dapat menurunkan dorongan untuk menjilat. Licking dapat dicegah
dengan penggunaan kerah Elizabeth, perban , salep anti-lick, dan strip anti-lick. Hal ini penting
untuk menangkap lesi seawal mungkin dan menjaga anjing agar tidak menjilati untuk
mengurangi peradangan. Obat topikal seperti kortikosteroid atau DMSO bersifat efektif apabila
digunakan lebih awal. Lesi kecil dapat disuntik dengan triamsinolon atau metilprednisolon.
Antibiotik oral dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan infeksi.
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BAB III
PENUTUP
3.1 Kesimpulan
Granuloma adalah istilah histopatologi yang mengacu pada koleksi kecil sel-sel
makrofag yang terbentuk ketika sistem imun mencoba untuk menyekat zat-zat penyusup yang
tidak dapat dihilangkan. Granuloma merupakan nodul yang terjadi pada kulit yang sering juga
disebut dengan lick granuloma, acral lick dermatitis, acral pruritie nodule, acropruritie
granutomi, psycogenue dermatosis, dan neurodermatitis. Granuloma biasanya disebabkan oleh
karena luka, benda asing, infeksi, nyeri otot, dan faktor psikogenik yang mengakibatkan
kebosanan, ketidakaktifan atau perubahan lingkungan.
Granuloma biasanya ditandai dengan adanya lesi dengan bulu yang jarang , kulit
menebal, lengket, mengalami ulserasi, eritematus dan dikelilingi oleh banyak pigmen serta
jaringan superficial mengalami erosi. Teknik operasinya dapat dilakukan Secara manual
maupun laser CO2.
Penganganan granuloma lainnya dapat dilakukan dengan aktivitas atau modifikasi
lingkungan, pembalutan, pemasangan kolar, obat anti menggigit topical, glukokortikoid, obat-
obat lain: floucomlone, acetorid, flurixme menglumil, dimethylsulfoxide, enzim proteolitik.
3.2 Saran
Hasil pengobatan yang tidak konsisten menjadikan kekambuhan sering terjadi kembali.
Penting untuk menghilangkan penyebab utama agar tidak terjadi kejadian berulang
9
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Arza, Ray. 2016. Using CO2 Laser on Acral Lick Granulomas. Laser Therapy Treatment of
Common Conditionsand. Veterinary Practice News, Page: 32
Samantara, Subharaj. 2011. Surgical Management of Lick granuloma in a Boxer Dog.
Veterinary Dispensary. India. Veterinary World, 2011, Vol.4(6): 271-272
Tammy Hunter, and Ernest Ward : Granuloma in Dogs https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-
pet/lick-granuloma-in-dogs (Diakses 30 Oktober 2021)
10
ILMU BEDAH
KHUSUS VETERINER
“TEKNIK OPERASI
GRANULOMA”
KELOMPOK 3 / KELAS : A
ANGGOTA KELOMPOK :
Granuloma adalah istilah histopatologi yang mengacu pada koleksi kecil sel-sel
makrofag yang terbentuk ketika sistem imun mencoba untuk menyekat zat-zat
penyusup yang tidak dapat dihilangkan. Granuloma terbentuk sebagai tanggapan
terhadap benda asing, infeksi tertentu (tuberkulosis, kusta, trauma) dan penyakit
kulit inflamasi (granuloma anular, granuloma fasial, sarkoidosis).
Dalam praktik sehari-hari, dokter seringkali menyebut granuloma untuk nodul
seperti nevus atau tumor yang kecil. Salah satu jenis granuloma adalah yang terjadi
pada kulit yaitu acral lick granuloma. Granuloma timbul karena jilatan atau gigitan
yang terusmenerus terjadi pada satu kaki (unilateral) yaitu pada aspek kranial dari
korpus metacarpus dan lateral tarsus atau metatarsus. Kejadiannya cukup sering
pada anjing dan memerlukan penanganan dengan pembedahan.
