Dinophyta

• Nama umum : Dinoflagellates

• Sinonimnya : Pyrrophyta atau Dinozoa
• Cara nutrisinya : Autotrophic: brown chloroplasts (secondary),
or heterotrophic by ingestion
• Habitat : Marine, freshwater
• Penampakan : Unicellular
• Dinding sel : Cellulose or none
• Undulipodia (“flagella”) : Ordinarily two whiplash, one in equatorial
groove and one in longitudinal groove
• Cadangan makanan : Chrysolaminarin
• Reproduksi : Mitosis by unicells
• Seksual reproduksi : Poorly known in many species, some with
complex sexual cycles
• Genus : Ceratium, Gonyaulax, Noctiluca, Peridinium,
Pfiesteria
• Dikenal sebagai : Grooves for flagella
• dinoflagellida
– Protozoa dari class
PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA, ditemukan
utamanya di laut. Mereka bercirikan
mempunyai flagela transversal dan flagela
longitudinal yang memungkinkan mereka
bergerak berputar dalam air
Structure
– Typically unicellular flagellates, sometimes
coccoid, palmelloid, amoeboid, or with
several different forms in the life cycle.
– Two flagella, both with very fine hairs (not
mastigonemes)
• Transverse flagellum circles cell latitudinally,
typically in a groove called the cingulum
• Longitudinal flagellum extends backwards,
generally in a groove called the sulcus
– Cells may be armored (thecate)
Morfologi umum Dinophyta
• Diagram of a
typical
dinoflagellate
Protopedinium
sp. explaining
cell topology
• A naked type
of
dinaflagellate,
Gymnodinium
mirabile (a)
• An armored
type of
dinoflagellate,
Peridinium
conicoides (b)
• Atas: Diagrammatic
of proximal portion
of transverse
flagellum
• Bawah: A SEM of
transverse
flagellum of
Gymnodinium
catenatum
An SEM micrograph of Karenia
• The theca
organization
of Peridinium:
(a) ventral
view
(precingular),
(b) apical
view, (c)
dorsal view
(postcingular)
, dan (d)
antapical
view
• Thecal plates from the
girdle region of
Protoperidinium subinerme
(C)
• Apical pore complex and
thecal ornamentation of
Pyrodinium bahamense (E)
• Hook-shaped apical pore
of the toxic ciguatera
dinflagellate
Gambierdiscus toxicus (F)
• Setengah dari Dinophyta adalah autotrof,
sisanya ada yang saprobik, predator,
parasit atau simbion
• Contoh Dinophyta bersimbiosis dengan
hewan karang atau invertebrata lainnya
adalah Zooxanthellae
Endosibiosis adalah sel hidup yang
menjadi simbiotik pada sel hidup
lainnya (inang). Keduanya, simbion dan
inang menjadi saling ketergantungan
(interdependen). Mitochondria and
chloroplasts adalah contoh umum
endosymbion.
Endoserial Simbiosis
Eyespot adalah struktur yang sensitif
terhadap cahaya. Struktur ini bisa
menjadi bagian suatu organel seperti
pada kloroplast mikroorganisme
eukariotik. Pada Euglenoids eyesport
cendrung membesar pada dasar
flagella atau bisa mengalami struktur
multiseluler pada planaria.
Eyesport sangat membantu mengatur
posisi sesuai dengan keadaan sinar
optimum yang diperlukan
a). Dinoflagellate
b). euglenoid (primitive type)
c). Cephalothamnion
(bodonid)
d). Bodonid
e). Trypanosome
f). Pedinella (chrysomonad)
g). Chrysomonad
h).chrysomonad/xanthophyte
i). Eustigmatophyte
j). Chloromonad
k). Pavlova (haptophyte)
l). Haptophyte
m). Prasinophyte
n). Cryptomonad
o). Chlorophyte
p). Micromonas
(prasinophyte?)
q). retortomonad, oxymonad
r). Diplomonad
s). Trichomonad
t). hypermastigid.
