PUSAT PERBUKUAN

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Hak Cipta Pada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
dilindungi oleh Undang-Undang

Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika

untuk Kelas XII Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah Aliyah
Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam

Penulis : Dudi Indrajit

Penyunting : Ahmad Saripudin
Pewajah Isi : Neni Yuliati
Ilustrator : S. Riyadi
Pewajah Sampul : A. Purnama

Ukuran Buku : 21 x 29,7cm

530.07
DUD DUDI Indrajit
m Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika 3 :untuk Kelas XII Sekolah Menengah Atas /
Madrasah Aliyah Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam / penulis, Dudi Indrajit,
; penyunting, Ahmad Saripudin, ; illustrator, S. Riyadi. — Jakarta :
Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2009.
vi, 306 hlm, : ilus. ; 30 cm

Bibliografi : hlm. 306

Indeks
ISBN 978-979-068-816-2 (No. Jil Lengkap)
ISBN 978-979-068-931-2

1. Fisika-Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul

II. Ahmad Saripudin III. S. Riyadi

Hak Cipta Buku ini dibeli oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

dari Penerbit Setia Purna Inves, PT

Diterbitkan oleh Pusat Perbukuan

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Tahun 2009

Diperbanyak oleh ....

Kata Pengantar
Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat
dan karunia-Nya, Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional, pada tahun 2009, telah membeli hak cipta
buku teks pelajaran ini dari penulis/penerbit untuk disebarluaskan
kepada masyarakat melalui situs internet (website) Jaringan
Pendidikan Nasional.
Buku teks pelajaran ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar
Nasional Pendidikan dan telah ditetapkan sebagai buku teks
pelajaran yang memenuhi syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan
dalam proses pembelajaran melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan
Nasional Nomor 22 Tahun 2007 tanggal 25 Juni 2007.
Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya
kepada para penulis/penerbit yang telah berkenan mengalihkan
hak cipta karyanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
untuk digunakan secara luas oleh para siswa dan guru di seluruh
Indonesia.
Buku-buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya
kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional ini, dapat diunduh
(down load), digandakan, dicetak, dialihmediakan, atau difotokopi
oleh masyarakat. Namun, untuk penggandaan yang bersifat
komersial harga penjualannya harus memenuhi ketentuan yang
ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. Diharapkan bahwa buku teks
pelajaran ini akan lebih mudah diakses sehingga siswa dan guru
di seluruh Indonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di
luar negeri dapat memanfaatkan sumber belajar ini.
Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini.
Kepada para siswa kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan
manfaatkanlah buku ini sebaik-baiknya. Kami menyadari bahwa
buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya. Oleh karena itu, saran
dan kritik sangat kami harapkan.

Jakarta, Juni 2009

Kepala Pusat Perbukuan

iii
Kata Pengantar
Fisika adalah salah satu rumpun ilmu sains yang mempelajari alam semesta.
Ruang lingkup ilmu Fisika sangat luas, mulai dari atom yang berdimensi
nanometer hingga jagat raya yang berdimensi tahunan cahaya. Dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari, banyak ditemukan aplikasi ilmu Fisika, baik berupa
fenomena-fenomena di alam atau rekayasa teknologi. Oleh karena itu, Fisika
memiliki tingkat urgensitas yang tinggi karena merupakan dasar untuk
penguasaan teknologi di masa depan.
Sesuai dengan misi penerbit untuk memberikan kontribusi yang nyata bagi
kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan maka penulis dan penerbit merealisasikan tanggung
jawab tersebut dengan menyediakan buku bahan ajar Fisika yang berkualitas,
sesuai dengan tuntutan kurikulum yang berlaku saat ini.
Buku ini disusun dengan mengutamakan pendekatan secara inkuiri
(eksperimen) dan disajikan secara sistematis, komunikatif, dan integratif, serta
adanya keruntutan rangkaian (bab dengan subbab, antarsubbab dalam bab,
antaralenia dalam subbab). Sebelum mempelajari materi, sebaiknya Anda
terlebih dahulu membaca bagian Advanced Organizer yang terdapat pada
halaman awal setiap bab agar Anda dapat mengetahui isi bab secara umum.
Pada awal setiap bab, disajikan pula Tes Kompetensi Awal sebagai evaluasi
materi prasyarat untuk mempelajari bab yang bersangkutan.
Di akhir setiap bab, terdapat Rangkuman, Peta Konsep, dan Refleksi yang
bertujuan lebih meningkatkan pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah
dipelajari dengan memunculkan umpan balik untuk evaluasi diri. Buku ini di-
lengkapi juga dengan beberapa materi, tugas, dan soal pengayaan, di antaranya
Informasi untuk Anda (Information for You), Tantangan untuk Anda, Mari
Mencari Tahu, Tugas Anda, Pembahasan Soal, dan Tokoh yang dapat
memperluas pengetahuan materi Fisika yang sedang dipelajari.
Untuk menguji pemahaman Anda terhadap materi yang telah dipelajari
diberikan Tes Kompentensi Subbab pada setiap akhir subbab, Tes Kompetensi
Bab pada setiap akhir bab, dan Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester pada setiap
akhir semester. Selain itu, pada akhir buku juga diberikan Tes Kompetensi Akhir
untuk menguji pemahaman materi Fisika selama satu tahun ajaran. Semua tes
kompetensi tersebut merupakan sarana mengevaluasi pemahaman dan
melatih kemampuan menerapkan konsep/prinsip Fisika yang berkaitan dengan
materi yang telah dipelajari. Adapun Kunci Jawaban (nomor ganjil) kami sajikan
untuk memudahkan Anda dalam mengevaluasi hasil jawaban.
Untuk menumbuhkan daya kreativitas, kemampuan psikomotorik, dan cara
berpikir ilmiah, kami sajikan Aktivitas Fisika dan Proyek Semester yang
menuntut peran aktif Anda dalam melakukan kegiatan tersebut.
Demikianlah persembahan kami untuk dunia pendidikan.

Bandung, Mei 2007

Penerbit
 Panduan untuk Pembaca
Materi-materi pembelajaran pada buku ini berdasarkan kurikulum yang berlaku saat ini dan disajikan secara
sistematis, komunikatif, dan integratif. Di setiap awal bab, dilengkapi gambar pembuka pelajaran, bertujuan
memberikan gambaran materi pembelajaran yang akan dibahas, dan mengajarkan siswa konsep berpikir kontekstual
sekaligus merangsang cara berpikir kontekstual. Selain itu, buku ini juga ditata dengan format yang menarik dan
didukung dengan foto dan ilustrasi yang representatif. Penggunaan bahasa yang sederhana, sesuai dengan tingkatan
kognitif siswa sehingga membuat pembaca lebih mudah memahaminya.
Buku Fisika untuk SMA Kelas XII ini terdiri atas sepuluh bab, yaitu Gejala Gelombang, Gelombang Cahaya,
Gelombang Bunyi, Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor, Medan Magnetik, Induksi Elektromagnetik, Radiasi
Benda Hitam, Fisika Atom, Teori Relativitas Khusus, serta Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas. Untuk lebih jelasnya,
perhatikan petunjuk untuk pembaca berikut.
(1) Judul Bab, disesuaikan dengan tema materi dalam bab.
(2) Hasil yang harus Anda capai, tujuan umum yang harus Anda
capai pada bab yang Anda pelajari.
4
(3) Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu, kemampuan
yang harus Anda kuasai setelah mempelajari bab.
(4) Gambar Pembuka Bab, disajikan untuk mengetahui contoh 18
1 manfaat dari materi yang akan dipelajari.
2 (5) Advanced Organizer, uraian singkat tentang isi bab untuk 19
3 menumbuhkan motivasi belajar dan mengarahkan Anda agar lebih
fokus terhadap isi bab.
5 (6) Tes Kompetensi Awal, merupakan soal prasyarat yang harus 20
Anda pahami sebelum memasuki materi pembelajaran.
(7) Materi Pembelajaran, disajikan secara sistematis, komunikatif,
integratif, dan sesuai dengan perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi
terkini (up to date).
6 (8) Gambar dan Ilustrasi, sesuai dengan materi dalam bab yang
disajikan secara proporsional dan harmonis. 21
(9) Contoh Soal, berisi contoh dan penyelesaian soal.
(10) Tugas Anda, berisi tugas atau latihan soal yang berkaitan 22
7 dengan materi tersebut.
(11) Pembahasan Soal, berisi contoh soal yang berasal dari
Ebtanas, UAN, UMPTN, atau SPMB.
8 23
(12) Mari Mencari Tahu, tugas mencari informasi yang bertujuan
menumbuhkan rasa ingin tahu dan mendorong siswa untuk
mencari informasi lebih jauh.
(13) Aktivitas Fisika, kegiatan yang dilakukan secara berkelompok
untuk mengembangkan kecakapan hidup Anda.
(14) Ingatlah, catatan atau hal-hal penting yang perlu Anda ketahui.
(15) Informasi untuk Anda (Information for You), berisi pengayaan
mengenai informasi dan aplikasi materi, disajikan dalam 2 bahasa
10 9
(bilingual).
12 (16) Tantangan untuk Anda, berisi soal-soal yang disajikan 24
dengan tingkat kesulitan lebih tinggi.
11 (17) Kata Kunci
13 (18) Tokoh, berisi tokoh Fisika penggagas ide baru dan pekerja
keras sehingga akan menumbuhkan semangat inovatif/kreatif, etos
kerja, dan mengembangkan kecakapan hidup Anda.
(19) Tes Kompetensi Subbab, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
penguasaan materi subbab.
(20) Rangkuman
14 (21) Peta Konsep
(22) Refleksi, sebagai umpan balik bagi siswa setelah
mempelajari materi di akhir pembelajaran tiap bab. 25
15 (23) Tes Kompetensi Bab, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
penguasaan materi bab.
(24) Proyek Semester, kegiatan percobaan untuk meningkatkan
pemahaman konsep Fisika dan memotivasi Anda untuk menggali
16 informasi, memanfaatkan informasi, dan menyelesaikan masalah.
26
(25) Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester, berisi soal-soal untuk
17 mengevaluasi penguasaan materi selama satu semester.
(26) Tes Kompetensi Akhir, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
penguasaan materi selama satu tahun ajaran.

v
 Diunduh dari BSE.Mahoni.com

Daftar Isi
Kata Sambutan • iii
Kata Pengantar • iv
Panduan untuk Pembaca • v

Bab 1
Gejala Gelombang • 1
A. Pemahaman Gelombang • 2
B. Gelombang Berjalan dan Gelombang
Stasioner • 7
C. Sifat-Sifat Gelombang • 19
Rangkuman • 26
Peta Konsep • 27
Refleksi • 27
Tes Kompetensi Bab 1 • 28

Bab 2
Gelombang Cahaya • 31
A. Interferensi Cahaya • 32
B. Difraksi Cahaya • 37 Bab 4
C. Polarisasi Cahaya • 42
Rangkuman • 46
Medan Listrik, Potensial
Peta Konsep • 46 Listrik, dan Kapasitor • 75
Refleksi • 46
A. Muatan Listrik • 76
Tes Kompetensi Bab 2 • 47
B. Medan Listrik • 80
C. Energi Potensial Listrik dan
Potensial Listrik • 87
Bab 3 D. Kapasitor • 92
Rangkuman • 100
Gelombang Bunyi • 49 Peta Konsep • 101
A. Sifat Dasar Gelombang Bunyi • 50 Refleksi • 101
B. Cepat Rambat Bunyi • 51 Tes Kompetensi Bab 4 • 102
C. Unsur Bunyi dan Pemanfaatan
Gelombang Bunyi • 53
D. Sifat-Sifat Gelombang Bunyi • 55
E. Dawai dan Pipa Organa sebagai
Sumber Bunyi • 58 Bab 5
F. Energi Gelombang Bunyi • 66 Medan Magnetik • 105
Rangkuman • 70
Peta Konsep • 71 A. Medan Magnetik • 106
Refleksi • 71 B. Gaya Magnetik • 114
Tes Kompetensi Bab 3 • 72 C. Aplikasi Gaya Magnetik • 120
D. Sifat Magnet Bahan • 122
Rangkuman • 124
Peta Konsep • 125
Refleksi • 125
Tes Kompetensi Bab 5 • 126

vi
 Bab 6
Induksi
Elektromagnetik • 131
A. Gejala Induksi
Elektromagnetik • 132
B. Aplikasi Induksi Elektromagnetik
Faraday • 142
C. Arus dan Tegangan Listrik Bolak-
Balik • 147
Rangkuman • 165
Peta Konsep • 166
Refleksi • 166
Tes Kompetensi Bab 6 • 167
Proyek Semester 1 • 169
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 1 • 171

Bab 9
Bab 7 Teori Relativitas Khusus • 229
Radiasi Benda Hitam • 175 A. Semua Gerak Bersifat Relatif • 230
A. Pengertian Radiasi Benda B. Teori Relativitas Einstein • 235
Hitam • 176 Rangkuman • 252
B. Dualisme Gelombang Partikel • 183 Peta Konsep • 253
Rangkuman • 192 Refleksi • 253
Peta Konsep • 193 Tes Kompetensi Bab 9 • 254
Refleksi • 193
Tes Kompetensi Bab 7 • 194

Bab 10
Bab 8 Fisika Inti
Fisika Atom • 197 dan Radioaktivitas • 257
A. Evolusi Model Atom • 198 A. Inti Atom • 258
B. Atom Berelektron Banyak • 210 B. Radioaktivitas • 264
Rangkuman • 224 C. Reaksi Inti • 272
Peta Konsep • 225 D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan
Refleksi • 225 Radioisotop • 277
Tes Kompetensi Bab 8 • 226 Rangkuman • 283
Peta Konsep • 284
Refleksi • 284
Tes Kompetensi Bab 10 • 285
Proyek Semester 2 • 287
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2 • 288

Tes Kompetensi Akhir • 291

Kunci Jawaban • 295
Apendiks • 300
Senarai • 303
Indeks • 304
Daftar Pustaka • 306

vii
 Bab

1
Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 2001
Riak pada air kolam terjadi karena perambatan getaran akibat
jatuhnya batu pada air kolam tersebut.

Gejala Gelombang
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gejala gelombang dalam menyelesaikan

masalah.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

mendeskripsikan gejala dan ciri-ciri gelombang secara umum.

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Aktivitas Fisika 1.1
Jenis Gelombang Berdasarkan Arah Getarannya
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati gelombang transversal dan gelombang longitudinal.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
Sebuah slinki (pegas plastik) yang panjangnya 3 meter.
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Pegang kuat-kuat salah satu ujung slinki oleh teman Anda atau diikatkan
pada tiang.
2. Rentangkan sesuai panjangnya dan getarkan ujung yang satu dengan
satu kali hentakan naik turun dari posisi setimbang dan kembali ke posisi
setimbang (posisi saat tangan Anda diam).
3. Ulangi langkah 2, dan getarkan ujung slinki tersebut terus menerus naik
turun, kemudian amati perambatan gelombang sepanjang slinki.

2 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Tugas Anda 1.1
Selain dalam medium slinki,
dapatkah Anda mencari medium lain
4. Letakkan slinki di atas lantai licin, kemudian dengan bantuan teman Anda untuk menggambarkan gelombang
longitudinal?
pegang salah satu ujungnya.
5. Hentakkan salah satu ujung pegas dengan satu kali dorongan dan satu kali
tarikan ke posisi semula. Amati rapatan dan regangan yang merambat sepan-
jang slinki.

6. Ulangi langkah 5, namun dorongan dan tarikannya dilakukan secara terus-

menerus. Amati perambatan dan regangan sepanjang slinki. arah
getar T

/?7
>3?1=0//<
A3?@30BA
27>3?=:36
93@7;>B:/<
@3>3?A7
27AB<8B99/<

2/:/;
A/03:
03?79BA
 &

'3?032//<
3:=;0/<5
+?/<@C3?@/:
2/<
3:=;0/<5
#=<57AB27</: arah rambat
,#&
 (!'-(
 &)'(!
+(,/ +,& /
(
)(!#-.#(&
*
&#(%#
T
.&,
+(,/ +,& .&,
)(!#-.#(& arah rambat

3<AB9
3:=;0/<5
arah getar
?/6
53A/?/< +35/9
:B?B@
23<5/<
/?/6 *3/?/6
23<5/<
/?/6
?/;0/A/<
?/;0/A/<
53:=;0/<5 53:=;0/<5 0
'/<8/<5 $3?B>/9/<
8/?/9
/<A/?/ $3?B>/9/<
8/?/9
/<A/?/
?/>/A/< Gambar 1.1
3:=;0/<5 >B<1/9
93
>B<1/9 93
?/>/A/<
03?79BA<E/
/A/B Berdasarkan arah getarnya,
53:=;0/<5
03?79BA<E/ ?3<55/<5/<
93
?3<55/<5/< gelombang mekanik
03?79BA<E/ dikelompokkan menjadi:
(a) Gelombang transversal;
3:=;0/<5
A?/<@C3?@/:
/2/:/6
53:=;0/<5
E/<5
/?/6
53A/?/<<E/
A35/9 (b) Gelombang logitudinal.
:B?B@
A3?6/2/>
/?/6
?/;0/A/<<E/
1=<A=6<E/
53:=;0/<5
>3?;B9//<
/7?
53:=;0/<5
>/2/
A/:7
2/<
53:=;0/<5
1/6/E/
3:=;0/<5
:=<57AB27</:
/2/:/6
53:=;0/<5
E/<5
/?/6
53A/?<E/
@38/8/?
23<5/<
/?/6
?/;0/A/<<E/
1=<A=6<E/
53:=;0/<5
0B<E7
2/<
53:=;0/<5
>/2/
>35/@
3:=;0/<5
>/2/
>35/@
/A/B
@:7<97
2/>/A
;3<55/;0/?9/<
03<AB9
53:=;0/<5
A?/<@C3?@/:
2/<
53:=;0/<5
:=<57AB27</:
03?5/<AB<5
0/5/7;/</
1/?/
>35/@
A3?@30BA
2753A/?9/<
!79/
>35/@
2703?7
B@79/<
A35/9
:B?B@
A3?6/2/>
>/<8/<5<E/
/9/<
A3?03<AB9
53:=;0/<5
A?/<@C3?@/:
2/>B<
879/
>35/@
2703?7
5/E/
@3/?/6
23<5/<
>/<8/<5
>35/@
>/2/
>35/@
/9/<
A3?8/27
?/>/A/<
2/<
?3<55/<5/<
E/<5
27@30BA
53:=;0/<5
:=<57AB27</:
B/A:/6
;=23:
53:=;0/<5
23<5/<
;3<55B</9/<
@3BA/@
A/:7
E/<5
@/:/6
@/AB
B8B<5<E/
2779/A9/<
>/2/
A7/<5
"3;B27/<
53?/99/<
A/<5/<
<2/
</79
AB?B<
@367<55/
/9/<
A3?:76/A
0/5/7;/</
@30B/6
53:=;0/<5
;3?/;0/A Gambar 1.2
@3>3?A7
>/2/
'+
 
$3<B?BA
<2/
/>/9/6
A/:7
79BA
;3?/;0/A Gelombang pada tali.

93A79/
2753A/?9/<
/:/;
>3?/;0/A/<<E/
53:=;0/<5
;3;7<2/69/<
3<3?57
2/<
A72/9
;3<E3?A/9/<
>3?/;0/A/<
;327B;<E/
'/2/
9/@B@
53:=;0/<5
A/:7
53?/9/<
A/<5/<
</79
AB?B<
;3;0/<597A9/<
3<3?57
;39/<79
>/2/
A/:7
<3?57
;39/<79
A3?@30BA
;3<553A/?9/<
2/3?/6
27
@397A/?<E/
@367<55/
2/3?/6
27
@397A/?<E/
79BA
>B:/
03?53?/9
</79
AB?B<
23;797/<
@3A3?B@<E/
@/;>/7
B8B<5
A/:7

Gejala Gelombang 3
 puncak 1. Panjang, Frekuensi, Periode, dan Cepat Rambat Gelombang
347<7@7
@/AB
53:=;0/<5
>/2/
53:=;0/<5
A?/<@C3?@/:
/2/:/6
8/?/9
lembah
E/<5
@/;/
23<5/<
8/?/9
/<A/?/
2B/
>B<1/9
03?B?BA/<
/A/B
2B/
:3;0/6
03?B?BA/<
!/?/9
A3?@30BA
27</;/9/<
>/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
 
@3>3?A7
panjang gelombang 27AB<8B99/<
>/2/
'+


/ '/2/
53:=;0/<5
:=<57AB27</:
>/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
 
272347<7@79/<
@30/5/7
8/?/9
E/<5
@/;/
23<5/<
8/?/9
/<A/?/
2B/
>B@/A
?3<55/<5/<
E/<5
rapatan renggangan 03?239/A/<
/A/B
8/?/9
/<A/?/
2B/
>B@/A
?/>/A/<
E/<5
03?239/A/<
@3>3?A7
>/2/
'+


!/?/9
E/<5
27A3;>B6
53:=;0/<5
@3A7/>
@/AB
@/AB/<
D/9AB
27</;/9/<
13>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
!
@32/<59/<
0/<E/9<E/
53:=;0/<5
E/<5
panjang gelombang A3?03<AB9
@3A7/>
@/AB
@/AB/<
D/9AB
27</;/9/<
4?39B3<@7

0 '3?7=23

/2/:/6
D/9AB
E/<5
27>3?:B9/<
B<AB9
;3<3;>B6
8/?/9
Gambar 1.3 @/AB
>/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
(a) Panjang gelombang pada
gelombang transversal. 2. Persamaan Umum Gelombang
(b) Panjang gelombang pada
gelombang longitudinal. 3@/?/<03@/?/<
/>/
E/<5
27;7:797
@30B/6
53:=;0/<5
<2/
>/@A7
;/@76
7<5/A
0/6D/
@3A7/>
53:=;0/<5
;3;7:797
4?39B3<@7

>3?7=23

2/<
13>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
!
B0B<5/<
/<A/?/
03@/?/<03@/?/<
A3?@30BA
@31/?/
;/A3;/A7@
27AB:7@9/<
@30/5/7
03?79BA

/A/B
!

 H

"3A3?/<5/<
! 
13>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
; @

>/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
;

 


>3?7=23
53:=;0/<5
@
 
4?39B3<@7
53:=;0/<5
F
bukit
y
gelombang '3?6/A79/<
'+

/;0/?
A3?@30BA
;3?B>/9/<
>?=E39@7
2/?7
B F @7;>/<5/<
#
2/<
>3?>7<2/6/<
"
2/?7
@30B/6
53:=;0/<5
3<AB9<E/
;3<E3?B>/7
03<AB9
53:=;0/<5
A?/<@C3?@/:
A3?27?7
2/?7
0B97A
2/<
:3;0/6
C E
A B' F' G
x 3?2/@/?9/<
5/;0/?
A3?@30BA
>/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
/2/:/6
8/?/9
2/?7
D H 
93

/A/B
8/?/9
2/?7

93

;>:7AB2=

/2/:/6
<7:/7
@7;>/<5/<
lembah A3?03@/?
E/<5
2/>/A
271/>/7
>/?A793:
;327B;
E/7AB
8/?/9
2/?7

93

/A/B
gelombang 2/?7

93

'B<1/9
53:=;0/<5
/2/:/6
A7A79
A3?A7<557
>/2/
53:=;0/<5
Gambar 1.4 E/7AB
A7A79

2/<
A7A79

/@/?
53:=;0/<5
/2/:/6
139B<5/<
/A/B
:3;0/6
Panjang gelombang ( ) pada
grafik simpangan (y) terhadap A3?3<2/6
E/7AB
A7A79

2/<
A7A79

2/>B<
@7;>B:
/2/:/6
A7A79A7A79
>/2/
arah rambat (x). 53:=;0/<5
93A79/
;3<1/>/7
93@3A7;0/<5/<
/A/B
@7;>/<5/<<E/
<=:

Contoh 1.1
3:=;0/<5
>/2/
A/:7
;3?/;0/A
23<5/<
9313>/A/<

; @
!79/
8/?/9
/<A/?/

>B<1/9
53:=;0/<5
E/<5
03?B?BA/<
/2/:/6

;3A3?
A3<AB9/<
/ >/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
2 = 36 m
0 4?39B3<@7
53:=;0/<5
A3?@30BA
0
793A/6B7
!


; @
!/?/9
/<A/?/

>B<1/9


;

4 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

/  





!/27
>/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
A/:7

; Pembahasan Soal
0 !



Gelombang air laut menyebabkan
!  






F permukaan air naik turun dengan
 periode 2 s. Jika jarak antara dua

!/27
4?39B3<@7
53:=;0/<5
A/:7
/2/:/6

F puncak gelombang 5 m,
gelombang akan mencapai jarak
10 m dalam waktu ....
a. 1 s
Contoh 1.2 b. 2 s
c. 3 s
7
>3?;B9//<
@B<5/7
A3?2/>/A
2B/
0B/6
5/0B@
E/<5
A3?>7@/6
@38/B6


1;
"32B/<E/ d. 4 s
</79
AB?B<
A3?0/D/
53:=;0/<5
/7?
*/:/6
@/AB
5/0B@
03?/2/
27
>B<1/9
53:=;0/<5 e. 5 s
@32/<59/<
5/0B@
E/<5
:/7<
03?/2/
27
2/@/?
53:=;0/<5
7
/<A/?/
932B/
5/0B@
A3?@30BA UMPTN 2001
A3?2/>/A
@/AB
0B97A
!79/
4?39B3<@7
53:=;0/<5
/7?
A3?@30BA
/2/:/6

F
A3<AB9/<
13>/A Pembahasan:
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
>/2/
/7? T =2s
1,5
0 5 m
793A/6B7




F
3<5/<
;3;3?6/A79/<
5/;0/?
27>3?=:36
  

1; jarak antara dua puncak = satu





 

1; gelombang

! 