TERMINOLOGI
Granuloma merupakan nodul yang
terjadi pada kulit yang sering juga ALD (acral lick dermatitis) paling seri
disebut dengan lick granuloma, ng terjadi pada ras aktif besar, namu
acrallick dermatitis, acral pruritie nodul n anjing kecil mungkin akan terpeng
,acropruritie granutomi, psycogenue aruh juga. Dari keturunan besar
dermatosis, dan neurodermatitis. Doberman , Jerman Shepard,Great
Granuloma timbul karena jilatan atau Dane,Golden Retriever, Labrador
gigitan yang terus-menerus terjadi Retriever dan tampaknya lebih
pada satu kaki (unilateral) yaitu pada cenderung untuk ALD daripada
aspek kranial dari korpus metacarpus keturunan besar lainnya. Granuloma
dan lateral tarsus atau metatarsus. biasanya di tandai dengan adanya
Granuloma biasanya disebabkan lesi dengan bulu yang jarang, kulit
karena luka, benda asing, infeksi, menebal, lengket,ulserasi,eritematus
nyeri otot, dan faktor psikogenik yg dan dikelilingi oleh banyak pigmen
mengakibatkan kebosanan, ketidak serta jaringan superficial mengalami
aktifan atau perubahan lingkungan. erosi.
LESI ACRAL LICK DERMATITIS
INDIKASI
Infeksi bakteri atau
jamur, neoplasia,
trauma, benda asing
Perilaku anjing dan alergi yang
4
menjilati terus- 2
dapat menyebabkan
menerus gejala yang sama.
Granuloma biasanya ditandai
.
Pengenalan hewan
dengan adanya lesi dengan bulu
baru atau orang-
1 3 yang jarang , kulit menebal,
orang ke dalam
lengket, mengalami ulserasi,
rumah juga dapat
eritematus dan dikelilingi oleh
memulai ALD
banyak pigmen serta jaringan
superficial mengalami erosi.
ANESTESI
Persiapan Ruangan
Ruang operasi dibersihkan menggunakan desinfektan. Sedangkan
meja operasi didesinfeksi dengan menggunakan alkohol 70%.
Penerangan ruang operasi sangat penting untuk menunjang
operasi, oleh karena itu sebelum diadakanya operasi persiapan
lampu operasi harus mendapatkan penerangan yang cukup agar
daerah/situs operasi dapat terlihat jelas.
PRAOPERASI
Persiapan Pasien
Dilakukan anamnesa dan pemeriksaan fisik. Lakukan anmnesa
dengan beberapa cara yaitu biopsi, skin scrapping, aspirasi dengan
spuite, kultur bakteri dan radiografi. Setelah semua pemeriksaan
selesai, hewan di anestesi lalu diposisikan sesuai site operasi dan
daerah yang akan dioperasi dibersihkan terlebih dahulu meliputi
pencukuran rambut serta pemberian yodium tincture kemudian
dipasangi kain drape.
Persiapan Ruangan
Operator prosedur operasi, dapat memprediksi hal-hal
yang akan terjadi selama operasi, dapat memperkirakan
hasil operasi, mencuci tangan atau personal hygiene,
serta harus siap fisik, mental, tenang dan terampil.
TEKNIK OPERASI
TINDAKAN MANUAL
Tindakan
dengan
laserasi Gambar hasil operasi menggunakan laser CO2
Penanganan Granuloma Tanpa Operasi
02 03
01
Pembedahan tidak umum dilakukan
Hasil pengobatan yang tetapi eksisi lick granuloma dengan
Penganganan granuloma lain tidak konsisten menjadi pembedahan yang diikuti dengan
nya dapat dilakukan dengan kan kekambuhan serin menggunakan konstruksi operasi
aktivitas atau modifikasi lingkungan, g terjadi kembali. langsung, penutup atau grafh dapat
pembalutan, pemasangan kolar, obat dilakukan, kemudian dibalut sampai
anti menggigit topical, glukokortikoid. jahitannya dibuka.