Chloroplast structure:
A. Chlorophytes and
prasinophytes
(hatched areas
indicate internal
starch).
B. Euglenoids.
C. Dinoflagellates.
D. Cryptomonads (NE:
nuclear envelope;
CER:
chloroplast
endoplasmic
reticulum).
E. Haptophytes.
F. Chrysomonads,
xanthophytes,
chloromonads.
• Eustigmatophytes have chloroplasts that resemble
type E, but lack CER. F.
• Phaeophytes and diatoms. (GL, the girdle lamella).
• The rhodophytes have a chloroplast that resembles
type A, but they do not have stacked thylakoids and
produce their floridean starch external to the
chloroplast.
 Klasifikasi
Dinoflagellata diklasifikasikan secara
morfology. Spesies ber-THECA (ARMOR)
dibagi menjadi empat ordo:
• Peridiniales - e.g. Peridinium
• Gonyaulacales - e.g. Ceratium, Gonyaulax
• Dinophysiales - e.g. Dinophysis
• Prorocentrales - e.g. Prorocentrum
 Group dinoflagellata yang tidak ber-
THECA (ANARMOR) dibagi menjadi enam
ordo:
• Gymnodiniales - e.g. Gymnodinium,
Amphidinium
• Ptychodiscales
• Suessiales - e.g. Symbiodinium
• Desmocapsales
• Phytodiniales - e.g. Dinamoeba, Pfiesteria
(includes Dinococcales, Dinotrichales)
• Thoracosphaerales
Kingdom Plantae -- Planta, plantes, plants, Vegetal
Division Pyrrophycophyta -- dinoflagellates, dinoflagellés
Class Dinophyceae
Direct Children:
Order Actiniscales Sournia, 1984
Order Blastodiniales Schiller, 1935
Order Brachydiniales Loeblich III ex Sournia, 1984
Order Dinamoebales Loeblich, 1970, emend. Steidinger et al.
Order Dinophysiales Lindemann, 1928
Order Dinotrichales Pascher, 1914
Order Ebriales
Order Gloeodiniales
Order Gonyaulacales Taylor, 1980
Order Gymnodiniales Lemmermann, 1910
Order Lophodiniales Dodge, 1984
Order Noctilucales Haeckel, 1894
Order Peridiniales Haeckel, 1894
Order Phytodiniales Loeblich, III, 1970
Order Prorocentrales Lemmermann, 1910
Order Ptychodiscales
Order Suessiales Fensome et al., 1993
Order Syndiniales Loeblich, III, 1976
Order Thoracosphaerales Tanger in Tanger et al., 1982
Ecology
– Important primary producers in both marine
(particularly on-shore) and freshwater
environments
• Can also be important predators
– Predation and parasitism
– Amoebophrya
– As zooxanthellae, dinoflagellates are
extremely important primary producers in
tropical reef environments
– Giant clams also depend upon
zooxanthellae for photosynthate
• Fenomena bioluminescence
(bioluminesensi) terjadi pada Noctiluca,
Gonyaulax, Pyrosystis, and Pyrodinium
• Kristal kecil disebut “scintillons” adalah
sumber photoemission.
• Kristal ini tersusun atas guanine
• Jumlah zat pemicu fenomena
luminescence dapat diukur dengan alat
photomultiplier photometer.
Noctiluca sp.
Noctiluca, a large vacuolated cell
• Under natural illumination or under
a light-drak (LD) cycle, the amount
of light emitted under agitated
condition (for maximum
stimulation) is observed to be low
during the period of illumination
and to reach a peak during the
middle of the dark period (a).
• Under a LD cycle to a DD cycle
(continued darkness), it can be
observed that an endogenous
circadian rhythm is indeed
present, the cycle of peaks of
bioluminescence continuing for
several days and the amplitude
gradually decreasing (b).