1;
I

F v=
5m
 = 2,5 m/s
T 2s



1; @
s = vt


; @ 10 m = (2,5 m/s)t
!/27
13>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
>/2/
/7?
/2/:/6

; @
10 m
t= =4s
2,5 m/s

3. Energi Gelombang Jawaban: d

7
/D/:
0/0
7<7
<2/
A3:/6
;3<53A/6B7
0/6D/
53:=;0/<5
276/@7:9/<
=:36
53A/?/<
E/<5
27?/;0/A9/<
,<AB9
;3<567AB<5
3<3?57
53:=;0/<5
<2/
6/?B@
;3<57<5/A
93;0/:7
;/A3?7
27
"3:/@
.
A3<A/<5
3<3?57
A=A/:
;/@@/
E/<5
03?=@7:/@7
>/2/
>35/@
<3?57
A3?@30BA
27AB:7@9/<
@30/5/7
03?79BA

   

23<5/<




 @30/5/7
9=<@A/<A/
5/E/
2/<

/2/:/6
/;>:7AB2=
*3:/<8BA<E/
>3?6/A79/<
5/;0/?
03?79BA
m   x
Gambar 1.5
Gerakan tangan dirambatkan
oleh tali dalam bentuk
gelombang.

'+

;3?B>/9/<
@30B/6
;=23:
53:=;0/<5
A/:7
3:=;0/<5

A/:7
A3?@30BA
A3?8/27
9/?3</
/2/<E/
53?/9/<
A/<5/<
+/<5/<
A3?@30BA
03?53?/9
6/?;=<79
23<5/<
/;>:7AB2=

2/<
4?39B3<@7
@B2BA


3?/9/<
A/<5/<
7<7
;3<E30/09/<
@3A7/>
3:3;3<
A/:7
;3<5/:/;7
53?/9
6/?;=<79
 /2/:/6
;/@@/
2/?7
@35;3<
9317:
A/:7

;3?B>/9/<
?/>/A
;/@@/
:7<3/?
A/:7
2/< " ;3?B>/9/<
>/<8/<5
@35;3<
A/:7
3<5/<
23;797/<
3<3?57
53:=;0/<5
2/>/A
27AB:7@9/<
@30/5/7
03?79BA Tugas Anda 1.2
 Embusan angin kencang membuat
    Sears Building di Chicago goyang
 dan selanjutnya bergetar dengan
 frekuensi sebesar 0,1 Hz. Berapa
  
   periode getarannya?


Gejala Gelombang 5
 
    "
  


  
   " H


*3:/<8BA<E/
>3?6/A79/<
'+

03?79BA

P1
/
t1
x

Gambar 1.6 P1 t1 +  t
(a) Pada waktu t1, gelombang tali 0
mencapai titik P1 dan memiliki
energi karena gerak harmonik
elemen-elemennya. x
(b) Pada saat waktu bertambah
sebesar t , gelombang tali
menjalar sejauh v t . v t
'+

;3;>3?:76/A9/<
@30B/6
53:=;0/<5
E/<5
;3<8/:/?
93
9/</<
'/2/
@//A

53:=;0/<5
A3>/A
;3<1/>/7
A7A79
'
*3A7/>
@35;3<
A/:7
>/2/
0/57/<
97?7
'
;3;7:797
3<3?57  E/<5
2703?79/<
=:36
 +,'(
1 
*3A3:/6   
53:=;0/<5
A3:/6
;3<8/:/?
@38/B6
"

!  
@3>3?A7
Tantangan A3?:76/A
>/2/
'+


<3?57
E/<5
27A?/<@;7@79/<
;3:/:B7
'
untuk Anda @3:/;/

/2/:/6

Grafik simpangan terhadap waktu   
   "
sebuah gelombang yang memiliki 
kecepatan 0,05 m/s seperti pada
gambar berikut. 
  
   !  H 
y(cm) 
10 *3:/<8BA<E/
8B;:/6
3<3?57
E/<5
27A?/<@;7@79/<
@3A7/>
@/AB/<
D/9AB
27@30BA
:/8B
3<3?57
/A/B
@/;/
23<5/<
2/E/
E/<5
27A?/<@;7@79/<
*31/?/
t(s) ;/A3;/A7@
27AB:7@
@30/5/7
03?79BA
 
150 cm   
  ! H
Berdasarkan gambar tersebut,
 
tentukan:
a. amplitudo (A);
/?7
 +,'(
1
<2/
2/>/A
;3:76/A
0/6D/
2/E/
E/<5
27A?/<@
b. periode (T); ;7@79/<
03?0/<27<5
:B?B@
23<5/<
9B/2?/A
/;>:7AB2=
9B/2?/A
4?39B3<@7
c. frekuensi gelombang (f). 2/<
:/8B
53:=;0/<5

Contoh 1.3
*30B/6
53:=;0/<5
>/<8/<5<E/

1;
2/<
/;>:7AB2=<E/

1;
03?53?/9
23<5/<
9313>/A/<

; @
27
@3>/<8/<5
A/:7
E/<5
>/<8/<5<E/

;
2/<
;/@@/<E/


5
/ 3?/>/9/6
3<3?57
A=A/:
53:=;0/<5
>/2/
A/:7
0 3?/>/9/6
2/E/
E/<5
27?/;0/A9/<
A/:7
A3?@30BA
0
793A/6B7 

1; 

;
 

1;  


5?/;
! 

; @

6 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

)/>/A
;/@@/
:7<3/?
A/:7
/2/:/6


95
Kata Kunci
    I 
H 95 ;
; • gelombang mekanik
• gelombang elektromagnetik
?39B3<@7
@B2BA
53:=;0/<5
/2/:/6 • gelombang transversal
   ; @ • gelombang longitudinal

 
  
 
  ?/2 @ • panjang gelombang

  ; • periode gelombang
/ <3?57
A=A/:
53:=;0/<5
>/2/
A/:7
/2/:/6 • frekuensi gelombang
• simpul

  
   " • laju energi gelombang
 • daya gelombang
• cepat rambat gelombang
 • rapat massa linear





 
I

H
95 ;

?/2 @



;

;


! • energi total gelombang

0 /E/
E/<5
27A?/<@;7@79/<
;3:/:B7
@30B/6
A7A79
>/2/
A/:7
/2/:/6
 
  
  !
 




 
I

H
95 ;
?/2 @


;
; @

 
-


Tes Kompetensi Subbab A

 +$%(&"
&'
.%.
&-#"(
 !3:/@9/<
83<7@83<7@
53:=;0/<5
03?2/@/?9/<
@B;03? 932B/
5/0B@
A3?@30BA
A3?2/>/A
@30B/6
0B97A
2/<
/?/6
53A/?<E/ 53:=;0/<5
!79/
13>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5


; @
 3:=;0/<5
/7?
:/BA
03?53?/9
23<5/<
9313>/A/<

; @ A3<AB9/<
4?39B3<@7
53:=;0/<5
A3?@30BA
!/?/9
/<A/?/
A75/
>B<1/9
53:=;0/<5
E/<5
03?239/A/<  *30B/6
53:=;0/<5
;3?/;0/A9/<
3<3?57
@303@/?


!
/2/:/6

;
+3<AB9/< 23<5/<
4?39B3<@7


F
2/<
/;>:7AB2=

1;
/ >/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5 / 7AB<5:/6
>3<5B?/<5/<
3<3?57
879/
4?39B3<@7<E/
0 >3?7=23 A3A/>
2/<
/;>:7AB2=<E/
03?B0/6
;3<8/27

1;
1 4?39B3<@7
53:=;0/<5 0 7AB<5:/6
3<3?57
53:=;0/<5
A3?@30BA
879/
 3?79/<
2B/
/:/@/<
;3<5/>/
53:=;0/<5
/7?
:/BA 1
4?39B3<@7
2/<
/;>:7AB2=<E/
;3<8/27

9/:7
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8 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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F manakah teknologi ini dapat
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a. Sudut Fase, Fase, dan Beda Fase alasannya bersama teman-teman.
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Mari Mencari Tahu

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10 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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27
A7A79
'
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53:=;0/<5
27
A7A79
'
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27<E/A/9/<
23<5/<
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 +,'(
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12 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 *7;>B:
A3?8/27
93A79/
A3?03<AB9
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53:=;0/<5
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2/?7
B8B<5
030/@
b. Gelombang Stasioner pada Tali dengan Ujung Terikat
3:=;0/<5
@A/@7=<3?
>/2/
A/:7
23<5/<
B8B<5
A3?79/A
27>3?=:36
2/?7 gelombang gelombang
53A/?/<
@3BA/@
A/:7
E/<5
B8B<5<E/
A3?79/A
@367<55/
A72/9
2/>/A
03?53?/9 pantul datang
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A3?:76/A
>/2/
'+
  A P
y1
&:36
9/?3</
B8B<5
A/:7
A72/9
2/>/A
03?53?/9
;/9/
/9/<
A3?8/27 x y2 O

>3?B0/6/<
4/@3
53:=;0/<5
2/A/<5
23<5/<
53:=;0/<5
>/<AB:
@303@/?

?/2 Gambar 1.12
'3<B?B</<
>3?@/;//<
@7;>/<5/<
53:=;0/<5
@A/@7=<3?
>/2/
B8B<5 Simpangan gelombang datang
A3?79/A
23<5/<
;3:76/A
'+
 
+7A79
&
/2/:/6
A7A79
/D/:
?/;0/A/< y1 dan simpangan gelombang
pantul y2 pada ujung terikat
53:=;0/<5
2/A/<5
23<5/<


>/<8/<5
A/:7
"

8/?/9
A7A79
'
E/<5 memiliki beda fase 180°.
;3?B>/9/<
>3?>/2B/<
53:=;0/<5
2/A/<5
#
2/<
53:=;0/<5
>/<AB:
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#
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A7A79
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2/A/<5
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27
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 ! 

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93

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Gejala Gelombang 13
 Tugas Anda 1.4 3<5/<
23;797/<
>3?@/;//<
@7;>/<5/<
;3<8/27
Rumus syarat terbentuknya simpul # 
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dan perut dapat juga ditulis seperti
berikut.  
" 
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" 
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E> 
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   1=@ 
    
  
1
x = (2n – 1) 4 untuk simpul dan   !   !     !   !  


1
x = n 2 untuk perut.
" 

Coba Anda diskusikan dengan teman, # 
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bagaimanakah penurunannya? !  !


&:36
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#

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53:=;0/<5
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 @7< 
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2/?7
A7A79
B8B<5
A/:7
A3?79/A
Tantangan *7;>B:
A3?8/27
93A79/
A3?03<AB9
@7;>/<5/<
53:=;0/<5
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untuk Anda " 

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@367<55/
27>3?=:36
Gelombang stasioner dapat terjadi
karena superposisi gelombang

   
23<5/<







  H
datang dan gelombang pantul
oleh ujung bebas. Titik simpul yang
x n
kesepuluh berjarak 1,52 m dari
ujung bebasnya. Jika frekuensi

gelombang itu 50 Hz, berapakah 3<5/<
23;797/<
@7;>B:
A3?03<AB9
>/2/
>=@7@7
"





cepat rambat gelombangnya?  
2/?7
A7A79
B8B<5
A/:7
A3?79/A

14 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 1.6 Kata Kunci
*3BA/@
A/:7
E/<5
>/<8/<5<E/

1;
2753A/?9/<
</79AB?B<
>/2/
@/:/6
@/AB
B8B<5<E/ • bilangan gelombang
• amplitudo
@32/<59/<
B8B<5
E/<5
:/7<
03?53?/9
030/@
• frekuensi
/ !79/
>3?BA
93
03?8/?/9

1;
2/?7
A7A79
/@/:
53A/?/<
A3<AB9/<
>/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5 • kecepatan sudut getar
E/<5
A3?8/27 • sudut fase
0 +3<AB9/<
8/?/9
@7;>B:
93
2/?7
A7A79
/@/:
53A/?/< • fase
• beda fase
0
• cepat rambat gelombang
/ &:36
9/?3</
>/<8/<5
A/:7




1;
@32/<59/<
8/?/9
>3?BA
93



2/?7
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1;
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1;




1;
*3:/<8BA<E/ • perut gelombang
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2/?7
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1;
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1;

 
1;

Contoh 1.7
*3BA/@
A/:7
>/<8/<5<E/

;
B8B<5
'
A3?79/A
A/:7
2753A/?9/<
A?/<@C3?@/:
23<5/<
4?39B3<@7


F
/;>:7AB2=
53:=;0/<5

1;
2/<
:/8B
53:=;0/<5

; @
+3<AB9/<
@7;>/<5/<
E/<5
A3?8/27
27
A7A79
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;
2/?7
A7A79
/@/:
53A/?/<
&
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2,4 m
Jawab:
Q P
793A/6B7 O



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1;

Gejala Gelombang 15
 3. Kecepatan Gelombang Stasioner
!79/
<2/
;3;0B/A
93;0/:7
;=23:
53:=;0/<5
;3<55B</9/<
A/:7
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@/AB
B8B<5<E/
2779/A
93;B27/<
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2B/
0B/6
53:=;0/<5
3:=;0/<5
>3?A/;/
/2/:/6
53:=;0/<5
E/<5
03?@B;03?
>/2/
A/<5/<
<2/
2/<
53:=;0/<5
932B/
/2/:/6
53:=;0/<5
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03?/@/:
2/?7
>3;/<AB:/<
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<2/
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;3<3;B9/<
93;0/:7
538/:/
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3:=;0/<5
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53:=;0/<5
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23<5/<
53:=;0/<5
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53:=;0/<5
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4?39B3<@7
2/<
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@/;/
A3A/>7
4/@3<E/
03?:/D/</<
,<AB9
;3;0B9A79/<
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53:=;0/<5
@A/@7=<3?
:/9B9/<:/6
>3?1=0//<
@3>3?A7
E/<5
>3?</6
27:/9B9/<
 &
>/2/
%-#/#-,
#,#%
03?79BA
7<7

Aktivitas Fisika 1.2

Percobaan Melde
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati gelombang stasioner.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Kawat tipis (2 buah) yang berbeda massanya
2. Beban
3. Pembangkit getaran (vibrator)
4. Katrol
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah alat-alat seperti pada gambar berikut.
vibrator
gelombang

Pembahasan Soal
Tali yang panjangnya 5 m ber- P S P S beban
tegangan 2 N digetarkan sehingga
terbentuk gelombang stasioner. 2. Hidupkan pembangkit getaran dengan menghubungkannya ke sumber
Jika massa tali 625 × 10–3 kg, maka tegangan sehingga pada tali terbentuk gelombang seperti pada gambar.
cepat rambat gelombang tali 3. Jika belum terbentuk gelombang stasioner, ubahlah berat beban yang
adalah .... tergantung pada ujung katrol sehingga pada suatu saat terbentuk gelom-
a. 2 m/s
bang stasioner.
b. 5 m/s
c. 6 m/s
4. Amatilah dengan saksama gelombang yang terjadi dan tulislah kesimpulan
d. 10 m/s Anda dari kegiatan tersebut.
e. 40 m/s 5. Lakukan langkah 1 sampai 4 untuk kawat kedua yang berbeda massanya.
UMPTN 1996
Pembahasan: =0/
@39/?/<5
<2/
0/<27<59/<
93@7;>B:/<
<2/
23<5/<
Diketahui:

= 5 m; F = 2 N; m = 625 × 10–3 kg. 93@7;>B:/<
 &
03?79BA
Menurut Melde kecepatan rambat 3>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
A?/<@C3?@/:
E/<5
;3?/;0/A
;3:/:B7
@3</?
gelombang tali adalah >/2/
>3?1=0//<
 & 
@30/<27<5
23<5/<
/9/?
5/E/
A35/<5/<
9/D/A
F
v =  2/<
03?0/<27<5
A3?0/:79
23<5/<
/9/?
;/@@/
9/D/A
>3?
@/AB/<
>/<8/<5
F
9/D/A
*31/?/
;/A3;/A7@
>3?@/;//<
13>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
27AB:7@9/<
=
m @30/5/7
03?79BA
2N 5m
= 6,25 10 -3 kg
 
= 40 m/s !






/A/B




!

H
Jawaban: e  

16 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

"3A3?/<5/< Tugas Anda 1.5
! 
13>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
; @ Gelombang stasioner terbentuk
 
5/E/
A35/<5/<
9/D/A
% jika superposisi terjadi dari dua
 


;/@@/
9/D/A
>3?
@/AB/<
>/<8/<5
95 ;
gelombang yang frekuensi dan
amplitudo sama tapi fasenya
 berlawanan. Jika frekuensi dan
amplitudo dibuat tidak sama,
Contoh 1.9 gelombang apa yang terjadi?

*3BA/@
A/:7
2753A/?9/<
@367<55/
;3;03<AB9
53:=;0/<5
E/<5
03?4?39B3<@7


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53:=;0/<5

; @
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932B2B9/<
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Contoh 1.10
'/2/
>3?1=0//<
$3:23
A3?03<AB9

>3?BA
53:=;0/<5
2/?7
@3</?
E/<5
>/<8/<5<E/ Tantangan

;
!79/
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B8B<5
9/D/A
275/<AB<59/<
030/<

5
2/<
;/@@/
@3</?

5 untuk Anda
A3<AB9/<
/ 03<AB9
53:=;0/<5
@3</?
A3?@30BA Kawat untuk saluran transmisi listrik
0 >/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
>/2/
@3</? yang massanya 40 kg diikat antara
dua menara tegangan tinggi yang
1 13>/A
?/;0/A
53:=;0/<5
jaraknya 200 m. Salah satu ujung
2 4?39B3<@7
@B;03?
53A/? kawat dipukul oleh teknisi yang
0 berada di salah satu menara,
sehingga timbul gelombang yang
793A/6B7 merambat ke menara yang lain. Jika
 

; gelombang pantul terdeteksi
030/< 

5


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H
95 setelah 10 s, berapa tegangan kawat?
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5


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H
95

Gejala Gelombang 17
 / 3<AB9
53:=;0/<5
1,5 m

0 '/<8/<5
53:=;0/<5
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Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

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18 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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C. Sifat-Sifat Gelombang
1. Pemantulan
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53:=;0/<5
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>3;/<AB:/<
53:=;0/<5 Pemantulan gelombang pada tali:
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2/>/A
27:76/A
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*31/?/
;/A3;/A7@
>3?<E/A//< (a) ujung terikat; dan (b) ujung bebas.
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2/:/;
03<AB9
>3?@/;//<
03?79BA gelombang
datang
    H sinar
gelombang
"3A3?/<5/< datang sinar
 1

@B2BA
2/A/<5 gelombang
 2

@B2BA
>/<AB: i 1
2
pantul

a. Pemantulan Gelombang Lingkaran oleh Bidang Datar

/5/7;/</
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;3<53</7
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+3?<E/A/
53:=;0/<5
>/<AB: muka gelombang pantul
;3;7:797
>=:/
E/<5
@/;/
23<5/<
53:=;0/<5
2/A/<5 Gambar 1.14
'/2/
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+7A79
&
;3?B>/9/<
@B;03?
53:=;0/<5
2/A/<5 Hukum pemantulan
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03?>B@/A
27

O A
Aktivitas Fisika 1.3
Pemantulan Gelombang
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati pemantulan gelombang pada tangki riak. Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1999

Alat-Alat Percobaan Gambar 1.15

1. Wadah bak air 4. Lampu atau OHP Pemantulan gelombang
2. Papan 5. Air lingkaran oleh bidang datar.
3. Kaca
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Buatlah semacam bak air (tangki riak) dengan kaca sebagai alasnya.
2. Letakkan bak tersebut di bawah sinar lampu OHP, kemudian letakkan sebuah
kertas putih di bawah bak.
3. Buatlah riak kecil dengan cara mencelupkan salah satu jari Anda di tengah-
tengah bak. Perhatikan yang terjadi.
4. Masukkan papan tersebut di ujung bak, lalu gerakkan secara perlahan dalam
arah horizontal sehingga terbentuk riak.
5. Jelaskan hasil yang diperoleh dan sebutkan perbedaan kedua riak tersebut.
Kemudian, jelaskan pula bagaimana dengan pemantulan gelombang pada Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1999
dinding. Gambar 1.16
Tangki riak yang ditempatkan
di atas OHP.

Gejala Gelombang 19
 2. Pembiasan Gelombang
,<AB9
;3<5/;/A7
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53:=;0/<5
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03?79BA
gelombang setelah
dibiaskan
2 1
batas

tempat dangkal
gelombang datang

keping gelas tebal meja kaca tangki riak

Gambar 1.17
Pembiasan pada tangki riak yang
kedalamannya berbeda.

/?7
'+

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0/6D/
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2/<
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Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
;3:3D/A7
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sinar A3<A/<5
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datang
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2 
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@7<
 H


sinar "3A3?/<5/<
bias  
13>/A
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1/6/E/
27
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; @
n2 > n1
! 
13>/A
?/;0/A
1/6/E/
93A79/
;3:3D/A7
;327B;
 
7<239@
07/@
;BA:/9
0/6/<
Gambar 1.18 '3?6/A79/<
 +,'(
1

*7;0=:
 
2/;
 
;3?B>/9/<
(a) Pembiasan terjadi pada
bolpoin yang dicelupkan ke
dalam air; (b) Skema perjalanan
sinar pada proses pembiasan.
9=<@A/<A/
A/9
03?27;3<@7
"=<@A/<A/
A3?@30BA
27</;/9/<
7<239
07/@
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1
/2/:/6
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E/<5
2703<AB9
=:36
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2/A/<5
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2/>B<
2
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E/<5
2703<AB9
=:36
@7</?
07/@
2/<
5/?7@
<=?;/:

20 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 8./5
,3+<
+,<96>=
<>+=>
,+2+8
7/;>:+5+8
:/;,+8.381+8
5/-/:+=+8 Tugas Anda 1.6
-+2+A+
.+6+7
;>+81
?+5>7

.+8
5/-/:+=+8
-+2+A+
.3
.+6+7
7/.3>7 Menurut Anda, mengapa
,+2+8
=/;</,>=
/81+8
./7353+8
38./5<
,3+<
.38A+=+5+8
./81+8 gelombang air laut yang begitu
:/;<+7++8 besar ketika sampai di pantai
menjadi kecil? Apakah terjadi hal
 yang sama untuk laut yang
 
D
 berbatasan dengan daratan yang
 bertebing karang curam?