Jika faktor-faktor psikologis tidak
diperbaiki, umumnya akan kambuh
setelah penggunaan obat dihentikan.
PASCAOPERASI
C
anine acral lick granuloma—also known as acral uloma depend on the accurate identification of the CO2 laser surgery allows for ablation of all or most of debulk (Figure 3) and then to vaporize the remainder of Post-Operative Care healing and esthetic clinical outcome. It is important to
lick dermatitis, acral pruritic furunculosis and underlying causes. Because the acral lick granuloma the affected tissue down to a more normal layer of der- granulomatous tissue. Typically, the technique involves A thick layer of Collasate and then a Telfa pad and remember that acral lick granulomas are caused by sev-
lick granuloma—is a self-induced dermatological can be caused by a wide variety of factors, a complete di- mis, facilitating a much faster resolution. vaporizing tissue layer by layer in a tracking linear mo- bandage are applied. The bandage is changed at least eral underlying etiological factors, such as behavioral
condition that develops as a result of excessive and pro- agnostic evaluation of the patient is recommended. The tion over the entire surface of the lesion. It is imperative once a week until the surgical site is completely healed. issues, infections, metabolic disease and osteoarthritis.
longed licking of one or more areas.1-2 clinician should consider the following tests: lab blood Patient to frequently wipe away char or carbonized tissue with The dog should wear an Elizabethan collar until the The patient should be monitored for these factors in
With time, this intense incessant licking leads to skin values, T4, TSH, allergy testing, deep skin scrapes, biop- A canine patient was presented for surgical ablation saline-soaked sponges. Doing so helps to ensure the op- lesion heals. The patient is rechecked at each bandage order to ensure the appropriate support therapy and
inflammation and can form a plaque or nodule with sy, bacterial and fungal culture/sensitivity of the affected of a severe acral lick granuloma overlying the anterior timal delivery of laser energy to the target tissue. change until complete resolution. Typically, the clinical to avoid possible recurrence of acral lick granuloma. l
a raised border. The lesion surface typically is thick, area, radiographs and neurological investigations.1,3,5 aspect of the left carpus. The client had been dealing After each pass, the depth of ablation is evaluated outcome of CO2 laser treatment is fairly cosmetic and
alopecic, erythematous and often eroded or ulcerated. The treatment strategy involves treating the lesion along with this for about five years, and the lesion was very in relation to the adjoining healthy dermis. The watt- has some hair regrowth (Figure 6). Dr. Ray Arza earned his DVM at the University of Ten-
Draining sinuses, hyperpigmentation, scaling and crust- with the underlying etiological factors and the infection. large, alopecic, firm, erythematous, irregularly shaped age selected depends on the surgeon’s preference and nessee in 1979. He was a small animal general prac-
ing sometimes may be present. Once support therapy is established, the acral lick and non-ulcerated. X-rays revealed no arthritic changes, the thickness of the granulomatous tissue to remove. I Conclusion titioner for 23 years with a special interest in surgery
Acral lick granuloma is typically a single unilateral granuloma lesion may resolve on its own. However, if the and a biopsy was not performed. normally set wattage very high at first (20 to 40 watts, A CO2 laser gives the surgeon precise control over and dentistry. Dr. Arza started using a surgical laser in
lesion, although two or more lesions occasionally have lesion is very large and ulcerated, and the veterinarian CW, 3 mm spot size), and then progressively decrease it the amount of tissue to be removed without extensive 1998, and soon thereafter became a popular lecturer