• A long, persisting periodicity in
stimulated luminescence can also
be demonstrated in this same
species by placing the cells in LL
conditions of low-intensity light
(1000 lux). Although the peak of
light emission is not so great as
that reached un der LD conditions,
the circadian rhythm continues
indefinitely (c).
Economic Significance
1. Important as primary producers
2. Toxin production is also a major issue
• Pfiesteria piscicida seems to produce a water-
soluable neurotoxin
– Watermen and others working on water suffer memory
loss
– In acute form may produce sores on skin
– No evidence that toxin is transmitted in sea food
• Ciguatera poisoning is a much more serious
issue in warm marine waters
– A stable dinoflagellate toxin moves up food chain, is
concentrated in predatory fish.
– Humans eat predatory fish, get serious neurological
disorder
Reproduction
– Most are haplontic, with the only diploid
stage being the zygote
• Gametes are not obviously different from
vegetative cells
• may be isogamous or anisogamous
– The exception is Noctiluca, in which the
vegetative cells are diploid
• Noctiluca gametes have permanently
condensed chromosomes, but the vegetative
cells do not
 The life cycle of
Gymnodinium
catenatum
1. A motile planktonic
vegetative cell
2. Divides by mitosis to
form chains
3. Two types of gametes
4. Pairs of which fuse
5. A plaoxygote
6. A benthic resting cyst
(hypnozygote)
7. Excystment produces a
planomeiocyte
• By meiosis re-
establishes the
vegetative stage (1)
8. Under unfavourable
environmental condition,
the motile vegetative
cells can also form
temporary cyst (8)
Dinoflagellata Life Cycle. 1-Binary fission, 2-Sexual reproduction, 3-

planozygote, 4-hypnozygote, 5-planomeiocyte.

Schematic life cycle history of dinoflagellates
Kista Dinophyta
Ceratium
Ceratium sp.
Ceratium sp.
Peridinium
Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) E. Balech
Raphidophytes-Cryptomonas sp.
Zooxanthellae
Chattonella sp.
Heterosigma sp.
Gymnodinium sp.
An SEM micrograph of a
Peridinium zygote
Protoperidinium
Dinophysis sp.
Dinophysis
Prorocentrum sp.
An SEM micrograph of Prorocentrum
Alexandium sp.
Gyrodinium sp.
Peridinium sp.
Cochlodinium sp.
SEM micrographs of Stylodinium feeding on
a green algal filament
 Catatan
1. Dinoflagellates are widely recognized to produce
„blooms” or “red tides” in which the concentration
of calls may be so great (1 to 20 million cells per
liter) as to color the ocean, locally, red, reddish,
brown, or yellow.
2. Racun yang menyebabkan PSP dari Gonyaulax
catenella disebut SAXITOXIN, a neurotoxin
100.000 kali lebih paten dari cocaine.
3. More than 1600 cases of PSP have been reported,
and in lethal concentrations in humans, death
results from respiratory and cardiovascular arrest
within 12 hours after consumption of toxic bivalves.
4. Mussels may become too toxic for human
consumption when concentration of G.
catenella reach only 100-200 cells per
milliliter, but concentrations of at least
20.000-30.000 cells per milliliter must be
reached before a bloom is apparent.
5. A wide variety of marine invertebrates,
including sponges, jellyfish, sea anemones,
corals, gastropods, and turbellarians, and
some protistans, including cilliates,
radiolarians, and foraminiferans, harbor
within them zooxanthellae.
7. Parasitism is a well-developed mode of nutrition in
the Pyrrophycophyta, e.g. Haplozoon.
8. The parasitism Pyrrophycophyta composed of
three types cells: TROPHOCYTE, the anterior-
most cell that attaches the parasite to the gut
lining, GONOCYTE, an intercalary cell in the zone
of cell division, and SPOROCYTE, the
reproductive cell type.
9. Endocytosis, or phagotrophy mode of nutrition in
Gymnodinium, Gyrodinium, Peridinium, and
Ceratium.