35+
)*%&
/
.3<><>8
5/7,+63
>8=>5
7/7,+8.3815+8
<>.>=

,3+<
  
.+81+8
<>.>=
.+=+81
 

.3:/;96/2
:/;<+7++8
,/;35>=

<38    <38 

D

/;.+<+;5+8
)*%&
/
.+:+=
.35/=+2>3
,+2@+
,/<+;8A+
<>.>=
,3+<
,/;1+8=>81
:+.+
<>.>=
.+=+81
 

38./5<
,3+<
7/.3>7
:/;=+7+


.+8
38./5<
,3+<
7/.3>7
5/.>+


 35+

<+7+
./81+8



+5+8
<+7+
./81+8


%+.+
5/+.++8
383
;/0;+5<3
=3.+5
7/8A/,+,5+8
:/7,/695+8
<38+;
(38+;
.+=+81
+5+8
.3=/;><
5+8
=+8:+
:/7,/6955+8
+;+2
</:/;=3
=/;632+=
:+.+
%)

 35+

6/,32
,/<+;
.+;3:+.+



+5+8
6/,32
5/-36
.+;3:+.+



%+.+
5/+.++8
383
<38+;
.3,3+<5+8
7/8./5+=3
1+;3<
89;7+6
.+8
7/84+>2
1+;3<
:/;:+84+81+8
<38+;
.+=+81
</:/;=3
:+.+
%)

 35+

6/,32
5/-36
.+;3:+.+



+5+8
6/,32
,/<+;
.+;3:+.+



%+.+
5/+.++8
383
<38+;
.3,3+<5+8
7/84+>23
1+;3<
89;7+6
.+8
1+;3<
:/;:+8
4+81+8
<38+;
.+=+81
</:/;=3
:+.+
%)


sinar garis normal sinar garis normal garis normal

datang datang sinar
datang

1 1 1
n1 n1 n1

n2 sinar n2 n2
sinar
2 bias 2 2 bias
sinar Gambar 1.19
bias Pembiasan sinar bergantung
pada indeks bias medium.

n2 = n 1 n2 > n 1 n2 < n 1
+ , -

Contoh 1.8
(/,>+2
1/697,+81
.+=+81
:+.+
,3.+81
,+=+<
+8=+;+
.>+
7/.3>7
./81+8
<>.>=
.+=+81
C
35+
:/;,+8.381+8
+8=+;+
38./5<
,3+<
7/.3>7
:/;=+7+
.+8
7/.3>7
5/.>+
+.+6+2


=/8=>5+8
<>.>=
,3+<8A+
.+8
6>53<5+8
:/7,3+<+8
1/697,+81
=/;</,>=

-
35/=+2>3 <>.>=
.+=+81



C

38./5<
,3+<






Gejala Gelombang 21
 + (>.>=
,3+< , ">53<+8
:/7,3+<+8
1/697,+81

<38   

<38 


37°



 <38 

medium 1

 <38 

 



  medium 2
  

<38
  
53°

3. Polarisasi
%96+;3<+<3
7/;>:+5+8
:/;3<=3@+
A+81
7/7:/;632+=5+8
-3;3
52+<
1/697,+81
=;+8<?/;<+6
%/;3<=3@+
:96+;3<+<3
.+:+=
=/;4+.3
5+;/8+
:/;3<=3@+
:/7+8=>6+8
:/7,3+<+8
,3+<
5/7,+;
</6/5=30
.+8
:/;3<=3@+
,3.+81
1/=+;
%/;3<=3@+
:96+;3<+<3
.+:+=
.3?3<>+63<+<35+8
./81+8
7/7,+A+815+8
1/697,+81
=;+8<?/;<+6
:+.+
</>=+<
=+63
%/;2+=35+8
%)


celah

Gambar 1.20
Gelombang tali yang
terpolarisasi. gelombang
terpolarisasi

(/>=+<
=+63
.31/=+;5+8
./81+8
7/6/@+=3
</,>+2
-/6+2
</7:3=
?/;=35+6
)+63
=/;632+=
7/8A37:+81
</:/;=3
<:3;+6
(/=/6+2
1/697,+81
=+63
7/6/@+=3
-/6+2
2+8A+
+;+2
1/=+;
?/;=35+6
<+4+
A+81
7+<32
=/;<3<+
</.+815+8
+;+2
1/=+;
29;3B98=+6
.3;/.+7
+=+>
.3</;+:
96/2
-/6+2
</7:3=
=/;</,>=
/697,+81
A+81
5/6>+;
.+;3
=+63
.3</,>=
1/697,+81
=/;:96+;3<+<3
638/+;
*8=>5
6/,32
7/7+2+73
:96+;3<+<3
+7+=36+2
%)

%)

7/7:/;632+=5+8
1/697,+81
=;+8<?/;<+6
A+81
gelombang .36/@+=5+8
:+.+
.>+
-/6+2
A+81
:9<3<38A+
<+7+
.+8
1/697,+81
=+63
=/;8A+=+
terpolarisasi 6969<
:+.+
5/.>+
-/6+2
=/;</,>=
%)

7/7:/;632+=5+8
1/697,+81
=;+8<?/;<+6
A+81
.36/@+=5+8
:+.+
.>+
-/6+2
A+81
<+6381
7/8A36+81
=/1+5
6>;><
)/;8A+=+
1/697,+81
6969<
:+.+
-/6+2
A+81
:/;=+7+
A+3=>
-/6+2
A+81
</4+4+;
./81+8
+;+2
1/=+;
=/=+:3
=3.+5
6969<
+
:+.+
-/6+2
A+81
6+38
A+3=>
-/6+2
A+81
=/1+5
6>;><
./81+8
+;+2
1/=+;
gelombang
tidak /;.+<+;5+8
%)

.+8
%)

.+:+=
terpolarisasi .3<37:>65+8
,+2@+
2+8A+
1/697,+81
=;+8<?/;<+6
A+81
.3:/81+;>23
-/6+2
/697,+81
A+81
.+:+=
6969<
.+;3
-/6+2
2+8A+
7/736353
<+=>
+;+2
1/=+;
/697,+81
A+81
./7353+8
.3</,>=
1/697,+81
:96+;3<+<3
(38+;
+6+73
</:/;=3
<38+;
7+=+2+;3
,>5+8
=/;7+<>5
<38+;
=/;:96+;3<+<3
(37,96
>8=>5
, <38+;
A+81
=3.+5
=/;:96+;3<+<3
+.+6+2

</.+815+8
<37,96
>8=>5
Gambar 1.21
Polarisasi gelombang tali. <38+;
A+81
=/;:96+;3<+<3
+.+6+2


22 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 cahaya alami
yang datang
getaran vertikal
diserap sebagian

getaran horizontal
diserap sempurna
oleh polaroid Gambar 1.22
cahaya diteruskan Cahaya tak terpolarisasi
terpolarisasi linear dilewatkan pada sebuah kristal.

4. Interferensi Gelombang
(/6+38
:/7+8=>6+8
.+8
:/7,3+<+8
<30+=
6+38
.+;3
1/697,+81
+.+6+2
38=/;0/;/8<3
(30+=
38=/;0/;/8<3
:+.+
1/697,+81
+.+6+2
:96+
:/81>+=+8
38=/;0/;/8<3
598<=;>5=30
.+8
:96+
:/81236+81+8
38=/;0/;/8<3
./<=;>5=30
7>5+
1/697,+81
.+;3
.>+
1/697,+81
A+81
<+6381
,/;=/7>
*8=>5
7/632+=
:96+
383
6/,32
4/6+<
:/;2+=35+8
%)

,/;35>=
interferensi konstruktif

Gambar 1.23
interferensi destruktif Interferensi gelombang air
Sumber: www.physics.umd.edu

8.+
:>8
.+:+=
7/6+5>5+8
:/;-9,++8
>8=>5
7/632+=
1/4+6+

38=/;0/;/8<3
1/697,+81
7,366+2
</,>+2
=+8153
;3+5
5/7>.3+8
,>+=6+2
-/6+2
1+8.+
:+.+
</,>+2
:+:+8
#+<>55+8
:+:+8
=/;</,>=
5/
.+6+7
=+8153
</-+;+
?/;=35+6
$A+6+5+8
6+7:>
.3
+=+<
=+8153
;3+5
+3;
!/7>
.3+8
,>+=6+2
<>7,/;
1/697,+81
./81+8
-+;+
7/8-/6>:5+8
<+6+2
<+=>
4+;3
8.+
5/
.+6+7
+3;
.3
<+6+2
<+=>
>4>81
=+8153
"32+=6+2
:96+
38=/;
+ +
0/;/8<3
:+.+
5/;=+<
.3
,+@+2
=+8153
=/;</,>=
.3
,+@+2
>4>81
=+8153
6+38
%/7+<+81+8
:+:+8
,/;-/6+2
=+.3
</,/8+;8A+
+.+6+2
:/7,>+=+8
.>+ = =
<>7,/;
1/697,+81
%+.+
.38.381
=+8153
+5+8
=+7:+5
:/81>+=+8
.+8
:/81236+81+8
1/697,+81
+53,+=
,/;=/7>8A+
5/.>+
1/697,+81
=/;</,>= + ,
%/81>+=+8
=/;4+.3
5+;/8+
+.+8A+
5/<+7++8
0+</
.+;3
5/.>+
1/697,+81 Gambar 1.24
!/<+7++8
0+</
+.+6+2
.>+
1/697,+81
A+81
7/736353
0;/5>/8<3
.+8 Interferensi dua gelombang
<37:+81+8
A+81
<+7+
%/81236+81+8
=/;4+.3
5+;/8+
+.+8A+
5/=3.+5<+7++8 (a) interferensi konstruktif
(menguatkan) dan
0+</
1/697,+81
+</
A+81
=3.+5
<+7+
+.+6+2
435+
+.+
.>+
1/697,+81 (b) interferensi destruktif
7/736353
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
<+7+
8+7>8
<37:+81+88A+
<+6381
,/;6+@+8+8 (menghilangkan).

5. Difraksi Gelombang
30;+5<3
.+6+7
,+2+<+
</2+;32+;3
.+:+=
.3+;=35+8
</,+1+3
:/6/8=>;+8
%/;3<=3@+
.30;+5<3
+=+>
:/6/8=>;+8
1/697,+81
.+:+=
.3+7+=3
./81+8
7/811>8+5+8
=+8153
;3+5
.+8
:+:+8
,/;-/6+2
$+7>8
1/697,+81
A+81
=37,>6
.3
+3;
=3.+5
.32+<365+8
96/2
1/=+;+8
=+81+8
7/6+385+8
.+;3
1/;+5+8
7+4>
7>8.>;
</,>+2
:+:+8
</23811+
7>5+
1/697,+81
,>5+8
,/;,/8=>5
63815+;+8
35+
8.+
7/6+5>5+8
2+6
=/;</,>=
8.+
+5+8
7/8.+:+=5+8

Gejala Gelombang 23
 ,+2@+
</=/6+2
1/697,+81
5/6>+;
.+;3
:+:+8
,/;-/6+2
,/8=>5
7>5+
1/697,+81
=3.+5
</:/;=3
,/8=>5
1/697,+81
A+81
:/;=+7+
%96+
A+81
+5+8
8.+
.+:+=3
.3=>84>55+8
96/2
%)
 
celah

Gambar 1.25
Difraksi pada gelombang air
Sumber: Physics for Scientist & Engineers
gelombang air
with Modern Physics, 2000 gelombang air setelah
melewati celah

6. Efek Doppler
35+
8.+
7/7,>+=
1/=+;+8
:+.+
:/;7>5++8
+3;
7/811>8+5+8
</,>+2
+6+=
:/811/=+;


:+.+
:/;7>5++8
+3;
=/;</,>=
+5+8
=/;,/8=>5
1/697,+811/697,+81
A+81
7/;+7,+=
5/
</1+6+
+;+2
</:/;=3
.3=>84>55+8
%)


:+
A+81
=/;4+.3
435+
?3,;+=9;
.3=+;35
5/
s
5 4 3 2 1 5+8+8
35+
?3,;+=9;
.3=+;35
5/
5+8+8
+5+8
=/;,/8=>5
63815+;+8
1/697,+81
+3;
</:/;=3
:+.+
%)


+;+5
1/697,+81
.3
</,/6+2
5+8+8
6/,32
;+:+=
.3,+8.3815+8
./81+8
4+;+5
1/697,+81
.3
</,/6+2
53;3
)/;632+=
,+2@+
:><+=
.+;3
</=3+:
7>5+
1/697,+81
A+81
.32+<365+8
,/;1/;+5
5/
5+8+8
</23811+
4+;+5
+8=+;+
+ :>8-+5
5/
:>8-+5
1/697,+81
A+81
,/;./5+=+8
.3
</,/6+2
5+8+8
6/,32
:/8./5
.+;3:+.+
:+84+81
1/697,+81
.3
</,/6+2
53;3
;=38A+
<>7,/;
1/697,+81
A+81
,/;1/;+5
7/8A/,+,5+8
:/;>,+2+8
:+84+81
1/697,+81
%+84+81
1/697,+81
A+81
,/;>,+2
+5+8
7/8A/,+,5+8
:/;>,+2+8
0;/5>/8<3
vp
%/;3<=3@+
:/;>,+2+8
0;/5>/8<3
1/697,+81
+53,+=
:/81+;>2
1/;+5
;/6+=30
vs
+8=+;+
<>7,/;
1/697,+81
.+8
:/81+7+=
.38+7+5+8
/0/5
9::6/;
s 5 4321
P
8.+
.+:+=
7/81+7+=3
/0/5
9::6/;
5/=35+
,/;.3;3
.3
:38113;
4+6+8
.+8
+.+
79,36
7/8>4>
+=+>
7/8./5+=3
8.+
,>8A3
79,36
=/;</,>=
=/;
./81+;
</7+538
=38113
/7353+8
:>6+
435+
79,36
=/;</,>=
7/84+>23
8.+
,>8A3
79,36
=/;</,>=
=/;./81+;
</7+538
;/8.+2
/897/8+
=/;</,>=
, 5+63
:/;=+7+
.3+7+=3
96/2
</9;+81
03<35+@+8
><=;3+
 )!*+!&
'(($)
Gambar 1.26 
 D

</23811+
.38+7+5+8
/0/5
9::6/;
Sumber gelombang yang
bergerak pada permukaan air
%/;>,+2+8
,>8A3
79,36
7/84+.3
=38113
+=+>
;/8.+2
=/;</,>=
menyebabkan panjang .3</,+,5+8
96/2
:/;>,+2+8
0;/5>/8<3
!/=35+
79,36
=/;</,>=
7/8./5+=3
gelombang lebih pendek 8.+
0;/5>/8<38A+
</7+538
,/<+;
(/,+6358A+
5/=35+
79,36
=/;</,>=
,/;
sesuai arah gerak.
1/;+5
7/84+>23
8.+
0;/5>/8<38A+
</7+538
5/-36
%/;>,+2+8
0;/5>/8<3
=/;</,>=
.+:+=
.34/6+<5+8
</,+1+3
,/;35>=
!/=35+
<>7,/;
,>8A3
.+8
:/8./81+;
.3+7
1/697,+81
,>8A3
A+81
.3:+8-+;5+8
96/2
<>7,/;
,>8A3
7/736353
:+84+81
1/697,+81
A+81
<+7+
./81+8
1/697,+81
,>8A3
A+81
.3=/;37+
:/8./81+;
,/;6+5>
:/;<+7++8

      

$+7>8
:+.+
<++=
<>7,/;
,>8A3
,/;1/;+5
.+8
:/8./81+;
.3+7
7+5+
:+84+81
1/697,+81
A+81
.3=/;37+
:/8./81+;
+.+6+2
  
 


24 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

</23811+
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
.3=/;37+
:/8./81+;
+.+6+2
</,+1+3
,/;35>=

       
D+
    

*8=>5
5+<><
</,+6358A+
:+.+
<++=
<>7,/;
,>8A3
.3+7
.+8
:/8./81+;
,/;1/;+5
:+84+81
1/697,+81
A+81
.3=/;37+
:/8./81+;
+.+6+2

 

</23811+
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
.3=/;37+
:/8./81+;
+.+6+2
</,+1+3
,/;35>= Tokoh
     
    
D,
   Christian Johann
Doppler
(/-+;+
>7>7
:/;<+7++8
/0/5
9::6/;
>8=>5
<>7,/;
,>8A3
.+8 (1803–1853)
:/8./81+;
,/;1/;+5
,/;6+5>
:/;<+7++8

  
   
D 
  
!/=/;+81+8
 
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
.3=/;37+
:/8./81+;
B
 
0;/5>/8<3
.+;3
<>.>=
,>8A3
B
 
5/-/:+=+8
1/697,+81
,>8A3
7<
 
5/-/:+=+8
1/;+5
:/8./81+;
7<
 
5/-/:+=+8
1/;+5
<>7,/;
,>8A3
7<
Christian Johann Doppler adalah
%/;4+843+8
=+8.+
A+81
.31>8+5+8
.+6+7
:/;<+7++8
+.+6+2
</,+1+3 fisikawan yang lahir di Salzburg,
,/;35>= Austria. Dia belajar di Vienna dan

 35+
:/8./81+;
7/8./5+=3
<>7,/;
:/8./81+;
:9<3=30 menjadi seorang profesor Fisika
(1851). Dia terkenal dengan
 35+
:/8./81+;
7/84+>23
<>7,/;
:/8./81+;
8/1+=30 pengamatannya tentang variasi
 35+
<>7,/;
7/8./5+=3
:/8./81+;
<>7,/;
8/1+=30 frekuensi gelombang suara dan
 35+
<>7,/;
7/84+>23
:/8./81+;
<>7,/;
:9<3=30 gelombang cahaya karena pengaruh
kecepatan gerak relatif antara
sumber dan pengamat.
Sumber: www. allbiographic.com
Contoh 1.11
(/,>+2
79,36
,/;1/;+5
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8

574+7
<+7,36
7/7,>8A35+8
56+5<98
./81+8
0;/5>/8<3

B
+;3
+;+2
,/;6+@+8+8
</9;+81
:/81/8.+;+
79=9;
,/;1/;+5
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8

574+7
)/8=>5+8
0;/5>/8<3
,>8A3
56+5<98
A+81
.3./81+;
96/2
:/81/8.+;+
</:/.+
79=9;
=/;</,>=
435+
-/:+=
;+7,+=
,>8A3
.3
>.+;+
+.+6+2

7<
-
35/=+2>3
79,36 

574+7


7<
 :/8./1+; 

574+7



7<
 >.+;+ 

7<
56+5<98
79,36 

B
>.+;+  :/8./81+;
 :/8./81+; 
56+5<98
79,36
>.+;+  79,36

7<



7<


7<


7<  
B


B
+.3
:/81/8.+;+
</:/.+
79=9;
7/8./81+;
,>8A3
56+5<98
./81+8
0;/5>/8<3

B

Gejala Gelombang 25
 Kata Kunci Contoh 1.12
• refleksi !/;/=+
+:3
,/;1/;+5
7/83811+65+8
<=+<3>8
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8

574+7
(/9;+81
• tangki riak 7+<383<
7/7,>8A35+8
:/6>3=8A+
./81+8
0;/5>/8<3

B
35+
-/:+=
;+7,+=
,>8A3
• sudut datang .3
>.+;+

7<
,/;+:+
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
.3./81+;
96/2
:/=>1+<
.3
<=+<3>8
=/;</,>=
• sudut pantul
• garis normal -
• refraksi 35/=+2>3
5/;/=+
+:3



574+7


7<
>.+;+


7<
:/8./81+;


7<
• fatamorgana
• indeks bias >.+;+  :/8./81+;
• sudut bias  :/8./81+; 
:/6>3=


7<


7<  
B
• polarisasi >.+;+  5/;/=+
+:3 
7<


7<
• interferensi
• interferensi konstruktif 

B
• interferensi destruktif
• efek Doppler
+.3
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
.3./81+;
96/2
:/=>1+<
.3
<=+<3>8
=/;</,>=
+.+6+2

B

Tes Kompetensi Subbab C

)"#&$
$%
,#,
$+! &

 (/,>+2
1/697,+81
.+=+81
.+;3
>.+;+
./81+8
<>.>= +7,>6+8<
)/8=>5+8
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
.3./81+;
.+=+81
C
7+<>5
5/
.+6+7
+3;
.+8
.3,3+<5+8
./81+8 :/81/7>.3
<++=
<>.>=
,3+<
C
35+
:+84+81
1/697,+81
=/;</,>=
.3
>.+;+ + 5/.>+
79,36
<+6381
7/8./5+=3

-7
=/8=>5+8
:+84+81
1/697,+81
.3
.+6+7
+3; , 5/.>+
79,36
<+6381
7/84+>23
 (/,>+2
1/697,+81
.+=+81
:+.+
,3.+81
,+=+<
+8=+;+  !/=35+
,/;.3;3
.3
=;9=9+;
</9;+81
+8+5
7/8./81+;
,>8A3
.>+
7/.3>7
./81+8
<>.>=
.+=+81
 C
35+
38./5<
,3+< ,/;0;/5>/8<3


B
.+;3
<3;38/
79,36
:963<3
A+81

7/8./5+=38A+
(/=/6+2
79,36
:963<3
7/6/@+=38A+
;/6+=30
7/.3>7
.>+
=/;2+.+:
7/.3>7
<+=>
+.+6+2
 0;/5>/8<3
,>8A3
A+81
=/;./81+;
7/84+.3

B
/;+:+

=/8=>5+8
<>.>=
,3+<8A+
.+8
6>53<5+8
:/7,3+<+8 5/6+4>+8
79,36
:963<3
=/;</,>=
1/697,+818A+ !/-/:+=+8
,>8A3
.3
>.+;+




7<
 /697,+81
.+=+81
.+;3
:/;7>5++8
+3;
A+81
.+6+7
5/
:/;7>5++8
+3;
A+81
.+815+6
./81+8
<>.>=
.+=+81
 C
35+
-/:+=
;+7,+=
1/697,+81
:+.+
:/;7>5++8
+3;
A+81
.+6+7
.+8
:/;7>5++8
+3;
A+81
.+815+6

7<
.+8


7< .3./81+;
96/2
:/81+7+=
435+
=/8=>5+8
<>.>=
,3+<8A+
 /6+<5+8
+:+
A+81
.37+5<>.
:96+;3<+<3
 (/,>+2
<>7,/;
,>8A3
7/736353
0;/5>/8<3

B
,/;1/;+5
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8

7<
7/8./5+=3
</9;+81
:/81+7+=
A+81
.3+7
)/8=>5+8
,/<+;
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
+ =3.+5
+.+
+8138
, =/;.+:+=
+8138
A+81
,/;1/;+5
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8
 (/,>+2
+7,>6+8<
,/;1/;+5
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8

7< 
7<
</+;+2
./81+8
+;+2
<>7,/;
,>8A3
.+8
<+7,36
7/7,>8A35+8
<3;38/8A+
:+.+
0;/5>/8<3


B - =/;.+:+=
+8138
A+81
,/;1/;+5
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8
(/9;+81
:/81/7>.3
=;>5
,/;1/;+5
,/;6+@+8+8
+;+2 
7<
,/;6+@+8+8
+;+2
./81+8
+;+2
1/;+5
<>7,/;
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8


7<
7/8./81+;
,>8A3
<3;38/ ,>8A3
/:+=
;+7,+=
,>8A3
.3
>.+;+


7<

Rangkuman

 /;.+<+;5+8
<>7,/;8A+
1/697,+81
.35/697:955+8

7/84+.3
.>+
7+-+7
A+3=>
1/697,+81
7/5+835
.+8       

1/697,+81
/6/5=;97+18/=35  (37:+81+8
1/697,+81
,/;4+6+8
.3
<>+=>
=3=35
 /;.+<+;5+8
+;+2
1/=+;8A+
1/697,+81
.3,/.+5+8 .38A+=+5+8
./81+8
:/;<+7++8
7/84+.3
1/697,+81
=;+8<?/;<+6
.+8
1/697,+81



69813=>.38+6     <38 
       <38 
    
 /<+;
-/:+=
;+7,+=
1/697,+81
,/;,+8.381
6>;><    
./81+8
:+84+81
1/697,+81
.+8
,/;,+8.381
=/;,+635  %/;<+7++8
5/-/:+=+8
</,>+2
=3=35
.+6+7
<>+=>
./81+8
@+5=>
>8=>5
7/8/7:>2
<+=>
1/697,+81 1/697,+81
=/;2+.+:
@+5=>
+.+6+2
=>;>8+8
:/;=+7+
%
A+81
.38A+=+5+8
./81+8
:/;<+7++8

 
   
 <38
    
 /<+;8A+
.+A+
A+81
.3=;+8<73<35+8
7/6+6>3
<>+=>  
1/697,+81
,/;,+8.381
6>;><
./81+8
5>+.;+=      -9<
    
+7:63=>.9
5>+.;+=
0;/5>/8<3
.+8
6+4>
1/697,+81

26 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 %/;-/:+=+8
1/=+;+8
:+;=35/6
.3
=3=35
%
7/;>:+5+8



   <38 
  -9<
  
=>;>8+8
:/;=+7+
.+;3
5/-/:+=+8
1/=+;
=3=35
%
=/;</,>=   
=/;2+.+:
@+5=>



  ./81+8
 <38 
  +.+6+2
+7:63=>.9
1/697,+81

     -9<
     
   "/=+5
<37:>6
.+;3
>4>81
:/7+8=>6+8
:+.+
>4>81
=+63

    <38
    
     =/;35+=
+.+6+2
 %/;<+7++8
1/697,+81
<=+<398/;
+53,+=
:/7+8=>6+8


:+.+
>4>81
=+63
,/,+<
+.+6+2     




 .+:>8
6/=+5
:/;>=
1/697,+81
.+;3
>4>81
  -9<
  <38 
  
   :/7+8=>6+8
:+.+
>4>81
=+63
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+.+6+2



./81+8
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  +.+6+2
+7:63=>.9
1/697,+81  
 

 

<>:/;:9<3<3
 /697,+81
.+:+=
7/81+6+73
:/7+8=>6+8
:/7,3+<+8
"/=+5
<37:>6
.+;3
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:/7+8=>6+8
:+.+
>4>81
=+63 :96+;3<+<3
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.+8
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,/,+<
+.+6+2

 >5>7
(8/663><
:+.+
:/7,3+<+8
1/697,+81

.38A+=+5+8
./81+8
:/;<+7++8
 
 
 
  <38    
<38 

"/=+5
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./697,+81
.+;3
>4>81
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9::6/;
7/;>:+5+8
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=+63
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0;/5>/8<3
1/697,+81
+53,+=
:/81+;>2
1/;+5
;/6+=30


     +8=+;+
<>7,/;
1/697,+81
.+8
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(/-+;+
 >7>7
.38A+=+5+8
./81+8
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1/697,+81
<=+<398/;
+53,+=
:/7+8=>6+8
  
:+.+
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=+63
=/;35+=
+.+6+2   
  

Peta Konsep

%/7+8=>6+8 %/7,3+<+8 %96+;3<+<3 8=/;0/;/8<3 30;+5<3

/697,+81 /697,+81
#/5+835 .+:+=
7/81+6+73 );+8<?/;<+6
,/;.+<+;5+8 ,/;.+<+;5+8
<>7,/;8A+ $'%& +;+2
1/=+;8A+
=/;.3;3
+=+< =/;.3;3
+=+<
/697,+81 /697,+81
,/;.+<+;5+8
6/5=;97+18/=35 +7:63=>.98A+
"9813=>.38+6
=/;.3;3
+=+<

/697,+81 /697,+81
(=+<398/; /;4+6+8

Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu telah Selain itu, coba Anda sebutkan manfaat lainnya yang
mengetahui jenis-jenis gelombang serta sifat-sifatnya. Anda peroleh setelah mempelajari materi bab ini.
Dari materi bab ini, bagian mana yang Anda anggap sulit?
Coba diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.