been noted. Most commonly, lick granulomas involve desires to expedite healing, surgical ablation with CO2 la- Anesthesia when getting close to completion. at conferences, universities, and seminars on laser
the anterior aspect of the carpal-metacarpal or tar- ser is indicated. In case of conventional surgical excision, Appropriate preanesthetic induction followed by The surgeon might see numerous microabscesses REFERENCES technologies. In 2002, he left private practice to join
sal-metatarsal areas. Oth- (Figure 3) throughout the granulation tissue, but as one industry as an educator, trainer, consultant, and lec-
er lesion locales include gets close to normal tissue, these should disappear (Fig- 1. Hedlund CS. Surgery of the integumentary system. In: Fossum turer. He acquired laser therapy expertise in 2005, and
TW, ed. Small animal surgery, 3rd ed, St. Louis, MO: Elseveir/Mosby,
the flank, tail base, stifle ure 4). When the laser procedure is finished, there should 2007;159-259. among other positions, has served LiteCure, LLC, as
and tibia.1 be no appreciable thickened tissue upon digital palpation, 2. Spiegel IB, Seltzer JD. ALD: causes and cures: dermatologic con- its veterinary medical director. He is the co-author of
Although any dog can but there should be dermis covering the subcutaneous dition remains frustrating for dogs and owners. DVM Newsmaga- both volumes of Class IV Laser Therapy Treatment of
zine. September 2007: 14S+. Health Reference Center Academic.
develop acral lick gran- tissue. There should be no appreciable bleeding, and the Common Conditionsand contributor to the veterinary
http://go.galegroup.com. Accessed Jan. 7, 2016.
ulomas, most commonly tissue should have a more normal appearance (Figure 4). 3. Patel A. Acral lick dermatitis. Compan anim. May 2010;15(4):1-4. protocols programmed in LiteCure’s veterinary lasers.
the lesions occur in older, 4. Denerolle P, White SD, Taylor TS, Vandenabeele SIJ. Organic diseas-
male, large-breed dogs Note es mimicking acral lick dermatitis in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc.
This Education Center article was underwritten by
July-August 2007;43:215-20.
such as Labrador retriev- This procedure is relatively simple but can be quite Aesculight of Woodinville, Wash., the manufacturer
5. Berger N, Eeg PH. Veterinary laser surgery a practical guide. Ames,
ers, golden retrievers, time-consuming if the lesion is large and the granula- Iowa: Blackwell Publishing; 2006. of the only American-made CO2 laser.
German shepherds, Ger- tion tissue is thick. The most crucial part of the proce-
man shorthair pointers,
Saint Bernards, Great
Danes and pit bulls.1,3
Figure 1. Preoperative appearance of acral lick granuloma. Figure 4. Postoperative view of the surgical site. After the entire acral granuloma lesion is excised,
Acral lick granuloma the remaining excess tissue is ablated to the level of the dermis. No bleeding is present.
can be caused by numer-
ous etiological factors,
either organic or psycho- general anesthesia was
genic. Organic factors in- used.
clude food allergy, atopic
dermatitis, fungal or bac- Recommended Laser
terial infections, foreign Equipment, Settings
bodies, ectoparasites, Aesculight flexible hol-
painful bone and articu- low waveguide CO2 laser
lar diseases, local trauma with 0.4 mm and 3 mm la-
and hormonal imbalance. ser focal spot sizes.
Possible psychogenic n Resection and
causes are long-standing debulking: 10 to 15 watts
anxiety, boredom, stress, continuous wave (CW)
attention-seeking or ste- with 0.4 mm focal spot size
reotypic behavior. Differ- is used to excise most of
ential diagnosis includes Figure 2. Most of the excess tissue is debulked with a CO2 laser. Figure 5. Three weeks after surgery. the granulation tissue, en-
neoplasia; bacterial, fun- suring not to remove the
entire thickness (Figure 2).
Note that wattage may be
increased for thicker, more
fibrous tissue.
n Ablation/vaporiza-
tion: Initially vaporize the
remaining excess tissue
at 20 to 30 watts CW (de-
pending on the thickness
of the remaining tissue)
with 3 mm focal spot size.
