JURNAL PRAKTIKUM

A. Landasan Teori
1. Sistem Golongan Darah ABO
Golongan darah merupakan klasifikasi darah suatu individu berdasarkan ada atau tidak
adanya zat antigen warisan pada permukaan membran sel darah merah. Jenis protein dan
karbohidrat pada permukaan membran sel darah merah terebut yang menjadi
penyebabnya. Antigen dapat berupa polisakarida, protein, atau molekul lainnya yang
dapat merangsang tubuh untuk menghasilkan antibodi dalam plasma darah. Reaksi
antigen dengan antibodi akan menyebabkan penggumpalan atau biasa disebut aglutinasi
sel darah merah sehingga antigen disebut juga aglutinogen, sedangkan antibodi disebut
juga aglutinin. 
Penggolangan darah sistem ABO pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh ilmuwan Austria
bernama Karl Landsteiner pada tahun 1930. Penggolongan darah sistem ABO dilakukan
berdasarkan ada atau tidak adanya antigen (aglutinin) tipe α (anti - A) dan tipe β (anti -
B) di dalam plasma darahnya. Penggolongan darah sistem ABO dapat dilihat pada tabel
dibawah ini. 
Tabel 1.1 Golongan darah sisrem ABO dengan unsur aglutinogen dan aglutininnya.1 
Jenis Golongan Darah Aglutinogen / antigen Aglutinin / antibodi  (unsur
(unsur pada membran sel dalam plasma darah)
eritrosit)

A A β (anti-B)

B B α (anti- A)

AB A dan B -

O - α (anti - A) dan β (anti -

B) 

2. Golongan Darah Rhesus

Selain dikelompokkan ke dalam empat golongan darah yaitu A,B,AB, dan O,
golongan darah juga dibedakan berdasarkan faktor Rhesus (Rh). Faktor Rhesus atau
Rhesus adalah protein bawaan yang ada pada permukaan sel darah merah.2 
Penggolongan darah sistem rhesus ditemukan oleh Karl Landsteiner dan Wiener pada
tahun 1940 setelah ia melakukan penelitian terhadap darah kera rhesus (Macaca
mulatta), yakni spesies kera yang banyak dijumpai di India dan
Tiongkok. Penggolongan darah sistem rhesus berdasarkan ada atau tidak adanya

1. https://www.banksoalbiologi.com/2020/10/golongan-darah-transfusi-darah.html
2. https://doktersehat.com/cek-golongan-darah-rhesus/
 aglutinogen (antigen)  pada permukaan sel darah merah. Antigen RhD berperan dalam
reaksi imunitas tubuh. Individu yang memiliki antigen RhD  disebut Rh+ (rhesus
positif), sedangkan individu yang tidak memiliki antigen RhD disebut Rh - (rhesus
negatif). Individu Rh – (rhesus negatif) tidak memiliki aglutinin anti – RhD dalam
plasma darahnya, tetapi akan memproduksi aglutinin anti – RhD jika bertemu dengan
darah Rh+ (mengandung antigen RhD). 
Tabel 1.2 Golongan darah sistem rhesus dengan unsur aglutinogen (antigen). 
Jenis Golongan Darah Aglutinogen (antigen)

Rh+ (rhesus positif) RhD

Rh- (rhesus negatif) -

3. Uji Golongan Darah

Uji golongan darah dilakukan dengan serum. Serum anti – A, anti – B, dan anti – AB
digunakan dalam sistem penggolongan darah ABO. Sementra itu, uji golongan darah
sistem Rh (rhesus) menggunakan serum anti – D (anti – Rho ). Analisis golongan
darah berdasarkan hasil reaksi penggumpalan atau aglutinasi dalam terhadap jenis
serum yang digunakan.
1.3 Tabel Hasil reaksi pada tes golongan darah sistem ABO dan rhesus.

 Jenis Jenis Jenis Jenis Golongan Golongan

Serum Serum Serum Serum Darah Darah

Anti -A Anti -B Anti -AB Anti -D ABO Rh

+ - + + A Rh+

+ - + - A Rh-

- + + + B Rh+

- + + - B Rh-

+ + + + AB Rh+

+ + + - AB Rh-

- - - + O Rh+

- - - - O Rh-

B. Latar Belakang
 Golongan darah sangat penting untuk diketahui bagi setiap orang untuk membantu
menjelaskan dan memberi perawatan terhadap kondisi-kondisi kesehatan yang
mungkin dimiliki atau sewaktu-waktu dimiliki seseorang. Namun, banyak orang di
sini kurang memahami akan pentingnya mengetahui golongan darah individu.
Keterbelakangan tersebut didukung oleh banyak faktor, salah satunya yaitu faktor
finansial dan faktor lingkungan yang kurang pengetahuan.
Uji golongan darah berasal dari penelitian Karl Landsteiner dan Wiener yang
kemudian sampai saat ini masih dipakai hasilnya. Uji golongan darah bertujuan untuk
mengetahui golongan darah seseorang yang kemudian berguna untuk proses transfusi
darah dari pendonor kepada resipien agar tidak terjadi reaksi autoimun yang
membahayakan nyawa.
Metode yang digunakan adalah metode slide. Metode slide didasarkan pada prinsip
reaksi antara aglutinogen atau antigen pada permukaan eritrosit dengan aglutinin yang
terdapat dalam serum atau plasma yang membentuk aglutinasi atau au gumpalan
darah. Metode ini dilakukan dengan mengujikan darah yang akan diuji dengan serum
antigen semua golongan darah dan Rhesus.
Kelemahan dalam percobaan ilmiah kali ini adalah kurang nya alat teknologi yang
dapat kita cakup. Karena keterbatasan ini, kita menggunakan bantuan dari profesional
—setidaknya beberapa dari kami harus menemukan fasilitas kesehatan sekitar yang
dapat mengujikan golongan darah.
Jadi sebaiknya jika keadaan kurang mendukung untuk melakukan penelitian uji
golongan darah, bisa meminta bantuan kepada profesional untuk menghindari salah
informasi yang umum terjadi karena kurangnya relevansi data.

C. Rumusan Masalah
1. Apa saja golongan darah yang umumnya dimiliki masyarakat sekitar?
2. Bagaimana cara mengujikan golongan darah dengan serum antigen?
3. Bagaimana cara membaca hasil analisa uji golongan darah?
4. Bagaimana bentuk darah sebelum dan sesudah diujikan?
5. Apa manfaat dari percobaan ilmiah kali ini?
D. Hipotesis
1. Golongan darah X akan menggumpal/pecah oleh serum Anti-X (jenisnya).
2. Rhesus pun akan didapat hasil positif jika darah terlihat menggumpal atau
pecah.
3. Golongan darah dapat diketahui dengan metode ini
E. Tujuan
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F. Alat dan Bahan
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G. Cara Kerja
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H. Tabel Pengamatan
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I. Analisis dan Pembahasan
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J. Kesimpulan
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K. Daftar Pustaka
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