Gejala Gelombang 27
 Tes Kompetensi Bab 1
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($!&
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35+
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+ 
B
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7 .

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, 
B
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7 / 
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7 +
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+ 5/-/:+=+8
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7
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73837>7 
$
5/7>.3+8
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1/697,+81
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7<
7+<<+
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/ <37:+81+8
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1;+7 . 
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B
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+ 
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+ 
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.+8

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<37:+81+8
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T V

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B , 'D(D)D* / 'D(D)
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-7 - %D&D'D(D)
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7/;+7,+=
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+


.+8
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,

.+8
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;+7,+=
7/84+.3
6/,32
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- 
.+8
1/697,+81
=/=+:



28 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 - -/:+=
;+7,+=
7/81/-36
.+8
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1/697,+81 
 8.3
,/;.3;3
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0;/5>/8
7/7,/<+;
. -/:+=
;+7,+=
.+8
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1/697,+81
7/81/-36
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;+7,+=
7/81/-36
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0;/5>/8<3
7/7,/<+;
<38A+

B
(/,>+2
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B
7/8./5+=3
8.3
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5/-/:+=+8

7<
35+
5/-/:+=+8
7/;+7,+=
,>8A3
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7/;+7,+=
7/6+6>3
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B+=
7>6+7>6+ 

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8.3
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6+A+81+8
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7<
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.+8 ./81+8
0;/5>/8<3

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B+=
5/.>+
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B / 
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7<
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7
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1+A+


$
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5/-/:+=+8


7<
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B
-/:+=
;+7,+=
1/697,+81
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96/2
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35+
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7< . 
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- <>:/;:9<3<3

 

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7
5/.>+
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=+63
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-
1/697,+81
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+

7 . 
7  (/9;+81
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7 / 
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B
35+
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B
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574+7 . 
574+7
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574+7 / 
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574+7
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1/697,+81
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.+8

A+81
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<37:+81+8
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-7
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5+63
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5+63
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+.+6+2

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B
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1/;+5
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./81+8 ,   /
5/-/:+=+8

7<
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,>8A3
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7<
35+
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7
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7< "+4>
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1/697,+81
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0;/5>/8<3
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7<
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+ 
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B + 

51 . 
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B -  
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Gejala Gelombang 29
 -$
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0>81<3
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5/.>.>5+8

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1/697,+81
B F , :+84+81
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- -/:+=
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A C E G I
D H  (/,>+2
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=3=35

5/
=3=35

./81+8
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-7
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A+81
0+</8A+
<+7+



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1/697,+81
 8=/;0/;/8<3
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7<
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+ </63<32
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.+8

5+2
A+81
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<++=
=3=35

7/6+6>3
5/.>.>5+8
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7/7:/;1>8+5+8
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.31/=+;5+8
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1/697,+81
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38=/;0/;/8<3
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<
.3
>4>81

</23811+
7/812+<365+8
.>+
,>+2
1/697,+81
A+81
7+<3817+<381
7/736353
1/697,+81
=;+8<?/;<+6
,/;4+6+8
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5/-/:+=+8




7<
;/5>/8<3
1/697,+81


B
.+8
+7:63=>.98A+ +7:63=>.9

-7
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1/697,+81


  
-7

-7
)3=35

,/;+.+

7
.+;3

35+

7>6+3
.31/;+5 
5+8
5/
+=+<
23=>816+2 .+8
0;/5>/8<3
<>.>=
 


;+.<
+ <37:+81+8
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 + 3=>81
4+;+5
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-7
+.+6+2   <38 

    ./81+8

.+8

.3

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,/;0;/5>/8<3

B
,/;1/;+5


8A+=+5+8
.+6+7
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7
.+8

.38A+=+5+8
.+6+7 ./81+8
5/-/:+=+8

7<
7/8./5+=3
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<+=>+8

3=>816+2 :/81+7+=
A+81
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)/8=>5+8
0;/5>/8<3
A+81
+ +7:63=>.98A+ .3./81+;
96/2
:/81+7+=
435+
, :+84+81
1/697,+818A+ + =3.+5
+.+
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;+7,+=8A+ , =/;.+:+=
+8138
A+81
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5/-/:+=+8
. :/;39./8A+

7<
</+;+2
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1/697,+81
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,/;4+6+8
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+8138
A+81
,/;1/;+5
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5/-/:+=+8


7<
,/;6+@+8+8
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1/;+5
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.+8 ,>8A3

,+=+81
+.+6+2
  
 <38 
 

 
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79,36
A+81
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5/-/:+=+8

.+6+7
-7
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3=>816+2
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7<
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,/;6+@+8+8
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79,36
+ +7:63=>.9
1/697,+81 +7,>6+8<
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5/-/:+=+8


7<
7,>6+8<
7/7
, :+84+81
1/697,+81 ,>8A35+8
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</23811+
=/;./81+;
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<3;38/
- -/:+=
;+7,+=
1/697,+81 ,/;0;/5>/8<3

B
)/8=>5+8
0;/5>/8<3
<3;38/
A+81
. :/;39./
1/697,+81 =/;./81+;
96/2
:/81/7>.3
79,36
=/;</,>=
435+
+8138
 35/=+2>3
:/;<+7++8
1/697,+81
,/;4+6+8 ,/;=3>:
./81+8
5/-/:+=+8

7<


  + </+;+2
1/;+5
+7,>6+8<

  <38 
 

 

./81+8

.+8

.38A+=+5+8
, </+;+2
1/;+5
79,36

30 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

2
Sumber: Physics Today, 1995
Cahaya merupakan gelombang elektromagnetik yang banyak
digunakan untuk kepentingan teknologi komunikasi.

Gelombang Cahaya
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gejala gelombang dalam menyelesaikan masalah.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

• mendeskripsikan gejala dan ciri-ciri gelombang cahaya;

• menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gelombang cahaya dalam teknologi.

5>?=5>165>?=5>1
C5>C1>7
3181G1
B5A9>7
>41
:D=@19
41<1= A. Interferensi

;5894D@1>
B581A981A9
%5C9;1
CDAD>
8D:1>
@141
B91>7
81A9
;141>7
Cahaya
;141>7
;9C1
41@1C
=5>9;=1C9
9>418>G1
@5<1>79
G1>7
=5>7891B9
35A18>G1
<1>79C
@1;18
B525>1A>G1
@5<1>79
9CD B. Difraksi Cahaya
181G1
=5AD@1;1>
75<?=21>7
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
*141
12

>41
C. Polarisasi Cahaya
C5<18
=5=@5<1:1A9
75<?=21>7
=5;1>9;
=9B1<>G1
75<?=21>7
19A
41>
75<?=21>7
C1<9
@1;18
@5A25411>
1>C1A1
75<?=21>7
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
41>
75<?=21>7
=5;1>9;
'1>DB91
C5<18
=5=1>611C;1>
75<?=21>7
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
41<1=
2941>7
CA1>B@?AC1B9
1BCA?>?=9
=9<9C5A
41>
75?7A169
,18D;18
>41
21719=1>1
75:1<1
41>
39A939A9
75<?=21>7
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
;8DBDB>G1
3181G1
B5AC1
@5>5A1@1>>G1
$1F121>
1C1B
@5AC1>G11>@5AC1>G11>
C5AB52DC
41@1C
>41
C5=D;1>
@141
212
9>9
)<58
;1A5>1
9CD
@5<1:1A9
212
9>9
45>71>
219;

Gelombang Cahaya 31
 Tes Kompetensi Awal
!(&(.6/
/(/2(.%,%3+
-104(2
(.1/&%0)
%*%8%
-(3,%-%0.%*
41%.41%.
&(3+-65
'%.%/
&6-6
.%5+*%0
 @1;18
G1>7
49=1;BD4
45>71>
75<?=21>7
5<5;CA?  5A1@1;18
;535@1C1>
3181G1
41<1=
AD1>7
81=@1
=17>5C9;  +52DC;1>
B961CB961C
75<?=21>7
3181G1
@1;18
3181G1
C5A=1BD;
75<?=21>7
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;

Tokoh A. Interferensi Cahaya

 
141<18
 "
!
!

 !

#
Augustine Fresnell 

1AC9>G1
75<?=21>7
=5=9<9;9
!

41>

(1788–1827) #
 
+5@5AC9
G1>7
C5<18
492181B
@141
@5=2181B1>
75<?=21>7
218F1
75<?=21>7
3181G1
25AB961C
B5@5AC9
81<>G1
75<?=21>7
2D>G9
G19CD
41@1C
25A9>C5A65A5>B9
)<58
;1A5>1
9CD
D>CD;
=5>41@1C;1>
9>C5A65A5>B9
3181G1
@D>
49@5A<D;1>
BD=25A
3181G1
G1>7
;?85A5>
G19CD
BD=25A
3181G1
G1>7
=5=9<9;9
6A5;D5>B9
B1=1
41>
2541
61B5
C5C1@
+D=25A
3181G1
G1>7
;?85A5>
41@1C
491=1C9
=5<1<D9
@5A3?211>
G1>7
49<1;D;1>
?<58
$160)
41>
3(40(..

1. Percobaan Young dan Fresnell

Augustine Fresnell (1788–1827) a. Percobaan Celah Ganda Young
adalah fisikawan Prancis yang *5A3?211>
9>9
49<1;D;1>
?<58
$160)
45>71>
=5>77D>1;1>
4D1
@5>7
mengembangkan teori gelombang
transversal cahaya berdasarkan hasil
81<1>7
*5>781<1>7
@5AC1=1
=5=9<9;9
B1CD
<D21>7
;539<
41>
@5>781<1>7
penemuannya tentang lensa dan ;54D1
49<5>7;1@9
45>71>
4D1
<D21>7
;539<
*5A81C9;1>
%/&%3

interferensi. Fresnell terang
memperlihatkan bahwa cahaya
gelap
matahari terdiri atas bermacam-
macam warna cahaya, yang setiap terang
warna memiliki sudut bias tertentu. gelap
Ia juga menemukan sebuah bentuk terang
gelombang gelap
lensa yang pada kedua datang
permukaannya berbentuk cembung. terang
S2 gelap
Bentuk lensa ini dikenal sebagai terang
lensa cembung. Lensa ini memiliki gelap
terang
sifat mengumpulkan cahaya. gelap
Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
S0 terang
gelap
terang
gelap
terang
S1 gelap
terang
gelap
terang
gelap
Gambar 2.1
terang
Interferensi pada celah
ganda Young gelap
terang
A B C
+9>1A
=?>?;A?=1C9B
49@5A?<58
41A9
<1=@D
B521719
BD=25A
3181G1
G1>7
S =5=1>31A
=5<1<D9
35<18
+
%5=D491>
B9>1A
41A9
35<18
+
49@1>31A;1>
;5
C1
S1 @5>781<1>7
;54D1
D1
35<18
@141
@5>781<1>7
;54D1
G19CD
+
41>
+
O G1>7
49@1B1>7
B5:1:1A
45>71>
+
1;1>
25A6D>7B9
B521719
@5=1>31A
B9>1A
B9>1A
;?85A5>
%54D1
25A;1B
41A9
35<1835<18
+
41>
+
9>9
25A9>C5A65A5>B9
@141
<1G1A

"1B9<
9>C5A65A5>B9
25AD@1
71A9B
C5A1>7
41>
71A9B
75<1@
S2 P b. Percobaan Fresnell
C2
5>71>
=5>77D>1;1>
B52D18
BD=25A
3181G1
+
3(40(..
=5=@5A?<58
Gambar 2.2
Percobaan Fresnell untuk 4D1
BD=25A
3181G1
+
41>
+
G1>7
;?85A5>
41A9
81B9<
@5=1>CD<1>
4D1
menunjukkan interferensi cahaya. 35A=9>
*5A81C9;1>
%/&%3


32 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 *141
%/&%3

C5AB52DC
41@1C
49<981C
218F1
+
141<18
BD=25A
B9>1A
=?>?;A?=1C9B
+
41>
+
141<18
21G1>71>
41A9
+
?<58
35A=9>

41>

5>71>
45=9;91>
B9>1AB9>1A
G1>7
41C1>7
@141
<1G1A
B5?<18?<18
25A1B1<
41A9
+ 
41>
+
!5<?=21>7
3181G1
41A9
+ 
41>
+
9>9
1;1>
B1<9>7
25A9>C5A65A5>B9
@141
<1G1A
41>
81B9<>G1
25A71>CD>7
@141
B5<9B98
41A9
<9>C1B1>
;54D1
B9>1A
9CD
*5A<D
>41
;5C18D9
:9;1
;54D1
BD=25A
3181G1
=5=9<9;9
1=@<9CD4?
G1>7
B1=1
@141
C5=@1C
C5A:149>G1
9>C565A5>B9
=9>9=D=
1;1>
C5A25>CD;
71A9B
75<1@
+521<9;>G1
:9;1
1=@<9CD4?
C941;
B1=1
9>C5A65A5>B9
=9>9=D=>G1
C941;
75<1@
B1=1
B5;1<9
D r2

S2 
P r1 Gambar 2.3
r2  (a) Sinar gelombang dari celah S1
y b dan S2 berinterferensi di titik P.
S1 r1  (b) Untuk D
d, r1 dan r 2 dianggap
S1
d L sejajar dan membentuk sudut 
S2  terhadap sumbu tengah.
b 2

B C Pembahasan Soal
1
Seberkas cahaya monokromatis
*5A81C9;1>
%/&%3


75<?=21>7
3181G1
41C1>7
=5>D:D
35<18
 dijatuhkan pada dua celah sempit
41>
35<18

G1>7
C5A<5C1;
@141
2941>7

181G1
C5AB52DC
C5A496A1;B9
?<58 vertikal berdekatan dengan jarak
d = 0,01 mm. Pola interferensi
;54D1
35<18
C5AB52DC
41>
=5>781B9<;1>
@?<1
9>C5A65A5>B9
@141
<1G1A
 yang terjadi ditangkap layar pada
%9C1
41@1C
=5>5>CD;1>
49
=1>1
B5C91@
@9C1
C5A1>7
1C1D
@9C1
75<1@ jarak 20 cm dari celah. Diketahui
bahwa jarak antara garis gelap
C5A<5C1;
@141
<1G1A
45>71>
=5=25A9;1>
BD4DC

41A9
BD=2D
C5>718 pertama sebelah kiri ke garis gelap
C5A8141@
71A9B
75<1@
1C1D
71A9B
C5A1>7
C5AB52DC
->CD;
=5>5>CD;1> sebelah kanan adalah 7,2 mm.
25B1A>G1
 
;9C1
81ADB
=5>78D2D>7;1>>G1
45>71> 

*5A81C9;1> Panjang gelombang cahaya
tersebut adalah ....
%/&%3

&
,9C9;

=5AD@1;1>
B52D18
C9C9;
G1>7
C5A<5C1;
@141
 a. 180 nm d. 720 nm
B545=9;91>
AD@1
B589>771
:1A1;
2
;5
*
B1=1
45>71>

;5
*
45>71> b. 270 nm e. 1.800 nm
45=9;91>

B1=1
45>71>
:1A1;
41A9

;5

"D2D>71>
1>C1A1
:1A1; c. 360 nm
SPMB 2003
41A9

;5

41>

9>9
B1>71C
AD=9C
(1=D>
;9C1
41@1C
=5>G545A81>1 Pembahasan:
;1>>G1
45>71>
=5>71>771@
218F1
BDBD>1>
:1A1;
35<18
C5A8141@
<1G1A Jarak pola gelap ke-1 ke pusat
adalah

:1D8
<5298
25B1A
41A9@141
:1A1;
1>C1A1
;54D1
35<18

1A9
71=21A
7,2  10 3 m
C5A<981C
218F1
B9>1A
75<?=21>7

41>

141<18
B5:1:1A
41>
=5=25>CD; y
2
 3,6  10 3 m
BD4DC

C5A8141@
BD=25A
@DB1C
*5A81C9;1>
%/&%3

&
,5A>G1C1 Dari soal diketahui:
m = 1; d = 10–5 m; D = 0,2 m
BD4DC
 
 
G1>7
4925>CD;
?<58
BD=2D
@DB1C
41>
BD=2D

5>71> sehingga
45=9;91>
;9C1
41@1C
45>71>
=D418
=5>5>CD;1>
218F1 yd
D

 m 1 
2


B9>   
yd


D m 1 
2

  B9>   K 3,6  10 m  10 5 m
3

0,2 m  1
(34%/%%0
 9
=5AD@1;1>
@5AB1=11>
D>CD;
=5>5>CD;1>
:1A1; 2
3,6  10 3 m  10 5 m
C5=@D8
1>C1A1
B9>1A

41>

C5A8141@
*
->CD;
9>C5A65A5>B9
=1;B9=D= 
0,2 m  1
9>C5A65A5>B9
;?>BCAD;C96
C5<18
49;5C18D9
218F1

@1BC9
>?<
1C1D 2
29<1>71>
75>1@
41A9
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
(34%/%%0
 9
41@1C
49CD<9B   3,6  10 7 m = 360 nm
B521719
25A9;DC Jawaban: c

Gelombang Cahaya 33
 
  B9>     K 
45>71>







->CD;
C5A1>7
@DB1C
;9C1
=5=25A9;1>



@9C1
C5A1>7
@5AC1=1



41>
B5C5ADB>G1
41@D>
D>CD;
9>C5A65A5>B9
=9>9=D=
9>C5A65A5>B9
45BCAD;C96

@1BC9
29<1>71>
71>:9<
;1<9
B5C5>718
75<?=21>7
(34%/%%0
 9
41@1C
49CD<9B;1>
B521719
25A9;DC



  B9>        K



45>71>








Tantangan
untuk Anda
Seberkas cahaya monokromatis
%
)<58
dijatuhkan pada dua celah sempit
vertikal berdekatan dengan jarak
d = 0,01 mm. Pola interferensi yang
terjadi ditangkap pada jarak 20 cm
%
;9C1
41@1C
=5>5>CD;1>
218F1
dari celah. Diketahui bahwa jarak
antara garis gelap pertama di
sebelah kiri ke garis gelap pertama
K
di sebelah kanan adalah 7,2 mm.
Hitunglah panjang gelombang
berkas cahaya tersebut.
K

->CD;
75<1@
@5AC1=1
;9C1
=5=25A9;1>



@9C1
75<1@
;54D1



41>
B5C5ADB>G1
2. Menentukan Jarak Pita Terang ke-m atau Pita Gelap ke-m
dari Terang Pusat
*141
@5=2181B1>
B525<D=>G1
C5<18
49B52DC;1>
218F1
@?<1
9>C5A65A5>B9
@141
<1G1A
25AD@1
@9C1
C5A1>7
41>
@9C1
75<1@
*5A81C9;1>
%/&%3

%9C1
41@1C
=5>5>CD;1>
;54D4D;1>
@9C1
C5A1>7
;5
1C1D
@9C1
75<1@
;5
@141
<1G1A
*5A81C9;1>
;5=21<9
%/&%3

;1A5>1

:1D8
<5298
25B1A
41A9@141



BD4DC

25A>9<19
B1>71C
;539<
->CD;
BD4DC
G1>7
B1>71C
;539<
1;1>
25A<1;D
B9>

C1> 
1A9
%/&%3

#
B9> 
C1>   

->CD;
@9C1
C5A1>7
=1BD;;1>
(34%/%%0
 9
;5
(34%/%%0
 9 
B589>771
49@5A?<58
#
  

->CD;
@9C1
75<1@
=1BD;;1>
(34%/%%0
 9
;5
(34%/%%0
 9
B589>771
49@5A?<58

# 
      K


%5C5A1>71>
 
:1A1;
1>C1A35<18
@141
<1G1A
# 
:1A1;
C5A1>7
75<1@
;5
41A9
@DB1C
 
:1A1;
<1G1A
;5
35<18
 
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
3181G1
1<1=
81<
9>9







34 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 2.1
->CD;
=5>5>CD;1>
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
B9>1A
G1>7
49@1>31A;1>
?<58
<1=@D
@9:1A
>1CA9D=
B9>1A
9>9
49<5F1C;1>
@141
4D1
35<18
G1>7
25A:1A1;

==
*141
:1A1;

=5C5A
41A9
35<18
49@1B1>7
<1G1A
$9;1
81B9<
9>C5A65A5>B9
@141
<1G1A
49@5A?<58
:1A1;
71A9B
C5A1>7
@DB1C
B1=@19
45>71>
;5<9=1
141<18

==
25A1@1;18
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
B9>1A
>1CA9D=
C5AB52DC
%7%&
9;5C18D9  

==


LK
= # 

==


LK
=
 
  

=
#
k 


    = 
    = 
 


 

LK

 
I
$149
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
B9>1A
>1CA9D=
141<18
 
I

Contoh 2.2
*141
B52D18
@5A3?211>
9>C5A65A5>B9
497D>1;1>
4D1
35<18
B5=@9C
$1A1;
1>C1A1
;54D1
35<18
9CD

==
41>
49<5C1;;1>
@141
:1A1;

=
;5
<1G1A
71A9B
75<1@
@5AC1=1
41A9
@DB1C
G1>7

:1A1;>G1

==
"9CD>7<18
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
3181G1>G1
%7%&
 

==


L
K
=
 

 

=
# 

==


L
K
=
9>C5A65A5>B9
75<1@
1A9
(34%/%%0
 9 
49@5A?<58
# 
 
  


=
K

     =   =



K
 

=


L
K
=

  


L
K
=

 
I

$149
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
3181G1>G1
141<18
 
I

3. Interferensi oleh Lapisan Tipis

*5=1>CD<1>
3181G1
=1C181A9
?<58
!
#
G1>7
4931=@DA P

45>71>
19A
1;1>
=5=@5A<981C;1>
71A9B71A9B
25AF1A>1
@141
=9>G1;

+@5;CAD=
F1A>1
9>9
=5=@5A<981C;1>
141>G1
 "
 
?<58
(1)
<1@9B1>
=9>G1;
G1>7
C9@9B
9CD
#>C5A65A5>B9
C5AB52DC
41@1C
25AD@1
9>C5A65A5>B9 i
=1;B9=D=
=1D@D>
9>C5A65A5>B9
=9>9=D=
#>C5A65A5>B9
1>C1A1
75<?=21>7 D lensa
(2)
G1>7
49@1>CD<;1>
?<58
<1@9B1>
C9@9B
49CD>:D;;1>
@141
%/&%3
 A C
+525A;1B
B9>1A
41C1>7
=5>75>19
<1@9B1>
C9@9B
45>71>
BD4DC
41C1>7
 r lapisan
1;1>
49291B;1>
41>
B521791>
<179
49@1>CD<;1>
;5=21<9
;5
@5A=D;11> d
tipis
+9>1A
G1>7
49@1>CD<;1>
49<5F1C;1>
@141
B52D18
<5>B1
@?B9C96
41>
n
496?;DB;1>
49
C9C9;
*
5A;1B
3181G1
49
C9C9;
*
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36 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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38 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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40 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

3. Daya Urai Optik
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*5A81C9;1>
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25A9;DC Male with the largest or most colorful
s1 adornments are often the most
attractive to females. The extraordinary
D  feathers of a peacock’s tail are an
example of diffraction effect of
s2 peacock’s tail light wakes.
Sumber: Biology Concepts & Connections,
2006
L

Gelombang Cahaya 41
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42 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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49B52DC
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4. Polarisasi karena Hamburan

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gas
gelombang datang
tak terpolarisasi
gelombang hamburan
terpolarisasi
Gambar 2.20
Polarisasi karena hamburan.
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5. Pemutaran Bidang Polarisasi

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44 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Contoh 2.10
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Tes Kompetensi Subbab C

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Gelombang Cahaya 45
 Rangkuman
 181G1
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Peta Konsep
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda menjadi
tahu bahwa cahaya merupakan gelombang elektro-
magnetik yang dapat mengalami proses interferensi,
difraksi, dan polarisasi. Dari semua materi pada bab ini,
bagian mana yang menurut Anda sulit dipahami? Coba
Anda diskusikan bersama teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
Selain itu, coba Anda sebutkan manfaat yang Anda
peroleh setelah mempelajari materi bab ini.

46 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Gelombang Cahaya 47
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48 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

3
Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001
Kelelawar ladam kuda (horseshoe bat) dapat memancarkan gelombang bunyi
ultrasonik yang berfungsi sebagai pengindra ketika terbang pada malam hari.

Gelombang Bunyi
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gejala gelombang dalam menyelesaikan

masalah.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

• mendeskripsikan gejala dan ciri-ciri gelombang bunyi;

• menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gelombang bunyi dalam teknologi.