Then progressively reduce
Figure 3. Intraopera- to 10 to 12 watts (ideal-
tive appearance with ly in SuperPulse mode)
the bulk of the acral to increase control of the
lick granuloma lesion speed of tissue ablation
excised. Several
abscesses can be and remove down to the
seen (arrows). level of normal dermis.
Figure 6. Thirteen weeks after surgery.
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anine acral lick granuloma—also known as acral uloma depend on the accurate identification of the CO2 laser surgery allows for ablation of all or most of debulk (Figure 3) and then to vaporize the remainder of Post-Operative Care healing and esthetic clinical outcome. It is important to
lick dermatitis, acral pruritic furunculosis and underlying causes. Because the acral lick granuloma the affected tissue down to a more normal layer of der- granulomatous tissue. Typically, the technique involves A thick layer of Collasate and then a Telfa pad and remember that acral lick granulomas are caused by sev-
lick granuloma—is a self-induced dermatological can be caused by a wide variety of factors, a complete di- mis, facilitating a much faster resolution. vaporizing tissue layer by layer in a tracking linear mo- bandage are applied. The bandage is changed at least eral underlying etiological factors, such as behavioral
condition that develops as a result of excessive and pro- agnostic evaluation of the patient is recommended. The tion over the entire surface of the lesion. It is imperative once a week until the surgical site is completely healed. issues, infections, metabolic disease and osteoarthritis.
longed licking of one or more areas.1-2 clinician should consider the following tests: lab blood Patient to frequently wipe away char or carbonized tissue with The dog should wear an Elizabethan collar until the The patient should be monitored for these factors in
With time, this intense incessant licking leads to skin values, T4, TSH, allergy testing, deep skin scrapes, biop- A canine patient was presented for surgical ablation saline-soaked sponges. Doing so helps to ensure the op- lesion heals. The patient is rechecked at each bandage order to ensure the appropriate support therapy and
inflammation and can form a plaque or nodule with sy, bacterial and fungal culture/sensitivity of the affected of a severe acral lick granuloma overlying the anterior timal delivery of laser energy to the target tissue. change until complete resolution. Typically, the clinical to avoid possible recurrence of acral lick granuloma. l
a raised border. The lesion surface typically is thick, area, radiographs and neurological investigations.1,3,5 aspect of the left carpus. The client had been dealing After each pass, the depth of ablation is evaluated outcome of CO2 laser treatment is fairly cosmetic and
alopecic, erythematous and often eroded or ulcerated. The treatment strategy involves treating the lesion along with this for about five years, and the lesion was very in relation to the adjoining healthy dermis. The watt- has some hair regrowth (Figure 6). Dr. Ray Arza earned his DVM at the University of Ten-
Draining sinuses, hyperpigmentation, scaling and crust- with the underlying etiological factors and the infection. large, alopecic, firm, erythematous, irregularly shaped age selected depends on the surgeon’s preference and nessee in 1979. He was a small animal general prac-
ing sometimes may be present. Once support therapy is established, the acral lick and non-ulcerated. X-rays revealed no arthritic changes, the thickness of the granulomatous tissue to remove. I Conclusion titioner for 23 years with a special interest in surgery
Acral lick granuloma is typically a single unilateral granuloma lesion may resolve on its own. However, if the and a biopsy was not performed. normally set wattage very high at first (20 to 40 watts, A CO2 laser gives the surgeon precise control over and dentistry. Dr. Arza started using a surgical laser in
lesion, although two or more lesions occasionally have lesion is very large and ulcerated, and the veterinarian CW, 3 mm spot size), and then progressively decrease it the amount of tissue to be removed without extensive 1998, and soon thereafter became a popular lecturer
been noted. Most commonly, lick granulomas involve desires to expedite healing, surgical ablation with CO2 la- Anesthesia when getting close to completion. at conferences, universities, and seminars on laser
the anterior aspect of the carpal-metacarpal or tar- ser is indicated. In case of conventional surgical excision, Appropriate preanesthetic induction followed by The surgeon might see numerous microabscesses REFERENCES technologies. In 2002, he left private practice to join
sal-metatarsal areas. Oth- (Figure 3) throughout the granulation tissue, but as one industry as an educator, trainer, consultant, and lec-
er lesion locales include gets close to normal tissue, these should disappear (Fig- 1. Hedlund CS. Surgery of the integumentary system. In: Fossum turer. He acquired laser therapy expertise in 2005, and
TW, ed. Small animal surgery, 3rd ed, St. Louis, MO: Elseveir/Mosby,
the flank, tail base, stifle ure 4). When the laser procedure is finished, there should 2007;159-259. among other positions, has served LiteCure, LLC, as
and tibia.1 be no appreciable thickened tissue upon digital palpation, 2. Spiegel IB, Seltzer JD. ALD: causes and cures: dermatologic con- its veterinary medical director. He is the co-author of
Although any dog can but there should be dermis covering the subcutaneous dition remains frustrating for dogs and owners. DVM Newsmaga- both volumes of Class IV Laser Therapy Treatment of
zine. September 2007: 14S+. Health Reference Center Academic.
develop acral lick gran- tissue. There should be no appreciable bleeding, and the Common Conditionsand contributor to the veterinary
http://go.galegroup.com. Accessed Jan. 7, 2016.
ulomas, most commonly tissue should have a more normal appearance (Figure 4). 3. Patel A. Acral lick dermatitis. Compan anim. May 2010;15(4):1-4. protocols programmed in LiteCure’s veterinary lasers.
the lesions occur in older, 4. Denerolle P, White SD, Taylor TS, Vandenabeele SIJ. Organic diseas-
male, large-breed dogs Note es mimicking acral lick dermatitis in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc.
This Education Center article was underwritten by
July-August 2007;43:215-20.
such as Labrador retriev- This procedure is relatively simple but can be quite Aesculight of Woodinville, Wash., the manufacturer
5. Berger N, Eeg PH. Veterinary laser surgery a practical guide. Ames,
ers, golden retrievers, time-consuming if the lesion is large and the granula- Iowa: Blackwell Publishing; 2006. of the only American-made CO2 laser.
German shepherds, Ger- tion tissue is thick. The most crucial part of the proce-
man shorthair pointers,
Saint Bernards, Great
Danes and pit bulls.1,3
Figure 1. Preoperative appearance of acral lick granuloma. Figure 4. Postoperative view of the surgical site. After the entire acral granuloma lesion is excised,
Acral lick granuloma the remaining excess tissue is ablated to the level of the dermis. No bleeding is present.
can be caused by numer-
ous etiological factors,
either organic or psycho- general anesthesia was
genic. Organic factors in- used.
clude food allergy, atopic
dermatitis, fungal or bac- Recommended Laser
terial infections, foreign Equipment, Settings
bodies, ectoparasites, Aesculight flexible hol-
painful bone and articu- low waveguide CO2 laser
lar diseases, local trauma with 0.4 mm and 3 mm la-
and hormonal imbalance. ser focal spot sizes.
Possible psychogenic n Resection and
causes are long-standing debulking: 10 to 15 watts
anxiety, boredom, stress, continuous wave (CW)
attention-seeking or ste- with 0.4 mm focal spot size
reotypic behavior. Differ- is used to excise most of
ential diagnosis includes Figure 2. Most of the excess tissue is debulked with a CO2 laser. Figure 5. Three weeks after surgery. the granulation tissue, en-
neoplasia; bacterial, fun- suring not to remove the
entire thickness (Figure 2).
Note that wattage may be
increased for thicker, more
fibrous tissue.
n Ablation/vaporiza-
tion: Initially vaporize the
remaining excess tissue
at 20 to 30 watts CW (de-
pending on the thickness
of the remaining tissue)
with 3 mm focal spot size.