2A2D<29
?52
>6>32H2?8<2?
5E?:2
D2?A2
252?H2
3E?H:
E?:2 A. Sifat Dasar
2<2?
D6B2C2
CE?H:
D2?A2
252?H2
3E?H:
6B282>
;6?:C
3E?H:
>6?;25:<2?
5E?:2
:?:
=63:9
O9:5EAP
?52
52A2D
>6?56?82B<2?
>EC:<
<2B6?2
252?H2
Gelombang Bunyi
A6B2>32D2?
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
H2?8
C2>A2:
<6
D6=:?82
?52
+29E<29 B. Cepat Rambat Bunyi
?52
C:72DC:72D
52?
<=2C:7:<2C:
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
,=DB2C@?:<
>6BEA2<2?
C2=29
C2DE
;6?:C
3E?H:
H2?8
52A2D
5:A2?42B<2?
@=69
<6=6=2G2B
6=@>32?8
C. Unsur Bunyi dan
3E?H:
D6BC63ED
36BA6B2?
C63282:
OA6?8:?5B2P
<6D:<2
<6=6=2G2B
D6B32?8 Pemanfaatan
A252
>2=2>
92B: Gelombang Bunyi
*6=2:?
E=DB2C@?:<
D6B52A2D
;6?:C
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
=2:??H2
,?DE< D. Sifat-Sifat
>6?86D29E:
=63:9
=2?;ED
D6?D2?8
;6?:C;6?:C
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
C:72DC:72D
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
52?
76?@>6?276?@>6?2
=2:??H2
H2?8
36B<2:D2?
56?82? Gelombang Bunyi
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
C6BD2
A6?6B2A2??H2
52=2>
D6<?@=@8:
A6=2;2B:=29
>2D6B: E. Dawai dan Pipa
A252
323
:?:
C642B2
32:<
Organa sebagai
Sumber Bunyi
F. Energi Gelombang
Bunyi

Gelombang Bunyi 49
 Tes Kompetensi Awal
'$'.6/
/'/2'.#,#3+
-104'2
'.1/$#0)
608+
-'3,#-#0.#*
41#.41#.
$'3+-65
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 6B52C2B<2?
CE>36B?H2
3E?H:
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;6?:C  A2
H2?8
5:>2<CE5
56?82?
86>2
52?
82E?8
86=@>32?8
2A2  A2<29
86=@>32?8
H2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
A6>2?42B
B25:@
 A2<29
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
52A2D
>6?82=2>:
A@=2B:C2C: D6B>2CE<
86=@>32?8
=@?8:DE5:?2=
 A2
H2?8
5:>2<CE5
56?82?
2E5:@C@?:<
:?7B2C@?:<
52?
E=DB2C@?:<

A. Sifat Dasar Gelombang Bunyi

A2<29
?52
>6?86D29E:
AB@C6C
D6B;25:?H2
3E?H:
(252
52C2B?H2
C6CE2DE
H2?8
36B86D2B
252=29
CE>36B
3E?H:
E?H:
C66<@B
?H2>E<
D6B56?82B
<2B6?2
<6A2<2?
3E=E3E=E
<65E2
C2H2A?H2
H2?8
>6>:=:<:
7B6<E6?C:
C6<:D2B


I
E?H:
C66<@B
;2?8<B:<
D6B56?82B
2<:32D
252?H2

86D2B2?
<65E2
C2H2A?H2
H2?8
36B86C6<2?
C642B2
D6BEC>6?6BEC
6=@>32?8
:?7B2C@?:<
5:A2?42B<2?
@=69
C66<@B
A2EC
56?82?
7B6<E6?C:
Gambar 3.1
Gelombang bunyi dari C2?82D
B6?529
5:
32G29


I
D6D2A:
>2>AE
5:D2?8<2A
@=69
A2EC
H2?8
lonceng yang bergetar =2:?
G2=2EAE?
;2?8<2E2??H2
B2DEC2?
<:=@>6D6B
merambat melalui media 6B3652
56?82?
CE>36BCE>36B
3E?H:
D6BC63ED
3E?H:
A252
2=2D2=2D
udara sampai ke telinga.
>EC:<
H2?8
52A2D
<:D2
56?82B
D6B>2CE<
86=@>32?8
2E5:@C@?:<
E?H:
#$'.

H2?8
<6=E2B
52B:
2=2D
>EC:<
36BC:72D
D6B2DEB
C69:?882
5:?2>2<2?
56?82?
6A2D
)2>32D
E?H:
636B2A2
292? ?252
52AE?
3E?H:
H2?8
D:52<
D6B2DEB
5:?2>2<2?
56C29
A252
*E9E


L (6B92D:<2?
#/$#3
 
(252
82>32B
D6BC63ED
D6B=:92D
86D2B2?
=@?46?8
>6?892C:=<2?
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
H2?8
>6B2>32D
>6=2=E:
>65:2
#/#
#*#0 '2#5
#/$#5 E52B2
>6?E;E
D6=:?82
H2?8
36BEA2
86=@>32?8
=@?8:DE5:?2=
'&+6/ 608+
/4
(252
52C2B?H2
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
52A2D
>6B2>32D
5:
>65:E>
2A2AE?
:B 
(6B92D:<2?
#$'.
 
<6>2>AE2?
>65:E>
E?DE<
>6?886D2B<2?
A2BD:<6=
:B
=2ED 
36B36523652
329<2?
252
>65:E>
H2?8
52A2D
>6B652>
3E?H:
>:C2=?H2
2:B
=E>:?:E> 

6=@>32?8
3E?H:
52A2D
>6?E?;E<<2?
C:72DC:72D
E>E>
86=@>32?8

6C:
52?
2;2 

C6A6BD:
52A2D
>6?82=2>:
:?D6B76B6?C:
5:7B2<C:
B67B2<C:
52?
B6C@?2?C:

6=2C 

?52
;E82
2<2?
>6>A6=2;2B:
A6B:CD:G2
CEA6BA@C:C:
C6A6BD:
CEA6BA@C:C:
5E2
6=:E> 

 86=@>32?8
3E?H:
H2?8
<64:=
A6B36522?
7B6<E6?C:?H2
C69:?882
>6?8

:5B@86? 

92C:=<2?
3E?H:
<E2D=6>29
C642B2
A6B:@5:<
H2?8
5:C63ED
A6=2H2?82?
3E?H:
#2HE
<6B2C 

6B52C2B<2?
2B29
B2>32D?H2
D6B>2CE<
86=@>32?8
2A2<29
3E?H:
:DE
,52B2

82B
?52
>6>292>:?H2
A6B92D:<2?
#/$#3


Sumber: Physics, 1995
tekanan
udara
Gambar 3.2
rapatan
Getaran dari membran bas
drum membuat partikel udara
x
merapat dan merenggang.
renggangan

#/$#3


>6?E?;E<<2?
CE>36B
3E?H:
36BEA2
86D2B2?
>6>3B2?
32C
5BE>
6D2B2?
C6=2AED
H2?8
>6BEA2<2?
56?HED
36B5:>6?C:
5E2
5:A2?DE=<2?
C642B2
36BE=2?8E=2?8
@=69
32D2C
C6=2AED
C69:?882
C6=2AED
2<2?
36B86D2B
C642B2
A6B:@5:<
#6D:<2
C6=2AED
36B86B2<
<6=E2B
2<2?
D6B;25:
A6>2>A2D2?
E52B2
5:
56A2??H2
(6>2>A2D2?
D6BC63ED
>6?H6323<2?
D6<2?2?
E52B2
36BD2>329
H2?8
5:C63ED
526B29
B2A2D2?
)2A2D2?
36B86B2<
>6?;2E9:
C6=2AED
52=2>
32D2C
<646A2D2?
3E?H:
)2A2D2?
52?
B6?882?82?
H2?8
D6B36?DE<
52B:
A2BD:<6=A2BD:<6=
E52B2
>:B:A
56?82?
B2A2D2?
52?
B6?882?82?
86=@>32?8
=@?8:DE5:?2=
A252
C=:?<:
"25:
86=@>32?8
=@?8:DE
5:?2=
>6BEA2<2?
C:72D
52C2B
86=@>32?8
3E?H:

50 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 E?H:
52A2D
D6B56?82B
;:<2
86D2B2?
52B:
CE>36B?H2
52A2D
>6B2>32D
9:?882
<6
D6=:?82
%65:2
B2>32D2??H2
52A2D
36BEA2
I2D
A252D
I2D
42:B Ingatlah
52?
I2D
82C
"25:
5:A6B=E<2?
>65:E>
E?DE<
>6?;2=2B<2?
3E?H:
%2C:9
:?82D<29
?52
A6B:CD:G2
D6?D2?8
3E?H:
H2?8
52A2D
>6B2>32D
>6=2=E:
C6ED2C Gelombang longitudinal adalah
gelombang yang arah getarnya
36?2?8
32C29
H2?8
<65E2
E;E?8?H2
D6B9E3E?8
<2=6?8
CECE
56?82?
32?DE2? searah dengan arah rambatannya
CE2B2
D6>2?
?52
&29
>6?EBED
?52
52A2D<29
3E?H:
>6B2>32D
5:
52=2>
F2<E>
,?DE<
>6?86D29E:
;2G232??H2
=2<E<2?=29
2<D:F:D2C
36B:<ED

Aktivitas Fisika 3.1

Bunyi dalam Ruang Vakum
Tujuan Percobaan Tugas Anda 3.1
Menyelidiki apakah bunyi dapat merambat melalui
Apakah bunyi termasuk gelombang
ruang hampa.
elektromagnetik? Sebutkan alasan-
Alat-Alat Percobaan alasan yang mendasari jawaban Anda
1. Jam weker tersebut.
2. Tabung hampa udara (vakum)
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Bunyikan jam weker tanpa ditutup oleh tabung
vakum.
2. Tutup jam weker dengan tabung vakum. Amati
yang terdengar dari jam weker tersebut.
3. Gunakan sebuah pengisap untuk mengisap udara
dalam tabung vakum secara perlahan-lahan. Kata Kunci
4. Amati perubahan intensitas bunyi jam weker tersebut. • gelombang bunyi
• gelombang longitudinal
• gelombang infrasonik
A2
H2?8
52A2D
?52
C:>AE=<2?
52B:
2<D:F:D2C
D6BC63ED
%6?82A2 • gelombang audiosonik
<6D:<2
E52B2
5:
52=2>
D23E?8
5::C2A
=2>2<6=2>22?
3E?H:
;2>
G6<6B •
•
nada
desah
D6BC63ED
D:52<
D6B56?82B
2=
D6BC63ED
>6>3E<D:<2?
329G2
86=@>32?8 • pelayangan bunyi
3E?H:
>6>6B=E<2?
>65:E>
E?DE<
>6B2>32D • ruang vakum

Tes Kompetensi Subbab A

'3,#-#0.#*
&#.#/
$6-6
.#5+*#0
 A2<29
H2?8
5:>2<CE5
56?82?
CE>36B
3E?H:  6B52C2B<2?
2B29
86D2B?H2
D6B>2CE<
86=@>32?8
 *63ED<2?
C:72DC:72D
H2?8
5:>:=:<:
86=@>32?8
3E?H: 2A2<29
3E?H:
:DE
 A2<29
3E?H:
52A2D
>6B2>32D
5:
BE2?8
92>A2
E52B2  A2<29
A6B36522?
2?D2B2
?252
52?
56C29
%6?82A2

B. Cepat Rambat Bunyi

6A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
D:52<
36B82?DE?8
A252
D6<2?2?
E52B2
"25:
;:<2
D6B;25:
A6BE3292?
D6<2?2?
E52B2
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
D:52<
36BE329
6A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
36B82?DE?8
A252
CE9E
*6>2<:?
D:?88:
CE9E
E52B2
C6>2<:?
36C2B
46A2D
A6B2>32D2?
3E?H:
:
526B29
A68E?E?82?
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
=63:9
=2>32D
52B:A252
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:
<2G2C2?
A2?D2:
:
E52B2
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
36B82?DE?8
A252
;6?:C
A2BD:<6=
H2?8
>6>36?DE<
E52B2
D6BC63ED
(6BC2>22??H2
52A2D
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED
 
$

 N

Gelombang Bunyi 51

Ingatlah

" >@=
#
Cepat rambat bunyi di udara
bergantung pada suhu udara.

>2CC2
>@=6<E=
82C
8B2> >@=
#6D6B2?82?
 
<@?CD2?D2
$2A=246
 
D6D2A2?
E>E>
82C

 
CE9E
>ED=2<
82C
<6=F:?
6A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
52=2>
I2D
A252D
5:D6?DE<2?
@=69
>@5E=EC
.@E?8
52?
>2CC2
;6?:C
I2D
D6BC63ED
(6BC2>22??H2
52A2D
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED
$

 
N

#6D6B2?82?


>@5E=EC
.@E?8
I2D
A252D
& >
Tugas Anda 3.2  
>2CC2
;6?:C
I2D
A252D
<8 > 
Bandingkan nilai cepat rambat bunyi :
52=2>
I2D
42:B
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:D6?DE<2?
@=69
>@5E=EC
E=<
di udara yang Anda dapatkan dari 52?
<6B2A2D2?
>2CC2
;6?:C
42:B2?
D6BC63ED
(6BC2>22??H2
52A2D
percobaan dan dari buku referensi.
Jika ada perbedaan, berikan analisis 5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED
Anda mengenai hal tersebut.

$

  N 
#6D6B2?82?

>@5E=EC
E=<
& >
 
>2CC2
;6?:C
I2D
42:B
<8 > 

Contoh 3.1
2?5:?8<2?
<646A2D2?
3E?H:
52=2>
2=E>:?:E>
52?
2:B
;:<2
>@5E=EC
.@E?8
E?DE<
2=E>:?:E>



Q



& >
>@5E=EC
E=<
2:B


Q


& >
52?
<646A2D2?
Pembahasan Soal 2:B



<8 > 
#7#$
Iskandar mendengarkan kembali :<6D29E:




Q



& >  




<8 > 
suaranya sebagai gema dari sebuah


Q



& >  



<8 > 
tebing setelah waktu 4 detik. Jika
 adalah perbandingan panas jenis


udara pada tekanan dan suhu $  

 $  

konstan, serta Iskandar mengetahui  

bahwa suhu saat itu T kelvin dan


 


& >    

& > 
massa molekul relatif udara M, 



Iskandar dapat menentukan jarak 

<8 > 

<8 >
tebing menurut persamaan .... 




> C 

> 4
 RT  RT
a.
M
d. 6
M #646A2D2?
3E?H:
5:
2:B
D6B?H2D2
=63:9
<64:=
52B:A252
<646A2D2?
3E?H:
52=2>
2=E>:?:E>
2=
D6BC63ED
5:C6323<2?
42:B2?
=63:9
<@>AB6C:36=
=63:9
>E529
 RT  RT
b. 2
M
e. 8
M
36BE329
36?DE<
5:32?5:?8<2?
56?82?
I2D
A252D
>@5E=EC
E=<
42:B2?
=63:9
<64:=
5:32?5:?8<2?
56?82?
>@5E=EC
.@E?8
E?DE<
I2D
A252D
 RT
c. 4
M

UMPTN 1996 Contoh 3.2

Pembahasan:
 RT
6A2D
B2>32D
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
5:
E52B2
A252
CE9E

L
252=29


> C
":<2
CE9E
d = vt v = M E52B2
?2:<
>6?;25:
L
D6?DE<2?
46A2D
B2>32D
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
D6BC63ED
2
#7#$
 RT  RT
t 4 #6D:<2
CE9E
E52B2
?2:<
<646A2D2?
3E?H:
2<2?
C6>2<:?
36BD2>329
2=
D6BC63ED
M M
d=
2
=
2 5:C6323<2?
86B2<2?86B2<2?
>@=6<E=
E52B2
H2?8
>6B2>32D<2?
3E?H:
36BD2>329
46A2D
:<6D29E:   






#
= 2  RT
M   






#
Jawaban: b
$  


> C

52 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

$     Kata Kunci
$


• cepat rambat bunyi
• konstanta Laplace
 
 • modulus Young
$  
 $





> C
  • modulus Bulk

"25:
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
36BD2>329
>6?;25:

> C

Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

'3,#-#0.#*
&#.#/
$6-6
.#5+*#0
 +6?DE<2?
<646A2D2?
3E?H:
52=2>
82C
<2B3@?
5:@<C:52  :DE?8
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
A252
C632D2?8
36C:
A252
CE9E


L

;:<2
36B2D
>@=6<E=
'

52? 



Q


& >
52?



8B2> 4> 
 
   6B2A2
<2=:
=:A2D<29
<646A2D2?
3E?H:
A252
32;2
5:
 6A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
A252
CE9E
L
C2>2
56?82?

> C 32?5:?8<2?
56?82?
<646A2D2?
3E?H:
A252
2=E>:?:E>
+6?DE<2?
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
A252
CE9E


L
 ;:<2
>@5E=EC
.@E?8
E?DE<
32;2
52?
2=E>:?:E>
>2C:?8
 6A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
52=2>
82C
'
252=29


> C >2C:?8

Q



& >
52?

Q



& >
C6BD2
>2CC2
   
6B2A2<29
46A2D
B2>32D?H2
52=2>
82C
' ;6?:C
32;2
52?
2=E>:?:E>
>2C:?8>2C:?8

8B2> 4>
  

A252
CE9E
H2?8
C2>2 52?

8B2> 4> 

C. Unsur Bunyi dan Pemanfaatan Gelombang

Bunyi
,?CEBE?CEB
3E?H:
2?D2B2
=2:?
C63282:
36B:<ED
1. Tinggi Nada Bunyi
(252
A@<@<
3292C2?
C636=E>?H2
?52
D6=29
>6?86D29E:
329G2
3E?H:
5:D:>3E=<2?
@=69
CE2DE
36?52
H2?8
36B86D2B
*6>2<:?
32?H2<
;E>=29
86D2B2?
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
52=2>
C2DE
C6=2?8
G2<DE
D6BD6?DE
3E?H:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
2<2?
C6>2<:?
?H2B:?8
(252
82>32B
#/$#3

C6@B2?8
2?2<
D6B=:92D
C652?8
>6?6>A6=<2?
32D2?8
=:5:
5:
;2B:;2B:
B@52
C6A652
H2?8
C652?8
36BAED2B
":<2
B@52
D6BC63ED
5:AED2B
C6>2<:?
46A2D
2A2<29
3E?H:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
2<2?
C6>2<:?
?H2B:?8 Gambar 3.3
Lidi dipegang oleh seorang anak
+6B?H2D2
A252
AED2B2?
H2?8
=2>32D
3E?H:
H2?8
D6B56?82B
36B?252 dan ditempelkan pada jeruji
B6?529
(252
C22D
AED2B2?
B@52
C6A652
5:A6B46A2D
3E?H:
H2?8
D6B56?82B roda yang berputar.
36B?252
D:?88:
2=
D6BC63ED
>6>3E<D:<2?
329G2
D:?88:
?252
36B82?DE?8
A252
7B6<E6?C:
CE>36B
3E?H:
2. Kuat Bunyi
#E2D
3E?H:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
36B82?DE?8
A252
2>A=:DE5@
86D2B2?
(6B92D:<2?
#/$#3

H2?8
>6?6B2?8<2?
A6B4@322?
A252
C6?2B
8:D2B
(6D:<=29
C2=29
C2DE
C6?2B
8:D2B
56?82?
C:>A2?82?
H2?8
D:52<
D6B=2=E
36C2B
6?82B<2?
32:<32:<
<E2D
3E?H:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
=2=E
32?5:?8<2? 2
56?82?
<E2D
3E?H:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
@=69
C6?2B
H2?8
C2>2
?2>E?
56?82?
C:>A2?82?
H2?8
=63:9
36C2B
52B:A252
C6>E=2
(6D:<2?
>2?2<29
H2?8
>6?892C:=<2?
3E?H:
=63:9
<E2D
3. Warna Bunyi 3
-2B?2
3E?H:
>6BEA2<2?
3E?H:
<92C
H2?8
5:D:>3E=<2?
@=69
CE2DE Gambar 3.4
CE>36B
3E?H:
E?H:
8:D2B
36B3652
56?82?
3E?H:
3:@=2
:DE
<2B6?2
252 Percobaan kuat bunyi yang
dihasilkan oleh getaran senar gitar
G2B?2
3E?H:
(6B36522?
D6BC63ED
D6B;25:
<2B6?2
823E?82?
?252
2D2C
52? dengan (a) simpangan yang kecil
?252
52C2B
52B:
CE>36B
3E?H:
36B36523652
G2=2EAE?
7B6<E6?C:?H2
C2>2 dan (b) simpangan yang besar.

Gelombang Bunyi 53
 4. Batas Pendengaran
?52
D6?DE
D6=29
>6?86D29E:
329G2
>2?EC:2
52?
96G2?
5:=6?8<2A:
56?82?
2=2D
A6?56?82B2?
H2?8
C6>AEB?2
&2>E?
<6>2>AE2?
A6?56?82B2??H2
36B36523652
2D2C
<6>2>AE2?
A6?56?82B2?
5:E<EB
36B52C2B<2?
7B6<E6?C:
3E?H:
%2?EC:2
?@B>2=
>6>:=:<:
32D2C
A6?56?82B2?
2?D2B2


96BDI
C2>A2:
56?82?



96BDI
26B29
7B6<E6?C:
D6BC63ED
5:?2>2<2?

 #!
#

C652?8<2?
526B29
7B6<E6?C:
5:
32G29


96BDI
5:C63ED
 !
52?
526B29
5:
2D2C
7B6<E6?C:
56?82B
2D2E
5:
2D2C



96BDI
5:C63ED
#" !
636B2A2
96G2?
>2>AE
>6?56?82B
3E?H:
E=DB2C@?:<
329<2?
96G2?
C6A6BD:
<6=6=2G2B
H2?8
>6>:=:<:
2=2D
A6?8=:92D2?
D:52<
C632:<
2=2D
A6?56?82B2??H2
>6?88E?2<2?
3E?H:
E=DB2C@?:<
E?DE<
>6?86D29E:
36?52
H2?8
252
5:
56A2??H2

5. Pemanfaatan Gelombang Bunyi

6=@>32?8
3E?H:
32?H2<
5:>2?722D<2?
52=2>
<69:5EA2?
C692B:92B:
pemancar penerima >:C2=?H2
E?DE<
>6?6?DE<2?
<652=2>2?
=2ED
>6?42B:
CE>36B
>:?H2<
52?
>6?56D6<C:
<6BEC2<2?
=@82>
,?DE<
>6?6?DE<2?
<652=2>2?
=2ED
2=2D
gelombang
ultrasonik
A6?56D6<C:
H2?8
5:8E?2<2?
5:C63ED
!
!#
$"

*@?2B
36<6B;2
56?82?
>6>2?42B<2?
86=@>32?8
<6>E5:2?
A2?DE=2?
86=@>32?8
D6BC63ED
2<2?
5:D6B:>2
@=69
$ 
6?82?
>6?86D29E:
<646A2D2?
Gambar 3.5
Sonar dapat digunakan untuk 86=@>32?8
H2?8
5:E<EB
52?
G2<DE
D6>AE9
86=@>32?8
D6BC63ED
#652=2>2?
mendeteksi kedalaman laut. =2ED
52A2D
5:D6?DE<2?
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
A6BC2>22?
36B:<ED

 
!  $ " 
   N
2<D@B
C6D6?829
5:
56A2?
"
A252
'34#/##0
9
>6?H2D2<2?
C6D6?829
4 G2<DE
D6>AE9
52B:
C@?2B
<6
D6>A2D
A6>2?DE=2?
1 B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:8E?2<2?
@=69
C@?2B
36B252
A252
526B29
E=DB2C@?:<
H2:DE
5:
2D2C



96BDI
B6<E6?C:
D6BC63ED
D:52<
52A2D
5:56?82B
52?

A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
A252
526B29
E=DB2C@?:<
C2?82D
<64:=
C69:?882
5:7B2<C:
2 3 5 H2?8
D6B;25:
;E82
C6>2<:?
<64:=
52?
86=@>32?8
D:52<
2<2?
>6?H632B
#64:=?H2
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
H2?8
5:8E?2<2?
52A2D
;E82
5:8E?2<2?
Sumber: www.mediajakartaselatan.com
E?DE<
>6?56D6<C:
36?5236?52
H2?8
<64:=
(6?88E?22?
86=@>32?8
Gambar 3.6 E=DB2C@?:<
D6B52A2D
;E82
A252
2=2D
#" ! 
,*
=2D
D6BC63ED
Teknologi 3D USG terbaru sekarang
dapat melihat organ-organ tubuh E>E>?H2
5:8E?2<2?
E?DE<
>6?82?2=:C:C
<692>:=2?
2D2E
>6?56D6<C:
bayi dalam kandungan. @B82?@B82?
52=2>
DE3E9

Contoh 3.3
*63E29
2=2D
C@?2B
5:8E?2<2?
E?DE<
>6?8E<EB
<652=2>2?
=2ED
*6=2?8
G2<DE
H2?8
5:42D2D
@=69
C@?2B
E?DE<
86=@>32?8
A6B2>32D2?
C2>A2:
<6>32=:
=28:
<6
C@?2B
252=29

Kata Kunci C6<@?
":<2
46A2D
B2>32D
86=@>32?8
5:
52=2>
2:B
=2ED
252=29


> C
D6?DE<2?=29
• tinggi nada <652=2>2?
=2ED
D6BC63ED
• kuat bunyi
#7#$
• audiosonik
• infrasonik :<6D29E:
$



> C
"


C

• ultrasonik  
• resonansi !

$
 "



> C
Q

Q

C



>6D6B
• sonar
 
• ultrasonografi "25:
=2ED
D6BC63ED
>6>:=:<:
<652=2>2?


>6D6B

54 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
'3,#-#0.#*
&#.#/
$6-6
.#5+*#0
 ?52
>6?56?82B
92=:=:?D2B

C6<@?
C6D6=29
<:=2D  ":<2
D:?88:
?252
5:?2:<<2?
3282:>2?2<29
A6BE3292?
D6B=:92D
":<2
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:
E52B2



> C H2?8
D6B;25:
A252
D6?DE<2?
;2B2<
2C2=
<:=2D
D6BC63ED
52B:
D6>A2D
?52 2 7B6<E6?C:
 *63E29
2=2D
C@?2B
5:8E?2<2?
E?DE<
>6?8E<EB 3 A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
<652=2>2?
=2ED
*6=2?8
G2<DE
H2?8
5:42D2D
@=69
C@?2B 4 46A2D
B2>32D
86=@>32?8
E?DE<
86=@>32?8
>6B2>32D
C2>A2:
<6>32=:
<6
C@?2B 5 2>A=:DE5@
86=@>32?8
252=29

C6<@?
":<2
<652=2>2?
=2ED


>
D6?DE<2?  ":<2
<E2D
3E?H:
5:?2:<<2?
3282:>2?2<29
A6BE3292?
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:
52=2>
2:B
=2ED H2?8
D6B;25:
A252
 %6?82A2
<6=6=2G2B
H2?8
D6B32?8
A252
>2=2>
92B:
D:52< 2 7B6<E6?C:
A6B?29
>6?23B2<
36?5236?52
H2?8
252
5:
56<2D?H2 3 A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
4 46A2D
B2>32D
86=@>32?8
5 2>A=:DE5@
86=@>32?8

D. Sifat-Sifat Gelombang Bunyi

?52
D6=29
>6>A6=2;2B:
C:72DC:72D
E>E>
D6?D2?8
86=@>32?8
H2:DE
A6>3:2C2?
B67B2<C:
A6>2?DE=2?
B67=6<C:
A6=6?DEB2?
5:7B2<C:
:?D6B76B6?C:
52?
A@=2B:C2C:
E?H:
>6BEA2<2?
C2=29
C2DE
36?DE<
86=@>32?8
'=69
<2B6?2
:DE
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
;E82
>6?82=2>:
A6B:CD:G2A6B:CD:G2
D6BC63ED

1. Pemantulan Gelombang Bunyi

%6?82A2
C22D
?52
36BD6B:2<
5:
C6<:D2B
D63:?8
C6=2=E
252
3E?H:
H2?8
>6?:BE<2?
CE2B2
?52
D6BC63ED
%6?82A2
CE2B2
?52
D6B56?82B
=63:9
<6B2C
<6D:<2
36B252
5:
52=2>
865E?8
#65E2
A6B:CD:G2
D6BC63ED
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
3E?H:
52A2D
5:A2?DE=<2?
,?DE<
>6>292>:
D6?D2?8
A6>2?DE=2?
3E?H:
=2<E<2?=29
2<D:F:D2C
36B:<ED

Aktivitas Fisika 3.2

Tugas Anda 3.3
Pemantulan Bunyi
Gelombang bunyi merupakan
Tujuan percobaan gelombang longitudinal sehingga
Membuktikan peristiwa pemantulan bunyi. tidak dapat mengalami dispersi dan
Alat-Alat Percobaan polarisasi. Diskusikanlah bersama
1. Weker 4. Dua buah pipa berdiameter 1 inci teman Anda, mengapa hal tersebut
2. Papan pemantul 5. Busur derajat bisa terjadi? Berikanlah penjelasan
3. Meja 6. Kertas karton putih ilmiah mengenai hal tersebut.
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah alat seperti tampak pada gambar.
2. Letakkan jam weker di salah satu ujung pipa paralon.
3. Atur pipa paralon yang lain agar Anda dapat mendengar bunyi jam weker yang
paling jelas.
4. Gambarlah susunan pipa tersebut pada kertas karton putih yang Anda
letakkan di bawahnya. Ukurlah besar sudut datang dan sudut pantulnya.
5. Ulangi langkah percobaan ke-3 dan ke-4 dengan sudut yang berbeda.

Gelombang Bunyi 55
 $E<:C2?
82B:C
H2?8
?52
3E2D
D6?D2?8
CE5ED
52D2?8
CE5ED
A2?DE=
i r 52?
82B:C
?@B>2=
A252
A6>2?DE=2?
3E?H:
2<2?
C2>2
56?82?
#/$#3

(252
82>32B
D6BC63ED
D6B=:92D
329G2
CE5ED
52D2?8

CE5ED
A2?DE=
 
52?
82B:C
?@B>2=
D6B=6D2<
A252
C2DE
3:52?8
52D2B
52?



%6?82A2
3E?H:
52=2>
BE2?82?
D6BDEDEA
D6B56?82B
=63:9
<6B2C
$6D2<
5:?5:?8
BE2?82?
H2?8
D6B=2=E
56<2D
>6?H6323<2?
3E?H:
A2?DE=
D:52<
4E<EA
A N C G2<DE
E?DE<
>6B2>32D
C69:?882
3E?H:
52D2?8
52?
3E?H:
A2?DE=
D6B56?82B
C642B2
36BC2>22?
2=
D6BC63ED
>6>3E<D:<2?
329G2
3E?H:
A2?DE=
52A2D
Gambar 3.7
Proses pemantulan bunyi. >6>A6B<E2D
3E?H:
2C=:?H2
!DE=29
C6323?H2
CE2B2
>EC:<
2<2?
D6B56?82B
=63:9
<6B2C
5:
52=2>
BE2?82?
52B:A252
5:
=2A2?82?
D6B3E<2
6B3652
56?82?
86>2
H2?8
D6B;25:
;:<2
?52
36BD6B:2<
5:
526B29
36BD63:?8
"2B2<
D63:?8
52?
CE>36B
3E?H:
H2?8
4E<EA
;2E9
>6?H6323<2?
3E?H:
A2?DE=
>6>6B=E<2?
G2<DE
H2?8
4E<EA
=2>2
E?DE<
>6B2>32D
C2>A2:
A6?56?82B2?
<:32D?H2
3E?H:
A2?DE=
2<2?
D6B56?82B
C6D6=29
3E?H:
2C=:
636B2A2
A6B:CD:G2
D6BC63ED
>6BEA2<2?
A6?82=2>2?
H2?8
C6B:?8
?52
D6>E<2?

2. Pembiasan Gelombang Bunyi

?52
D6=29
>6?86D29E:
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
>6B2>32D
<6
C6>E2
2B29
52?
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
D:52<
52A2D
D6BA@=2B:C2C:
%6?82A2
A252
>2=2>
92B:
CE2B2
25I2?
2D2E
CE2B2
D6B:2<2?
H2?8
4E<EA
;2E9
D6B56?82B
2 =63:9
;6=2C
52B:A252
C:2?8
92B:
(252
C:2?8
92B:
CE9E
E52B2
5:
A6B>E<22?
=63:9
D:?88:
52B:A252
5:
2D2C?H2
2=
D6BC63ED
>6?H6323<2?
=2A:C2?
E52B2
A252
328:2?
2D2C
=63:9
B2A2D
52B:A252
5:
32G29?H2
*632=:<?H2
A252
>2=2>
92B:
=2A:C2?
E52B2
5:
A6B>E<22?
=63:9
B2A2D
3 52B:A252
5:
2D2C?H2
<:32D?H2
A252
C:2?8
92B:
;:<2
CE>36B
3E?H:
52D2?8
C642B2
9@B:I@?D2=
D6B9252A
Gambar 3.8
(a) Pada siang hari, arah rambat
A6?56?82B
52A2D
5:A2CD:<2?
2B29
B2>32D
3E?H:
2<2?
>6=6?8<E?8
<6
2D2C
bunyi melengkung ke atas. C652?8<2?
A252
>2=2>
92B:
2B29
B2>32D
3E?H:
2<2?
>6=6?8<E?8
<6
(b) Pada malam hari, arah rambat 32G29
(6B92D:<2?
#/$#3

bunyi melengkung ke bawah.
A2
H2?8
2<2?
D6B;25:
;:<2
3E?H:
52D2?8?H2
>6B2>32D
F6BD:<2=
<6
32G29
(252
>2=2>
92B:
2B29
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:3:2C<2?
>6?56<2D:
82B:C
?@B>2=
*632=:<?H2
A252
C:2?8
92B:
2B29
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:3:2C<2?
>6?;2E9:
82B:C
?@B>2=
*6CE2:
56?82?
9E<E>
A6>3:2C2?
86=@>32?8
329G2
86=@>32?8
52D2?8
52B:
>65:E>
<EB2?8
B2A2D
<6
>65:E>
=63:9
B2A2D
2<2?
5:3:2C<2?
>6?56<2D:
82B:C
?@B>2=
2D2E
C632=:<?H2

3. Difraksi Gelombang Bunyi

Ingatlah
Pelayangan bunyi terjadi karena
adanya interferensi dua gelombang
yang frekuensinya berbeda sedikit.
A2<29
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
52A2D
>6?82=2>:
5:7B2<C:
2D2E
A6=6?DEB2?
(6B:CD:G2
A6=6?DEB2?
3E?H:
52A2D
5:2>2D:
<6D:<2
?52
>6?56?82B
56BE
3E?H:
>@3:=
>6=:?D2C:
526B29
A6B3E<:D2?
H2?8
36B<6=@<
CE2B2
A6B42<2A2?
D6>2?D6>2?
?52
5:
BE2?82?
H2?8
36B3652
2D2E
<242
A6>32D2C
=@<6D
A6>32H2B2?
5:
C63E29
32?<
H2?8
C6?82;2
5:3E2D
56?82?
3636B2A2
=E32?8
<64:=
282B
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
D:52<
>6>2?DE=
G2=2EAE?
2B29
B2>32D
3E?H:
D:52<
36BEA2
82B:C
=EBEC
+:82
A6B:CD:G2
D6BC63ED
>6BEA2<2?
4@?D@9
A6?6B2A2?
5:7B2<C:
3E?H:
"25:
2A2<29
H2?8
5:>2<CE5
56?82?
5:7B2<C:
:DE
:7B2<C:
252=29
A6B:CD:G2
A6=6?DEB2?
86=@>32?8
<6D:<2
>6=6G2D:
46=29
H2?8
E<EB2?
46=29?H2
C6@B56
56?82?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8?H2

56 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 $2=E
>6?82A2
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
>E529
>6?82=2>:
5:7B2<C: Kata Kunci
6=@>32?8
3E?H:
5:
E52B2
>6>:=:<:
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
C6<:D2B
3636B2A2
C6?D:>6D6B
C2>A2:
3636B2A2
>6D6B
2?5:?8<2?
56?82?
4292H2
H2?8 • dispersi
• refraksi
>6>:=:<:
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
36B<:C2B


>>
!DE=29
C6323?H2
86=@>32?8 • refleksi
3E?H:
=63:9
>E529
E?DE<
D6B5:7B2<C: • difraksi
• interferensi
• polarisasi
4. Interferensi Gelombang Bunyi • superposisi
#6D:<2
?52
36B5:B:
5:
56A2?
5E2
#!
A6?86B2C
CE2B2
C63282:
CE>36B
3E?H:
<6>E5:2?
36B;2=2?
=EBEC
C6;2;2B
56?82?
82B:C
A6?89E3E?8
<65E2
#!
D6BC63ED
+2<
=2>2
C6D6=29
:DE
?52
2<2?
>6?56?82B
3E?H:
=6>29
52?
C6C22D
<6>E5:2?
D6B56?82B
3E?H:
<E2D
E?H:
<E2D
D6B;25:
<6D:<2
CEA6BA@C:C:
52B:
5E2
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
>6?892C:=<2?
:?D6B76B6?C:
56CDBE<D:7
!?D6B76B6?C:
D6BC63ED
D6B;25:
;:<2
3652
=:?D2C2??H2
>6BEA2<2?
<6=:A2D2?
3:=2?82?
3E=2D
52B:
C6D6?829
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
C642B2
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

!


    


56?82?
















52?



36BDEBEDDEBED
E?DE<
3E?H:
<E2D
A6BD2>2
3E?H:
<E2D
<65E2
52?
3E?H:
<E2D
<6D:82

5. Pelayangan Bunyi
!?D6B76B6?C:
H2?8
5:D:>3E=<2?
52B:
5E2
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
52A2D
>6?H6323<2?
A6B:CD:G2
A6=2H2?82?
3E?H:
H2:DE
A6?8E2D2?
52?
A6=6>292?
3E?H:
2=
D6BC63ED
D6B;25:
2<:32D
CEA6BA@C:C:
5E2
86=@>32?8
H2?8
>6>:=:<:
7B6<E6?C:
H2?8
C65:<:D
36B3652
52?
>6B2>32D
52=2>
2B29
H2?8
C2>2
"25:
C2DE
A6=2H2?82?
5:567:?:C:<2?
C63282:
5E2
3E?H:
<6B2C
2D2E
5E2
3E?H:
=6>29
H2?8
D6B;25:
C642B2
36BEBED2?
=2H2?82?

<E2D
N
=6>29
N
<E2D
2D2E
=6>29
N
<E2D
N
=6>29
":<2
<65E2
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
D6BC63ED
>6B2>32D
36BC2>22?
2<2?
>6?892C:=<2?
3E?H:
A2=:?8
<E2D
C22D
72C6
<65E2?H2
C2>2
":<2
<65E2
86D2B2?
36B=2G2?2?
72C6
2<2?
5:92C:=<2?
3E?H:
A2=:?8
=6>29
%:C2=<2?
5E2
CE>36B
3E?H:
>6>:=:<:
7B6<E6?C:

52?
 
C65:<:D
36B3652
C:>A2?82?
C6D:2A
86=@>32?8
A252
A@C:C:
D6BD6?DE
252=29 Ingatlah
&


C:?  "
52?
&


C:?  "
6?82?
56>:<:2?
CEA6BA@C:C:
C:>A2?82?
<65E2
86=@>32?8
D6BC63ED
252=29 sin A + sin B = 2 cos 21 (A–B) sin 21
&  &  &   C:?   "   C:?   " (A+B)
&

  C:?   "  C:?  " 
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
2DEB2?
C:?EC
2<2?
5:A6B@=69
 
&   4@C  "   "C:?  "   "
 
       


  4@C "  
C:?  "    
     
":<2
    
52?
    
>2<2
     f         
 
52?
     
   
     
(6BC2>22?
CEA6BA@C:C:
52A2D
5:DE=:C<2?
>6?;25:
  
&


4@C
  "
  
C:?
  "
A
C:?
  "  N
 

Gelombang Bunyi 57
   
    4@C  
"  N
Pembahasan Soal   
Dua buah dawai baja yang identik 6B52C2B<2?
'34#/##0
9
:?D6?C:D2C
3E?H:
2<2?
>2<C:>2=
;:<2
memberikan nada dasar dengan

frekuensi 400 Hz. Bila tegangan
&

 
'=69
<2B6?2
:DE
=2H2?82?
3E?H:
D6B;25:
;:<2
 4@C  "
dalam salah satu dawai ditambah 
2%, frekuensi pelayangan yang
terjadi adalah .... 36B?:=2:

52?
N
C69:?882
7B6<E6?C:
=2H2?82??H2
252=29
a. 0 Hz d. 6 Hz
b. 2 Hz e. 8 Hz f p  ( f1  f 2 )  N
c. 4 Hz
Tes ITB 1975 #6D6B2?82?
Pembahasan:  
7B6<E6?C:
A6=2H2?82?
 I
Diketahui:  
7B6<E6?C:
86=@>32?8
&
 I
f0 = 400 Hz
Tegangan ditambah 2%
 
7B6<E6?C:
86=@>32?8
&
 I
p’ = F + 2% F = 1,02 F
maka Contoh 3.4
f0
 F’ 
1,02F
 1,01 E2
ED2C
C6?2B
H2?8
:56?D:<
>6>36B:<2?
?252
52C2B
56?82?
7B6<E6?C:


I
":<2
f F F
sehingga frekuensi layangannya
D682?82?
C2=29
C2DE
C6?2B
5:D2>329

36B2A2
A6=2H2?82?
H2?8
D6B;25:
adalah #7#$
fp = (f2 – f1) :<6D29E:






I















= (1,01 f0 – f0)
= 0,01 f0

52A2D
5:9:DE?8
56?82?
A6BC2>22?
 
 
= 0,01 · 400 Hz

= 4 Hz 

Jawaban: c
  



 

  
  
   


Hz  

I
B6<E6?C:
A6=2H2?82?
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
'34#/##0
9
252=29



N




N


I

N
I
"25:
7B6<E6?C:
A6=2H2?82??H2
252=29
N
I

Tes Kompetensi Subbab D

'3,#-#0.#*
&#.#/
$6-6
.#5+*#0
 "6=2C<2?
A6?86BD:2?
5:7B2<C:
86=@>32?8
3E?H:  E2
3E29
C6?2B
H2?8
:56?D:<
>6>36B:<2?
?252
52C2B
 ":<2
252
D:82
CE>36B
3E?H:
H2?8
:56?D:<
5:=6D2<<2? 56?82?
7B6<E6?C:

I
":<2
D682?82?
C2=29
C2DE

>2C:?8>2C:?8
36B;2B2<

>
56?82?
H2?8
=2:??H2 52G2:
5:D2>329

36B2A2
7B6<E6?C:
A6=2H2?82?
H2?8
<2A2?<29
D6B;25:
:?D6B76B6?C:
>2<C:>E>
52B:
<6D:82 D6B;25:
CE>36B
3E?H:
D6BC63ED

E. Dawai dan Pipa Organa sebagai Sumber Bunyi

1. Frekuensi Gelombang pada Dawai
?52
D6=29
>6>A6=2;2B:
329G2
36?5236?52
H2?8
36B86D2B
>6BEA2<2?
CE>36B
3E?H:
D6D2A:
D:52<
C6>E2
3E?H:
52A2D
5:56?82B
@=69
D6=:?82
>2?EC:2
2=
D6BC63ED
5:C6323<2?
D6=:?82
>2?EC:2
?@B>2=
>6>:=:<:
7B6<E6?C:
2>32?8
>:?:>2=
H2:DE
7B6<E6?C:
D6B6?529
52B:
CE>36B
3E?H:
H2?8
>2C:9
52A2D
5:D6B:>2
@=69
D6=:?82

58 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 *2=29
C2DE
CE>36B
3E?H:
252=29
52G2:
8:D2B
&252
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
52G2:
8:D2B
52A2D
5:E329E329
56?82?
42B2
>6?6<2?
C6?2B
A252
D:D:<
D:D:<
D6BD6?DE
(@=2
86=@>32?8
H2?8
52A2D
D6B;25:
A252
52G2:
8:D2B
5:DE?;E<<2?
A252
#/$#3

56?82?


36BE329E329
*2DE
52G2:
52A2D
>6>36?DE<
36B3282:
7B6<E6?C:
2D2E
A@=2
86D2B2?
C6A6BD:
D2>A2<
A252
#/$#3


1 3

 0
 1
 2
 2 2
2 2
2 3 4 5
(@=2
86D2B2?
52G2:
A252
#/$#3
#
>6?892C:=<2?
?252
52C2B Gambar 3.9
(a) Nada dasar f0;
 $ $


56?82?

 

2D2E

 

>2<2

   (b) Nada atas pertama f1;
 

(c) Nada atas kedua f2;
(d) Nada atas ketiga f3.
(@=2
86D2B2?
52G2:
A252
#/$#3
$
>6?892C:=<2?
?252
2D2C
$ $
A6BD2>2

56?82?

 
2D2E
 

>2<2
     



(@=2
86D2B2?
52G2:
A252
#/$#3
%
>6?892C:=<2?
?252
2D2C
<65E2


56?82?

 
2D2E
 

>2<2
 
$

$

$
 

Informasi
   

untuk Anda

(@=2
86D2B2?
52G2:
A252
#/$#3
&
>6?892C:=<2?
?252
2D2C
<6D:82
 $ $ $
 
56?82?

 
2D2E
 

>2<2
      

  



(6B32?5:?82?
7B6<E6?C:
?252?252
A252
52G2:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
36BEA2
A@=2
86=@>32?8
C6A6BD:
A252
#/$#3

252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED















  N
'=69
<2B6?2
46A2D
B2>32D
86=@>32?8
A252
52G2:
C6CE2:
56?82?
92C:=
Echolocation adalah bentuk sensor

yang digunakan oleh binatang
2'3%1$##0
'.&'
H2:DE
$

>2<2
5:A6B@=69 seperti kelelawar, paus, dan lumba-
 lumba. Binatang tersebut
2 7B6<E6?C:
?252
52C2B memancarkan gelombang suara
(gelombang longitudinal), kemudian
   
dipantulkan oleh objek. Gelombang
   pantul kemudian dideteksi oleh


 
 binatang tersebut. Gelombang
3 7B6<E6?C:
?252
2D2C
A6BD2>2 echolocation yang dipancarkan oleh
kelelawar memiliki frekuensi sekitar
   
175.000 Hz.
  



Information for You
4 7B6<E6?C:
?252
2D2C
<65E2
Echolocation is a form of sensory
 
perception used by animals such as
   bats, toothed whales, and porpoises.
 
 
 The animal emits a pulse of sound (a
5 7B6<E6?C:
?252
2D2C
<6 longitudinal wave) which is reflected
from objects. The reflected pulse is
    detected by the animal. Echolocation
          N wave emitted by bats have


 
  frequencies of about 175.000 Hz.

Gelombang Bunyi 59
 (6BC2>22?
7B6<E6?C:
?252?252
D6BC63ED
<2=:
A6BD2>2
5:E?8<2A<2?
@=69
'34'00'
C69:?882
'34#/##0
9
D6BC63ED
5:<6?2=
56?82?
6-6/
'34'00'

Contoh 3.5
*6ED2C
52G2:
H2?8
<65E2
E;E?8?H2
D6B:<2D
>6>:=:<:
A2?;2?8

>
>2CC2
;6?:C?H2
  



8 4>
>6?892C:=<2?
7B6<E6?C:
?252
52C2B





I
2 :DE?8=29
82H2
D682?82?
52G2:
3 6B2A2<29
36C2B
7B6<E6?C:
52?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
A252
?252
2D2C
A6BD2>2
4 +6?DE<2?=29
7B6<E6?C:
52?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
A252
52G2:
E?DE<
?252
2D2C
<65E2
#7#$
:<6D29E:




>

 


<8 4> 







I
2 6?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
'34#/##0
9
E?DE<
?252
52C2B
5:A6B@=69

  


2D2E


   
 







Q

N
<8 4> 

I





&
"25:
36C2B
82H2
D682?82?
52G2:
252=29


&
3 B6<E6?C:
?252
2D2C
A6BD2>2

252=29







2D2E








I



I
(2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
A252
?252
2D2C
A6BD2>2
252=29






>
4 B6<E6?C:
A252
?252
2D2C
<65E2



252=29







2D2E








I



I
(2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
A252
?252
2D2C
<65E2
252=29

 


2D2E


  
       
>



2. Pipa Organa dan Pola Gelombangnya

+6=29
?52
<6D29E:
329G2
36?52
H2?8
36B86D2B
52A2D
>6?892C:=<2?
3E?H:
+:52<
92?H2
36?52
A252D
C6A6BD:
52G2:
D2=:
>2EAE?
A6=2D
=@82>
H2?8
52A2D
36B86D2B
86D2B2?
AE?
52A2D
D6B;25:
A252
82C
>:C2=?H2
E52B2
6D2B2?
<@=@>
E52B2
A252
C6BE=:?8
2<2?
>6?892C:=<2?
3E?H:
+:?88:
?252
H2?8
5:A6B@=69
52B:
C63E29
C6BE=:?8
52A2D
5:2DEB
7B6<E6?C:?H2
:
2?D2B2
A6B2?8<2D
>EC:<
C656B92?2
H2?8
52A2D
>6?892C:=<2?
86D2B2?
Gambar 3.10 <@=@>
E52B2
C6=2:?
C6BE=:?8
252=29
A:A2
@B82?2
+6B52A2D
5E2
>242>
Seruling merupakan pipa A:A2
@B82?2
H2:DE
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
52?
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
organa terbuka.
a. Pipa Organa Terbuka
(:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
252=29
2=2D
D:EA
36BEA2
D23E?8
H2?8
<65E2
E;E?8
A6?2>A2?8?H2
D6B3E<2
#65E2
E;E?8
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
>6?;25:
A6BED
86=@>32?8
A252
<@=@>
E52B2
(@=2
86=@>32?8
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
C6A6BD:
D2>A2<
A252
#/$#3
 
B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
@=69
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

 &252
52C2B


 

2D2E 
 


$ $
B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?

  




60 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 &252
2D2C
A6BD2>2

  2D2E
 
 nada dasar atau
harmonik pertama
$ $
B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
   




 &252
2D2C
<65E2

 
2D2E
  

1

 0
$ $ 2
B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
   
  

nada atas pertama atau
  harmonik kedua
 &252
2D2C
<6

?
        
  
B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?