Then progressively reduce
Figure 3. Intraopera- to 10 to 12 watts (ideal-
tive appearance with ly in SuperPulse mode)
the bulk of the acral to increase control of the
lick granuloma lesion speed of tissue ablation
excised. Several
abscesses can be and remove down to the
seen (arrows). level of normal dermis.
Figure 6. Thirteen weeks after surgery.
Veterinary World, 2011, Vol.4(6): 271-272, DOI:10.5455/vetworld.4.271 CLINICAL
Figure. 1 Presented clinical case with lick granuloma Figure. 2. Excised mass
250 mg was administerd orally for a period of 3 weeks. to treat the case successfully. In this case surgical
Local wound care was undertaken using Betnovate- excision of the mass along with proper managemental
GM (Miconazole nitrate 2%w/w, Betamethasone and feeding practices made the treatment a great success.
valerate 0.12%w/w, Gentamycin sulphate 0.1%w/w,
Acknowledgement
Glaxo Smith Kline Pharmaceuticals Limited, Nashik,
India.). The dog was kept on a balanced diet and The author is thankful to Dr. I. Nath, Dr. S.
supplemented with omega fatty acids. During the Nayak, Dr. T. K. Pattanaik, Dr. J. K. Das, Department
period of treatment the dog was given ample exercise of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of
and entertainment. Time inside the confinement was Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, O.U.A.T.,
minimized. The animal recovered uneventfully and Bhubaneswar, Odisha for providing proper guidance
the skin suture was removed on the 12th day. in treatment of the case.
Conclusion References
Proper diagnosis of lick granuloma is very 1. Jubb,K.V.F. and Kennedy,P.C. and Palmer,N. (1993).
difficult. Because the initiating factor is usually not Pathology of Domestic Animals, Vol.- I, 4th Edn., Academic
Press Limited, London, Pp. 581-582.
identified and because there is such a strong habit that 2. Vegad,J.L. and Kathiyar,A.K. (2004). A Textbook of
forms, treatment can also be very frustrating. If we Veterinary Systemic Pathology, 1st Edn., International Book
approach the case in a logical way then we can be able Distribution Co., Lucknow, Pp. 510.
********
In some cases, the licking may even start because of a minor irritant such as an
insect sting. It should be noted that although it can occur on the hind limbs, the
top and outside surfaces of the forelimbs (front legs) are most commonly
affected. These are areas that the dog can constantly lick while lying in a normal
position. It is important to distinguish between psychological and physical
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11/2/21, 5:59 PM Lick Granuloma in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospital
causes in order to provide the proper treatment. These lesions can often be
chronic relapsing problems that require long-term therapy.
How is it diagnosed?
The location and appearance of the lesion is a major guide to diagnosis. Your
veterinarian may recommend radiographs (X-ryas) of the underlying joint to
determine if arthritis is present. Skin biopsies may be necessary if there is no
response to treatment, or to rule out other causes such as mange or a tumor.
The treatment will vary depending on your pet's condition. Identifying the
underlying cause is important in determining the best course of treatment. Most
dogs require treatment Pet
aimed at supplements
food, the inflammation, x
infection, and psychological
& more.
components for resolution. TopicalFreeand oral anti-inflammatory medications such
shipping.
as corticosteroids are helpful in reducing inflammation. Psychopharmacologic
medications may be needed to reduce Shopanxiety
Now and obsessive-compulsive
disorders. Antibiotics are often required to treat secondary skin infections.
Since the root cause is often related to anxiety or boredom, increasing interaction
and stimulation are often strongly recommended. While the condition can be
frustrating to get under control, most cases of acral lick granuloma can be
successfully treated if the owner is willing to pursue extended tests and
treatments.
Contributors: Tammy Hunter, DVM; Ernest Ward, DVM
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