$
           N



 1

(6B32?5:?82?
7B6<E6?C:
86=@>32?8
H2?8
5:>:=:<:
<@=@>
E52B2
A252 nada atas ketiga atau
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
C2>2
56?82?
A6B32?5:?82?
7B6<E6?C:
86=@>32?8 harmonik ketiga
A252
52G2:
(6B32?5:?82?
7B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
@=69
C6D:2A
A@=2
86=@>32?8
E?DE<
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
252=29

$ $ $




 



 



 N


  


3

 
2
'34#/##0
9 
H2?8
>6BEA2<2?
A6B32?5:?82?
7B6<E6?C:
5:<6?2= Gambar 3.11
C63282:
6-6/

'3016..+
52?
>6BEA2<2?
A6B32?5:?82?
3:=2?82? Pola gelombang resonansi
suatu pipa organa terbuka.
3:=2?82?
3E=2D

Contoh 3.6
*63E29
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
A2?;2?8?H2


4>
+6?DE<2? 1

   40cm
?252
52C2B
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
A:A2
D6BC63ED
;:<2
46A2D
B2>32D 2
3E?H:
5:
E52B2



> C
#7#$
:<6D29E:
A2?;2?8
A:A2

 


4>



>
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
$



> C
6?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
'34#/##0
9
7B6<E6?C:
?252
52C2B
5:A6B@=69


 
2D2E
  


>2<2
   
  >  
 >

$ 
> C
*H2B2D
D6B;25:?H2
?252
52C2B
H2:DE      I


  >

Contoh 3.7
*63E29
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
H2?8
A2?;2?8?H2

>
52?
7B6<E6?C:
92B>@?:<?H2
36BDEBEDDEBED


I
52?


I
+6?DE<2?
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
A252
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BC63ED

Gelombang Bunyi 61
 #7#$
%:C2=<2?
?



I
52?
?





I
6?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
'34#/##0
9
5:A6B@=69
$

?


N
?

J

N

K


$

  
 I
        


$

I 
   
$


> C

b. Pipa Organa Tertutup

harmonik pertama (:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
252=29
2=2D
D:EA
36BEA2
D23E?8
H2?8
C2=29
C2DE
E;E?8
A6?2>A2?8?H2
D6BDEDEA
*2=29
C2DE
E;E?8
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
>6?;25:
C:>AE=
86=@>32?8
A252
<@=@>
E52B2
52?
E;E?8
=2:??H2
H2?8
D6B3E<2
>6?;25:
A6BED
86=@>32?8
(@=2
86=@>32?8
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
D2>A2<
C6A6BD:
#/$#3


B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
@=69
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
1 252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

 0
4

harmonik kedua  &252
52C2B



 

2D2E

 


$ $
7B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?

  




 &252
2D2C
A6BD2>2


 
2D2E
 

3

 1 
4
$  $ 
7B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
  
  
harmonik ketiga
  

 
 &252
2D2C
<65E2


 
2D2E
 

  
$  $ 
5

 2 7B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
   
  
4   

Gambar 3.12
 

Pola gelombang resonansi pada  &252
2D2C
<6N
?

    
2D2E
  
suatu pipa organa tertutup.    
B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
$
          N



(6B32?5:?82?
7B6<E6?C:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
@=69
C6D:2A
A@=2
86=@>32?8
E?DE<
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
252=29

$  $   $ 




 


 


   


  N

  
 
  

'34#/##0
9

H2?8
>6BEA2<2?
A6B32?5:?82?
7B6<E6?C:
5:<6?2=
C63282:
6-6/

'3016..+
52?
>6BEA2<2?
A6B32?5:?82?
3:=2?82?
3:=2?82?
82?;:=

62 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 3.8
*63E29
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
>6>:=:<:
A2?;2?8

4>
A23:=2
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H: Pembahasan Soal
C22D
:DE


> C
D6?DE<2?
7B6<E6?C:
?252
52C2B


?252
2D2C
A6BD2>2

52?
?252
2D2C
<65E2

 Pipa organa terbuka A dan pipa
organa tertutup sebelah B memiliki
#7#$ panjang yang sama. Perbandingan
:<6D29E:




4>



>

$



> C frekuensi nada atas pertama antara
$ pipa organa A dengan pipa organa B
6B52C2B<2?
'34#/##0
9      
    
5:A6B@=69
 
adalah ....
$ 

> C a. 1 : 1 d. 3 : 2
M ?252
52C2B





   

I b. 2 : 1 e. 4 : 3


 
> c. 2 : 3
M ?252
2D2C
A6BD2>2


 UMPTN 1995
0

1



  





I Pembahasan:
Pipa organa terbuka:
M ?252
2D2C
<65E2



0

1



 




I

A  1  ,  , 3  , ....
2 2
Pada nada atas pertama:

A    fA  v  v
x
A
Contoh 3.9 Pipa organa tertutup:
*63E29
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2

56?82?
A2?;2?8


4>
D6B;25:

3E29
C:>AE=
&252
B  1  , 3  , 5  , ....
4 4 4
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BC63ED
36B6C@?2?C:
56?82?
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA

52?
>6>36?DE<
 Pada nada atas pertama:
3E29
C:>AE=
6B2A2
A2?;2?8
A:A2
@B82?2
H2?8
D6BDEDEA
B  3     4
B
4 3
#7#$ fB  v  v  3 v
4
B
)6C@?2?C:
D6B;25:
;:<2

C2>2
56?82?

 
 4

3 B
  Untuk
A 
B , diperoleh
(2?;2?8
A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2




4>
D6B;25:

C:>AE=
52?

A6BED
   v
  fA

C69:?882  A 4
fB 3 v 3
4
B
 

 
2D2E
 

>2<2
  
4>  
4> Jawaban: e
 
 
(252
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
D6B;25:

C:>AE=
52?

A6BED
  
C69:?882
 
 $

 
2D2E
 

>2<2
 
   
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
CH2B2D
B6C@?2?C:
A2?;2?8
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA


52A2D
5:9:DE?8
$ $ 
    
 

4>


4>
       
 

3. Resonansi
(6B:CD:G2
:<ED
36B86D2B?H2
CE2DE
36?52
<2B6?2
252
36?52
=2:?
H2?8
36B86D2B
5:C63ED
!!
*H2B2D
D6B;25:?H2
B6C@?2?C:
252=29
7B6<E6?C:
86D2B
<65E2
36?52
92BEC
C2>2
2D2E
7B6<E6?C:
36?52
H2?8
:<ED
36B86D2B
C2>2
56?82?
<6=:A2D2?
3:=2?82?
3E=2D
52B:
7B6<E6?C:
36?52
H2?8
36B86D2B
(6B92D:<2?
5E2
4@?D@9
A6B:CD:G2
B6C@?2?C:
36B:<ED
:?:
a. Resonansi pada Garputala
":<2
C63E29
82BAED2=2
5:AE<E=
82BAED2=2
D6BC63ED
36B86D2B
C6A6BD:
A252
#/$#3
 
B6<E6?C:
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?
36B82?DE?8
A252
36?DE<
36C2B
52?
3292?
=@82>
82BAED2=2
D6BC63ED Gambar 3.13
Dua garputala yang memiliki
#6D:<2
5:56<2D<2?
A252
82BAED2=2
H2?8
=2:?
52?
>6>:=:<:
7B6<E6?C:
3E?H: frekuensi yang sama akan
C2>2
82BAED2=2
<65E2
2<2?
:<ED
36B86D2B
(6B:CD:G2
:<ED
36B86D2B?H2 beresonansi.
82BAED2=2
H2?8
<65E2
5:C63ED
B6C@?2?C:

Gelombang Bunyi 63
 b. Resonansi pada Kolom Udara
(6B92D:<2?
#/$#3
 
H2?8
>6>A6B=:92D<2?
A6B:CD:G2
B6C@?2?C:
A252
<@=@>
E52B2
":<2
<@=@>
E52B2
H2?8
D6B=6D2<
5:
2D2C
A6B>E<22?
2:B
5:86D2B<2?
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
C63E29
82BAED2=2
>@=6<E=>@=6<E=
E52B2
5:
52=2>
<@=@>
E52B2
2<2?
:<ED
36B86D2B
*H2B2D
D6B;25:?H2
B6C@?2?C:
A252
<@=@>
E52B2
252=29
 D6A2D
A252
A6B>E<22?
2:B
92BEC
D6B36?DE<
B2A2D2? C:>AE=
86=@>32?8
 A252
E;E?8
A6B>E<22?
<@=@>
E52B2
>6BEA2<2?
A6BED B6?882?82?
86=@>32?8
,?DE<
>6?52A2D<2?
B6C@?2?C:
A2?;2?8
<@=@>
E52B2
5:
2D2C
A6B>E<22?
Gambar 3.14
92BEC
5:E329E329
52AE?
7B6<E6?C:
52?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
3E?H:?H2
D6D2A
Sebuah kolom udara di atas )6C@?2?C:
A6BD2>2
2<2?
D6B;25:
;:<2
A2?;2?8
<@=@>
E52B2
5:
2D2C
A6B>E<22?
permukaan air digetarkan oleh  
sebuah garputala. 2:B
 
B6C@?2?C:
<65E2
 
B6C@?2?C:
<6D:82
 
52?
C6D6BEC?H2
  
*2>2
92=?H2
56?82?
86D2B2?
E52B2
A252
A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
9E3E?82?
A2?;2?8
<@=@>
E52B2


D6B9252A
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
  
A252
A6B:CD:G2
B6C@?2?C:
<@=2>
E52B2
52A2D
5:DE=:C
C63282:
36B:<ED


       N 

#6D6B2?82?
 







 
A2?;2?8
<@=@>
E52B2
<6N
 
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
":<2
7B6<E6?C:
82BAED2=2
5:<6D29E:
46A2D
B2>32D
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
82BAED2=2
52A2D
5:D6?DE<2?
>6=2=E:
A6BC2>22?
$

  
82B
?52
52A2D
>6?82A=:<2C:<2?
AB@C6C
A6?8E<EB2?
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:
E52B2
36B52C2B<2?
<@?C6A
B6C@?2?C:
3E?H:
A252
<@=@>
E52B2
=2<E<2?=29
2<D:F:D2C
36B:<ED

Aktivitas Fisika 3.3

Cepat Rambat Bunyi
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengukur cepat rambat bunyi di udara. gelas
air
Alat-Alat Percobaan mineral
garputala
1. Garputala
2. Lampu neon yang sudah tidak terpakai
3. Botol air mineral 100 m
4. Selang plastik berdiameter 1,5 cm dan panjang 2 m
5. Pipa paralon berdiameter 3 cm dan panjang 1 m
6. Penjepit
7. Penggaris neon
8. Gabus sebagai sumbat
paralon
selang
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan plastik
1. Rangkailah alat-alat tersebut seperti pada gambar.
2. Isilah lampu neon dengan air sampai ketinggian gabus
kolom udara 5 cm.
3. Getarkanlah garputala di atas lampu neon yang
terbuka.
4. Lakukan pemompaan terhadap air dari lampu neon
agar air keluar melalui selang dengan botol air mineral secara perlahan-
lahan.

64 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 5. Berhentilah memompa air pada saat terdengar bunyi mendengung. Ukur
panjang kolom saat itu dan catat sebagai l1 (resonansi pertama) pada tabel
pengamatan seperti berikut.
Data Pengamatan Resonansi Udara untuk Percobaan Cepat Rambat Udara

Resonansi ke–n Panjang Kolom Udara ( )

1. ....
2. ....
3. ....

6. Turunkan permukaan air dalam lampu neon sampai terdengar bunyi

mendengung lagi. Ukur panjang kolom saat itu dan catat sebagai l2
(resonansi kedua) pada tabel pengamatan.
7. Ulangi langkah tersebut sampai didapatkan l3, l4, dan seterusnya.

6B52C2B<2?
2<D:F:D2C
D6BC63ED
?52
2<2?
>6?52A2D<2?
52D2

A2?;2?8
<@=@>
E52B2
#6>E5:2?
3282:>2?2<29
42B2
>6?89:DE?8
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:
E52B2
(6B92D:<2?
<6>32=:
'34#/##0
9 


? 



 

 Ingatlah



 
Nilai frekuensi setiap garputala

 
  sudah diketahui. Analoginya
seperti nilai fokus dari lensa.
":<2
?52
>6?89:DE?8
C6=:C:9

1 52?

0 
2<2?
5:52A2D<2?


N





N
 

 
  
 



N



'=69
<2B6?2
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
CE529
5:<6D29E:
?52
52A2D
>6?89:DE?8
46A2D
B2>32D?H2
36B52C2B<2?
A6BC2>22?
$

   N
#6D6B2?82?
$ 
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
> C
 
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
82BAED2=2
>
 
7B6<E6?C:
82BAED2=2
 I

Contoh 3.10
(252
82>32B
D2>A2<
C63E29
<@=@>
E52B2
H2?8
A2?;2?8?H2


E?DE<
>6?892C:=<2?
B6C@?2?C:
<@=@>
E52B2
C642B2
F6BD:<2=
":<2
<@=@>
E52B2

D6BA6?56<
>6?892C:=<2?
B6C@?2?C:
C22D


 
4> 
D6?DE<2?
7B6<E6?C:
82BAED2=2


+6?DE<2?
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2D2E
  

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Gelombang Bunyi 65
 Kata Kunci $ 

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• resonansi
"25:
7B6<E6?C:
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F. Energi Gelombang Bunyi

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D6D2A:
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2=2>
A6B2>32D2??H2
86=@>32?8
>6>:?529<2?
6?6B8:
52B:
C2DE
D6>A2D
<6
D6>A2D
=2:?
?6B8:
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
H2?8
5:D:>3E=<2?
52B:
CE2B2
A6C2G2D
;6D
!# !
52A2D
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<242
;6?56=2
CE2DE
32?8E?2?
2=
D6BC63ED
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
6?6B8:
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
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A6B2>32D2?
?6B8:
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
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52B:
6?6B8:
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<2B6?2
 

 

66 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

2D2E


  



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5:A6B@=69



  



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CE2DE
86=@>32?8
C632?5:?8
56?82?
<E25B2D
2>A=:DE5@?H2

1. Intensitas Gelombang Bunyi

!?D6?C:D2C
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
5:567:?:C:<2?
C63282:
;E>=29
6?6B8:
3E?H:
A6B
C2DE2?
G2<DE
H2?8
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3:52?8
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  =E2C
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  52H2
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
- Gambar 3.15
Sumber bunyi berupa titik.
*E>36B
3E?H:
36BEA2
C63E29
D:D:<
C6A6BD:
A252
#/$#3

2<2? Semakin jauh dari sumber bunyi,
>6>2?42B<2?
3E?H:
<6
C682=2
2B29
BD:?H2
86=@>32?8
3E?H:
>6B2>32D luas permukaan semakin besar.
52=2>
D:82
5:>6?C:
2=
H2?8
C2>2
D6B;25:
AE=2
A252
86=@>32?8
4292H2
!?D6?C:D2C
3E?H:
A252
3:52?8
A6B>E<22?
52=2>
3@=2
H2?8
>6>:=:<:
;2B:
;2B:

2<2?
>6>:=:<:
=E2C


  
2?882A
D:52<
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6?6B8:
3E?H:
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2D2E
D6BC6B2A
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A6B2>32D2?
!?D6?C:D2C
3E?H:
2<2?
C6>2<:?
<64:=
;:<2
;2B2<
CE>36B
3E?H:
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CE2DE
3:52?8
A6B>E<22?
C6>2<:?
;2E9
(6?8EB2?82?
:?D6?C:D2C
3E?H:
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A6BD2>3292?
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52B:
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9E3E?82?
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    1 bel (B) = 10 desibel (dB)


  
 
  
     


 
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3E?H:
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Tugas Anda 3.4

6B52C2B<2?
'34#/##0
9 
52A2D
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dB terhadap intensitas bunyi 60 dB?
3E?H:
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56?82?
<E25B2D
;2B2<
CE>36B
3E?H:
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3:52?8
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2. Taraf Intensitas (TI)

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>2<9=E<
5:
2=2>
C6>6CD2
:?:
>6>:=:<:
32D2C
:?D6?C:D2C
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2D2C
:?D6?C:D2C
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252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

Gelombang Bunyi 67
 2 !?D6?C:D2C
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>2C:9
52A2D
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B2?8C2?82?
A6?56?82B2?
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252=29
C636C2B

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D2?A2
B2C2
C2<:D
252=29
C636C2B

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52D2
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3E?H:
Pembahasan Soal
#$'.


sumber gempa Malang !?D6?C:D2C
52?
+2B27
!?D6?C:D2C
52B:
636B2A2
*E>36B
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300 km 6/$'3
608+ #3#(
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& 05'04+5#4
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Surabaya
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A6=2?



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Suatu gelombang gempa terasa di
Malang dengan intensitas 6 × 105 W/m2. :C:<3:C:<



Q

N

Sumber gempa berasal dari suatu Sumber: College Physics, 1980

tempat yang berjarak 300 km dari
Malang. Jika jarak antara Malang dan
Contoh 3.11
Surabaya sebesar 100 km dan ketiga
tempat itu membentuk segitiga
+2B27
:?D6?C:D2C
3E?H:
C63E29
A6C2G2D
A252
;2B2<


>
252=29


5
6B2A2
D2B27
siku-siku dengan sudut siku-siku di
Malang, maka intensitas gempa yang :?D6?C:D2C
3E?H:
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>
terasa di Surabaya adalah .... #7#$
a. 2 × 105 W/m2 :<6D29E:





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b. 3 × 105 W/m2
!?D6?C:D2C
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56?82?
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;2B2<
c. 4,5 × 105 W/m2  

d. 5,4 × 105 W/m2     
 
         
e. 7,5 × 105 W/m2      

UMPTN 1996
  


Pembahasan:
I2  r1 
2 2 56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
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9 
E?DE<

52?

5:A6B@=69
r 
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I1  r2   r2  
  
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 300 
2 

I2  6  10 5  
5 
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5
= 5,4 × 10 W/m 2


Jawaban: d
  
    
=@8   =@8  
 


68 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII


  Kata Kunci
 

• energi gelombang bunyi
    
=@8 
   • intensitas gelombang
  • taraf intensitas
 
• batas ambang pendengaran

 
    
=@8
   
=@8  


5



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52B:
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D2B27
:?D6?C:D2C
D@D2=?H2
52A2D
5:<6D29E:
56?82?
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A6BC2>22?
36B:<ED
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D2B27
:?D6?C:D2C
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3E29
CE>36B

Contoh 3.12
*63E29
CE>36B
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D2B27
:?D6?C:D2C
C636C2B


5
6B2A2
D2B27
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H2?8
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;:<2
D6B52A2D


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5 $5#0#4
 
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N
G2DD >

Gelombang Bunyi 69
 Rangkuman
 6=@>32?8
3E?H:
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86=@>32?8
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H2?8 A6BC2>22?
52A2D
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A252D
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu dapat Pada bab ini pula, Anda telah mempelajari manfaat
mengetahui sifat-sifat dasar gelombang bunyi dan dari gelombang bunyi, seperti untuk mengukur
klasifikasi gelombang bunyi serta dapat menjelaskan kedalaman laut. Coba Anda sebutkan manfaat lain yang
peristiwa resonansi pada pipa organa. Dari materi bab Anda rasakan setelah mempelajari bab ini.
ini, bagian manakah yang Anda anggap sulit? Coba
diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.

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A:A2
@B82?2
252=29
6A2D
B2>32D
86=@>32?8
H2?8
5:92C:=<2?


> C 

> C
":<2
7B6<E6?C:
?252
52C2B
A:A2
@B82?2
252=29
%@5E=EC
.@E?8
<2G2D


Q


& >
:DE?8=29 

I
36B2A2
A2?;2?8
>:?:>E>
A:A2
@B82?2
E?DE<
2 7B6<E6?C:
86D2B?H2 <2CEC
3 >2CC2
;6?:C
<2G2D 2 A:A2
@B82?2
D6B3E<2
 %@3:=

>6?56<2D:
A6?82>2D

5:2>
56?82? 3 A:A2
@B82?2
D6BDEDEA
<646A2D2?


> C
C2>3:=
>6>3E?H:<2?
C:B6?6  E2
ED2C
52G2:
32;2
C6;6?:C
>6>36B:<2?
?252
52C2B
36B7B6<E6?C:


I
(252
C22D
:DE
;E82
>@3:=


I
":<2
A2?;2?8
C2=29
C2DE
52G2:
5:D2>329

>6?56<2D:

52B:
2B29
H2?8
36B=2G2?2?
56?82?
 36B2A2<29
7B6<E6?C:
=2H2?82?
H2?8
D6B;25:
A252
<646A2D2?


> C
C2>3:=
>6>3E?H:<2?
C:B:?6  E2
ED2C
52G2:
32;2
H2?8
:56?D:<
>6>36B:<2?
?252
36B7B6<E6?C:

I
":<2
46A2D
B2>32D
3E?H:
5:
E52B2 52C2B
56?82?
7B6<E6?C:



I
":<2
D682?82?
52=2>
C22D
:DE

> C
36B2A2<29
7B6<E6?C:
=2H2?82?
H2?8 C2=29
C2DE
52G2:
5:D2>329

36B2A2
7B6<E6?C:

5:56?82B
@=69
 =2H2?82?
52G2:
H2?8
>E?8<:?
 *6ED2C
<2G2D
32;2
H2?8
>2CC2?H2

8
52?
A2?;2?8

>  *66<@B
D2G@?
H2?8
>6?56?8E?8
A252
;2B2<

>
5:36B:
D682?82?

&
+6?DE<2? >6>:=:<:
D2B27
:?D6?C:D2C


5
":<2
252


D2G@?
2 46A2D
B2>32D
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
DB2?CF6BC2= >6?56?8E?8
A252
;2B2<
%
D2B27
:?D6?C:D2C?H2


5
C6A2?;2?8
<2G2D D6?DE<2?
;2B2<
%
3 A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
52?
7B6<E6?C:
?252
52C2B?H2

 (252
C63E29
D23E?8
B6C@?2?C:
D6B52A2D
<@=@>
E52B2
4 7B6<E6?C:
?252
2D2C
<6C2DE
52?
<65E2
A252
"
*6=:C:9
A2?;2?8
<@=@>
B6C@?2?C:



4>
#646A2D2?
3E?H:
A252
CE9E

L
252=29

> C
:DE?8
"
;:<2
7B6<E6?C:
B6C@?2?C:



I

74 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

4
Sumber: Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics, 2000
Berbagai jenis kapasitor yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan muatan listrik.

Medan Listrik, Potensial

Listrik, dan Kapasitor
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menerapkan konsep kelistrikan dan kemagnetan dalam berbagai penyelesaian

masalah dan produk teknologi.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

memformulasikan gaya listrik, kuat medan listrik, fluks, potensial listrik, energi
potensial listrik, serta penerapannya pada keping sejajar.

:
-(+
?52
D6?DE
D6=29
>6>A6=2;2B:
>6?86?2:
=:CDB:<

':CDB:<
CE529 A. Muatan Listrik
252
C6;2<
;282D
B2I2
:?:
=29:B

'652<2?
A6D:B
>6BEA2<2?
4@?D@9
<636B2522?
=:CDB:<
<2B6?2
A6D:B
252=29
92C:=
A6=6A2C2?
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
5:
2G2?
B. Medan Listrik
2?I2<
C6<2=:
2A=:<2C:
=:CDB:<
52=2>
<69:5EA2?
C692B: 92B:

.6=6F:C: C. Energi Potensial
B25:@
<@>AED6B
52?
2=2D 2=2D
6=6<DB@?:<
=2:?
>6?88E?2<2?
=:CDB:<
C63282:
Listrik dan
CE>36B
6?6B8:?I2

-6D6=29
5:D6>E<2??I2
=:CDB:<
32?I2<
5:D6>E<2?
D6<?@=@8: D6<?@=@8:
32BE

-63282:
4@?D@9
=:92D=29
328:2?
52=2>
C63E29 Potensial Listrik
B25:@

:
52=2>?I2
?52
52A2D
>6=:92D
36B>242> >242>
<@>A@?6? D. Kapasitor
=:CDB:<

2A2D<29
?52
>6?I63ED<2?
?2>2 ?2>2
<@>A@?6?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
B25:@
:
2?D2B2
C6<:2?
32?I2<
<@>A@?6?
I2?8
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
B25:@
?52
A2CD:
>6?6>E<2?
<2A2C:D@B

A2<29
<2A2C:D@B
:DE
A2
<68E?22?
<2A2C:D@B
282:>2?2
42B2
<6B;2
C63E29
<2A2C:D@B
?52
A2CD:
:?8:?
>6?86D29E:
;2G232?
52B:
A6BD2?I22? A6BD2?I22?
D6BC63ED

/?DE<
:DE
D6>E<2?
;2G232??I2
56?82?
>6>A6=2;2B:
323
:?:

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 75

 Tes Kompetensi Awal
"*'*192
2*25*1&/&6.
0437*5
*)&3
.786.0
!48*37.&1
.786.0
)&3
&5&7.846
0*6/&0&31&-
74&174&1
'*6.098
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

A2<29
C6D:2A
36?52
>6>:=:<:
>E2D2?
=:CDB:< 
A2
I2?8
?52
<6D29E:
D6?D2?8
<2A2C:D@B
A2

A2
C2;2<29
A6?IECE?
52B:
C63E29
2D@>
%6=2C<2? C2;2<29
7E?8C:?I2
282:>2?2
AB:?C:A
52C2B
<6B;2?I2
A6?IECE? A6?IECE??I2
D6BC63ED

A2
I2?8
5:>2<CE5
56?82?
>652?
=:CDB:<

A. Muatan Listrik
+B@C6C
5EA=:<2C:
?2C<29
@=69
>6C:?
7@D@<@A:
>6BEA2<2?
C2=29
C2DE
4@?D@9
2A=:<2C:
<@?C6A
=:CDB:<
CD2D:C
52=2>
<69:5EA2?
C692B: 92B:

+6>36?DE<2?
C2=:?2?
92C:=
7@D@<@A:
<2B6?2
A6?6>A6=2?
C6B3E<
2D2E
D@?6B
I2?8
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
A252
A6B>E<22?
<6BD2C

@?D@9
=2:?
86;2=2
=:CDB:<
CD2D:C
I2?8
=63:9
C656B92?2
252=29
>6?6>A6=?I2
B2>3ED
2D2E
A@D@?82?
<6BD2C
A252
A6?882B:C
A=2CD:<
I2?8
D6=29
5:8@C@<
<2:?
G@=

&65E2
86;2=2
!:C:<2
D6BC63ED
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
5E2
3E29
36?52
52A2D
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998 C2=:?8
>6?2B:<

282:>2?2
A2B2
29=:
7:C:<2
>6?;6=2C<2?
86;2=2
D6BC63ED
Gambar 4.1 +6B92D:<2?
<65E2
A6B:CD:G2
A252
&2'&6

52?
&2'&6


Mesin fotokopi &6D:<2
C63E29
32D2?8
<2B6D
5:8@C@<
56?82?
<2:?
G@=
<6>E5:2?
5:56<2D<2?

A252
32D2?8
<242
I2?8
5:8@C@<
<2:?
CEDB2
D6B?I2D2
<65E2
32D2?8
D6BC63ED
D2B:< >6?2B:<

-632=:<?I2
C63E29
32D2?8
<2B6D
I2?8
5:8@C@<
56?82?
<2:?
G@=
52?
5:56<2D<2?
56?82?
32D2?8
<2B6D
I2?8
=2:?
D6B?I2D2
<65E2
32D2?8
<2B6D
D@=2< >6?@=2<

/?DE<
>6?;6=2C<2?
86;2=2
D6BC63ED
52A2D
5:2?882A
329G2
A6?88@C@<2?
<2:?
G@=
52?
<2:?
CEDB2
A252
32D2?8
>6>36B:<2?
batang karet batang kaca >E2D2?
=:CDB:<
A252
32D2?8
D6BC63ED

Gambar 4.2
Setelah batang karet digosok kain

*3/&2.3
6&301.3
wol dan batang kaca digosok kain
6B52C2B<2?
86;2=2
7:C:<2
D6C63ED
;6=2C
329G2
>E2D2?
A252
<242
52?
>E2D2?
A252
32D2?8
<2B6D
36B3652
;6?:C?I2

O

>6?I63ED<2?
329G2
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
A252
32D2?8
<242
C63282:
sutra kedua batang tersebut tarik-
menarik.
>E2D2?
A@C:D:7

52AE?
>E2D2?
A252
32D2?8
<2B6D
5:C63ED
>E2D2?
?682D:7

6?52
D6BCECE?
2D2C
B:3E2?
329<2?
;ED22?
2D@>

D@>
D6BCECE?
2D2C
AB@D@?
?6EDB@?
52?
6=6<DB@?

+B@D@?
52?
?6EDB@?
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
:?D:
2D@>
C652?8<2?
6=6<DB@?
D6B52A2D
5:
<E=:D
2D@>

%E>=29
AB@D@?
52?
6=6<DB@?
52=2>
C63E29
2D@>
252=29
C2>2

$DE=29
C6323?I2
2D@>
36BC:72D
?6DB2=

-63282:
4@?D@9
2D@>
9:5B@86?
>6?82?5E?8
C2DE
AB@D@?
52?
C2DE
6=6<DB@?

D@>
36B>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
252=29
2D@>
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
;E>=29
AB@D@?
=63:9
32?I2<
52B:
;E>=29
6=6<DB@?
C652?8<2?
2D@>
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
252=29
batang karet batang karet
2D@>
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
;E>=29
AB@D@?
=63:9
C65:<:D
52B:A252
;E>=29
6=6<DB@?

Gambar 4.3 6?52
36B>E2D2?
?6DB2=
D6BCECE?
2D2C
2D@> 2D@>
I2?8
D:52<
36B
Setelah kedua batang karet digosok
kain wol dan didekatkan, kedua >E2D2?
?6DB2=

D@>
?6DB2=
252=29
2D@>
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
;E>=29
AB@D@?
batang karet tolak-menolak. C2>2
56?82?
;E>=29
6=6<DB@?
>:C2=?I2
2D@>
9:5B@86?
C6A6BD:
D6B=:92D
A252
&2'&6


1. Interaksi Elektrostatis antara Dua Muatan Listrik

%6?:C
:?D6B2<C:
6=6<DB@CD2D:C
252

>242>
I2:DE
2
D2B:< >6?2B:<
2?D2B2
>E2D2? >E2D2?
D:52<
C6;6?:C
3
D@=2< >6?@=2<
2?D2B2
>E2D2? >E2D2?
C6;6?:C

-&61*7
9,978.3
49142'
 O 
>6?8E<EB
36C2B?I2
D2B:<

2?
52?
D@=2<2?
=:CDB:<
C642B2
<E2?D:D2D:7

$2
;E82
>6?I:>AE=<2?
9E<E>
Gambar 4.4
Pada atom hidrogen terdapat I2?8
>6?82DEB
D2B:<2?
52?
D@=2<2?
=:CDB:<
D6BC63ED

#E<E>
D6BC63ED
satu proton dan satu elektron. 5:<6?2=
56?82?
1'1)
+1(+)
#E<E>
@E=@>3
>6?I2D2<2?
329G2

76 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 5
0.%')!*.%'
01
0+(')!*+('
*0.
1
1$
)10*
(%/0.%' F F
!/.*5
!.* %*#
(1.1/
!*#*
$/%(
'(%
!/.
'! 1
)10*
0!./!10
* q1 q2
r
!.* %*#
0!.(%'
!*#*
'1 .0
&.'
*0.
'! 1
)10*
0!./!10

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6

52?
&2'&6


-642B2
>2D6>2D:C
82I2 Gambar 4.5
Interaksi muatan listrik berlainan
D2B:< >6?2B:<
2D2E
D@=2< >6?@=2<
82I2
@E=@>3
52=2>
F2<E>
52A2D jenis akan tarik-menarik
5:DE=:C
C63282:
36B:<ED


- -- F F
,  
-


2D2E


F2<E>  '   O  q1 q2

 . F F
q1 q2
"2I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
D6B;25:
52=2>
CE2DE
>65:E>
2D2E
3292?
>6>:=:<: r

A6BC2>22?
82I2
@E=@>3
C63282:
36B:<ED

Gambar 4.6
Interaksi muatan listrik sejenis
-
-  akan tolak-menolak
3292? 
O
  . 
%:<2
+6BC2>22?
O 2
52?
+6BC2>22?
O 3
5:823E?8<2?
5:52A2D
F2<E> 
  . O2
3292?  
-69:?882
5:52A2D
9E3E?82?
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
3292?
52?
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
F2<E>
C63282:
36B:<ED

3292?  F2<E> 
O3
.
&6D6B2?82?
  82I2
@E=@>3
)
-  >E2D2?
=:CDB:<

'  
<@?CD2?D2
5:6=6<DB:<
'


P

)>
 
   A6B>:D:F:D2C
BE2?8
92>A2
   

P
O 
)>
 r  A6B>:D:F:D2C
B6=2D:7
3292?
.  ;2B2<
2?D2B>E2D2?
>

Contoh 4.1 Tugas Anda 4.1

Anda masih ingat alat yang
E2
<6A:?8
=@82>
I2?8
D6B3E2D
52B:
3292?
C2>2
5:36B:
>E2D2?
C2>2
36C2B
dinamakan dengan elektroskop?
2
6B2A2<29
>E2D2?
5:
C6D:2A
<6A:?8
;:<2
5:<6D29E:
82I2
@E=@>3
C636C2B

)
52? Apakah fungsi alat tersebut?
;2B2<
2?D2B<6A:?8
=@82>

> Bagaimanakah cara kerjanya? Coba
3
%:<2
<65E2
<6A:?8
36B252
5:
52=2>
3292?>65:E>
56?82?  . 

36B2A2<29 Anda cari informasi dari internet
atau buku-buku referensi.
36C2B
82I2
@E=@>3?I2
&:&'
:<6D29E:



)
.



>
- - 
2


'

56?82?
-

-

-
.

. . 
-

-
' '
 
)
- 
.


>


P
O


  
'     )>   

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 77

 -

-

-

  
%25:
36C2B
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
5:
C6D:2A
<6A:?8
252=29

 

3
3292?   F2<E> 

)   )


B  

%25:
36C2B
82I2
@E=@>3?I2
252=29
)

2. Resultan Gaya Coulomb

F12 q1 q2 F23 F21 F32 q3
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


"2>32B
D6BC63ED
52A2D
5:56C<B:AC:<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

 
252=29
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
>E2D2?
-
2<:32D
A6?82BE9
>E2D2?
-


252=29
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
>E2D2?
-
r1 r2 2<:32D
A6?82BE9
>E2D2?
-


252=29
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
>E2D2?
Gambar 4.7 -
2<:32D
A6?82BE9
>E2D2?
-


252=29
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
Resultan gaya Coulomb >E2D2?
-
2<:32D
A6?82BE9
>E2D2?
-

,6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
5:BE>EC<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

       

  * O
6B2BD:
B6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3
I2?8
5:2=2>:
>E2D2?
-
A252
&2'&6

252=29
- 




- -  --
2=2>
92=
:?:
  ' 

52?
  '   

. .

Contoh 4.2
.:82
3E29
A2BD:<6=
36B252
A252
C2DE
82B:C
=EBEC
C6D:2A
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
  
  
52?
 

?D2BA2BD:<6=
36B;2B2<
C2>2
I2:DE

4>

Tokoh 2
.6?DE<2?
36C2B
2B29
82I2
A252
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
 

3
:
>2?2
A2BD:<6=
 
5:=6D2<<2?
282B
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
A2BD:<6=
D6BC63ED
?@=
Charles Coulomb &:&'
(1736– 1806) :<6D29E:
-
   
-
   
-
  
2
'6D2<
>E2D2?
- 
-
52?
-
C6A6BD:
82>32B
36B:<ED

%2B2<
2?D2B2
<65E2
A2BD:<6=
C2>2
36C2B
I2:DE
. 

.


4>

52AE?
 
>6BEA2<2?
82I2
@E=@>3
92C:=
:?D6B2<C:
D2B:< >6?2B:<
-
52?
-
C652?8<2?

>6BEA2<2?
82I2
@E=@>3
92C:=
:?D6B2<C:
D2B:<
>6?2B:<
-
52?
-

6?82?
>6>AB65:<C:<2?
 


>2<2
B6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3?I2
>6>6?E9:
A6BC2>22?
36B:<ED

r12 = 10 cm r23 = 10 cm

F12 F23
q1 q2 q3

Coulomb adalah ahli Fisika - -  --



 
O


' 
 '  
kelahiran Angouleme, Prancis. Dia .  .
merupakan orang pertama yang
menunjukkan perilaku bahwa ' -
 

-  -  
muatan listrik saling tolak satu sama .
lain. Namanya kemudian digunakan
sebagai satuan muatan listrik.
  
)>     
     

Sumber: Jendela IPTEK, 1995 
             
)


> 

78 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

3
82B
?:=2:
B6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3
5:
-
C2>2
56?82?
?@=
>2<2
36C2B
 
92BEC
C2>2
56?82?

C69:?882
A6BC2>22??I2
>6?;25:
Kata Kunci
'- - '- - . - • proton
              • elektron
.  . .  - • neutron
• atom netral
. 
     .    .  • gaya Coulomb
.  
(:C2=<2?
>E2D2?
-
5:=6D2<<2?
4
>
52B:
>E2D2?

- 
>2<2
. 

4
> 52? .


O
4
>
.

 
. 



O
4

 
4

4


>
%25:
282B
82I2
@=@E>3
A252
-
C2>2
56?82?
?@=
>E2D2?
-
5:=6D2<<2?

>
52B:
>E2D2?
-

Contoh 4.3
E2
3E29
A2BD:<6=
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
36B>E2D2?
 
5:82?DE?8
A252
D2=:
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B

%:<2
D2=:
5:2?882A
D:52<
36B>2CC2
D6?DE<2?
36C2B?I2
2
D682?82?
D2=:

3
>2CC2
C6D:2A
A2BD:<6=
;:<2
#


>C
T 60° T

&:&'
:<6D29E:
- 
-
-

P
O

#


>C
'


P

)>
q
30 cm
q

%:<2
82I2 82I2
I2?8
36<6B;2
A252
A2BD:<6= A2BD:<6=
D6BC63ED

5:82>32B<2?
2<2?
D6B=:92D
C6A6BD:
82>32B
36B:<ED

30° T T cos 30°

F
T sin 30°

w
?52
52A2D
>6?6?DE<2?
36C2B
D682?82?
D2=:

52?
>2CC2
)
92?I2
56?82?
>6?:?;2E
C6D6?829
328:2?
52B:
C:CD6>

2
-:CD6>
5:<2D2<2?
52=2>
<62522?
C6D:>32?8
;:<2
4


2D2E



C:?
L
' -
2B:
!*67&2&&3
 <

5:<6D29E:
329G2


>2<2 Tantangan
.
untuk Anda
' -
2<2?
5:A6B@=69

C:?
L


. Perhatikan gambar berikut.
q





    Nm2 / C 2    O C  

  m
r r







)
3
 5


52?

4@C
L

)
#
–q +q

 
)

)

>C

)


<8


Hitunglah resultan gaya F yang
%25:
>2CC2
C6D:2A
A2BD:<6=
252=29

<8
bekerja pada muatan q.

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 79

Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
*6/&0&31&-
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

6B2A2<29
36C2B
82I2
D2B:< >6?2B:<
2?D2B2
AB@D@?
52? 
(E2D2?

I2?8
36C2B?I2
  
5:=6D2<<2?
A252
82B:C
6=6<DB@?
52=2>
C63E29
2D@>
9:5B@86?
I2?8
36B;2B: ;2B: 9E3E?8
2?D2B2
>E2D2?

I2?8
36C2B?I2
O  
52?
2D@>

K

P O 
>
 >E2D2?


I2?8
36C2B?I2
  

(E2D2?

D6B=6D2<


+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED
4>
52B:

52?

4>
52B:


%:<2
;2B2<



4>
q1 q2 q3 D6?DE<2?
36C2B?I2
B6CE=D2?
82I2
I2?8
36<6B;2
A252
a a 2
>E2D2?


B
3
>E2D2?


%:<2
5:<6D29E:
- 
-
  
-
O  
52?



>

D6?DE<2?
B6CE=D2?
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
-


.:82
3E29
A2BD:<6=
36B252
52=2>
C2DE
82B:C
=EBEC
>2C:?8
A C
>2C:?8
36B>E2D2?
O    
   
52?
O  

?D2BA2BD:<6=
>6>:=:<:
;2B2<
I2?8
C2>2

>

-63E29
36?52
36B>2CC2

8
52?
36B>E2D2?
-

  
2
.6?DE<2?
36C2B
52?
2B29
82I2
A252
A2BD:<6= 5:82?DE?8<2?
A252
C6ED2C
D2=:
B:?82?
I2?8
>2CC2?I2
36B>E2D2?
  
52A2D
5:232:<2?

.6A2D
5:
C636=29
<2?2?
36?52
A252
3
:
>2?2
A2BD:<6=
I2?8
36B>E2D2?
   ;2B2<

4>
5:=6D2<<2?
-

O  
I2?8
>6?I6323<2?
5:=6D2<<2?
282B
82I2
@E=@>3
A252
A2BD:<6= A@C:C:
36?52
>6?;25:
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

D6BC63ED
36B?:=2:
?@=

E2
3E29
A2BD:<6=
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
36B>E2D2?
  
T
5:82?DE?8
A252
D2=:
:C@=2D@B
C6A6BD:
82>32B
36B:<ED

.2=:
5:2?882A
D:52<
36B>2CC2

.6?DE<2?
36C2B?I2 q q'
T
74° 2
D682?82?
D2=:
 15 cm
3
>2CC2
C6D:2A
A2BD:<6=
;:<2
+q +q #


>C

%:<2


P 
)>
52?
#


>C
90 cm 
D6?DE<2?=29

282:>2?2<29
;2B2<
2?D2B2
5E2
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2? 2





36C2B
CE5ED


52?
92BEC
5:E329
282B
82I2
D@=2<
<65E2?I2
>6?;25: 3





36C2B
D682?82?
A252
D2=:

2





<2=:
C6>E=2 3






<2=:
C6>E=2

B. Medan Listrik
?52
>E?8<:?
A6B?29
>6?56?82B
329G2
C6D:2A
>E2D2?
I2?8
5:=6D2<<2?
5:
CE2DE
526B29
2<2?
>6>:=:<:
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
C6<:D2B?I2

%:<2
C63E29
>E2D2?
E;:
-
5:=6D2<<2?
A252
526B29
D6BC63ED
>E2D2?
D6BC63ED
2<2?
>6?82=2>:
82I2
@E=@>3

&E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
5:567:?:C:<2?
C63282:
82I2
@E=@>3
A6B
C2DE2?
>E2D2?
I2?8
5:2=2>:
@=69
C63E29
>E2D2?
5:
D:D:<
D6BC63ED

-642B2
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED


 O
-
'-- 
56?82?
 
.
>2<2
- -
' 

2D2E
  O
.   . 

80 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

&6D6B2?82?
 
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
)
- 
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<

. 
;2B2<
2?D2B>E2D2?
>
' 

P

)>

1. Garis-Garis Gaya
2
/?DE<
>6?882>32B<2?
>652?
=:CDB:<
52A2D
;E82
5:=E<:C<2?
52=2>
36?DE<
82B:C 82B:C
82I2
(%*!/
+"
"+.!

#E3E?82?
2?D2B2
82B:C 82B:C
82I2
52?
F6<D@B
>652?
=:CDB:<
252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

2
06<D@B
<E2D
>652?
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
A252
82B:C
82I2
>6?I:?88E?8
82B:C
82I2
5:
D:D:<
D6BC63ED

3
2?I2<?I2
82B:C
A6B
C2DE2?
=E2C
A6?2>A2?8
I2?8
D682<
=EBEC
56?82?
82B:C 82B:C
D6BC63ED
252=29
C632?5:?8
56?82?
36C2B?I2
>652?
=:CDB:<

3

Contoh 4.4
+2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
   52?
36B>2CC2

>8
D6B2AE?8
3632C
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

q
4

%:<2
#


>C
D6?DE<2?=29
36C2B?I2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
>6>6?82BE9:
A2BD:<6=

D6BC63ED

&:&'
:<6D29E:
)


>8

O
<8
#



>C 5
-


   

P
O

Gambar 4.8
+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED
(a) Garis-garis gaya listrik untuk
2=2>
<62522?
C6D:>32?8 partikel bermuatan positif;






3 (b) Garis-garis gaya listrik untuk
F partikel bermuatan negatif;
E -


)# (c) Garis-garis gaya untuk dua
w
)#
  <8 

>C  muatan yang sejenis;
   
) (d) Garis-garis gaya untuk dua
-      muatan yang berbeda jenis.

Contoh 4.5
+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

v
-63E29
6=6<DB@?
!

O 
P
O 

)


P
O
<8
elektron
36B86B2<
D2?A2
<646A2D2?
2G2=
52B:
A6=2D
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
>6?E;E
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
I2?8
36B;2B2<

4>
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<
9@>@86?



)

#:DE?8=29
2
A6B46A2D2?
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
6=6<DB@?
E 3
G2<DE
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
>6?42A2:
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
4
=2;E
6=6<DB@?
C22D
D:32
5:
A6=2D
A@C:D:7

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 81

 &:&'
*=69
<2B6?2
>2CC2
6=6<DB@?
C2?82D
<64:=
82I2
36B2D
)#
52A2D
5:232:<2?
D6B9252A
82I2
@E=@>3


-


:<6D29E:
- 
!

O 
P
O 

) 

P
O
<8


4>


>
 

)
2
2B:
#E<E>
$$
)6GD@?
5:A6B@=69
  )  -  )
-
       
 
) 
       >C
)     <8
D2?52
?682D:7
>6?E?;E<<2?
A6B46A2D2?
I2?8
5:2=2>:
6=6<DB@?

3
12<DE
D6>AE9
6=6<DB@?
5:A6B@=69
52B:
A6BC2>22?
"'
I2:DE
/

20
 0

56?82?
2


/



 0  
>


P
 
>C
0
 
0 

P
O
C6<@?

4
'2;E
6=6<DB@?
C22D
>6?I6?DE9
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
A6BC2>22?
20 
2


/





P
 
>C

>
20 

P

>C

2. Resultan Kuat Medan Listrik

q1 q2
(652?
=:CDB:<
>6BEA2<2?
36C2B2?
F6<D@B

*=69
<2B6?2
:DE
E2 p E1
A6?;E>=292??I2
>6?8:<ED:
2DEB2?
A6?;E>=292?
F6<D@B

?52
52A2D
r1 r2 >6?882>32B
F6<D@B F6<D@B
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
C6<:D2B
>E2D2?
CD2D:C
I2?8
>6?E?;E<<2?
36C2B
52?
2B29
>652?
=:CDB:<
A252
D:D:< D:D:<
5:
C6<:D2B
Gambar 4.9
Titik p dipengaruhi oleh muatan >E2D2?
D6BC63ED

,6CE=D2?
36C2B
<E2D
>652?
5:
D:D:<
,
252=29
C63282:
q1 dan q2. 36B:<ED

     

 * O
&6D6B2?82?
 
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<
,
2<:32D
>E2D2?
-


<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<
,
2<:32D
>E2D2?
-
(652?
=:CDB:<
>6BEA2<2?
36C2B2?
F6<D@B

*=69
<2B6?2
:DE
E?DE<
>6?89:DE?8
B6CE=D2?
52B:
>652?
=:CDB:<
52A2D
5:=2<E<2?
56?82?
42B2
>6D@56
2?2=:C:C
>6?88E?2<2?
F6<D@B
C2DE2?
2D2E
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
>6D@56
8B27:<

(6D@56
8B27:<
52A2D
5:=2<E<2?
56?82?
CI2B2D
C6D:2A
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:<6D29E:
2B29
F6<D@B?I2

Contoh 4.6
+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

5 cm 5 cm
P

0,2  C 0,05 C

.6?DE<2?
2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<

3
82I2
A252
>E2D2?
O
P O

5:
D:D:<


82 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

&:&'
2
+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

q1 P E1 E2 q2 Pembahasan Soal
0,2  C 0,05 C Pada titik-titik sudut B dan D
r1 = 5 cm r1 = 5 cm sebuah bujur sangkar ABCD
masing-masing diletakkan sebuah
(E2D2?
E;:

3:2C2?I2
5:2?882A
36B>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
partikel bermuatan +q. Agar kuat


<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
2<:32D
- medan listrik di titik A = nol, maka
di titik C harus diletakkan sebuah


<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
2<:32D
-
partikel bermuatan sebesar ....
- -
  ' 
52?
  '  a. – q
. . b. + q
c. q 2
 - - 
 ,   '   '  

*=69
<2B6?2
. 
.

.
>2<2 d. q 2
 . . 
e. 2q 2
'    )>  
UMPTN 1991
 , 

-  -                
.
    >  Pembahasan:
EBD EAD
    )>   

          )

    >  EAB A B(+q)

%25:
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<

252=29

P

)

3
(E2D2?

O
P
O
>6?82=2>:
82I2
C63282:
36B:<ED

, 
,
P
-


P

)

O
P
O


O
)

D(+q) C
.2?52
?682D:7
>6?E?;E<<2?
,
2B29?I2
<6
<:B:

kq
EAB = EAD = =E
q2

EBD = E 2 AB  E 2 AD = 2E 2
Contoh 4.7
kq
EBD = E 2  2
+252
D:D:< D:D:<
CE5ED

52?

C63E29
A6BC68:
 
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
5:=6D2<<2?
C63E29 q2
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
-

82B
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<


?@=
D6?DE<2?
36C2B EAC = EBD
>E2D2?
I2?8
92BEC
5:=6D2<<2?
5:
D:D:<


B C k
qC  kq
&:&'
AC 
2

q2
2
*=69
<2B6?2
-

-

-
52?




.
>2<2 qC q
 2
- 2
q2




' 
q 2 
. qC q
&E2D
>652?
5:
D:D:<

@=69
>E2D2?
5:

52?
 EAD A  2
2q2 q2
252=29 D
qC = 2q 2
' -  ' - 
            EBD EAB Jawaban: e
. .
82B




92BEC
C2>2
36C2B
D6D2A:
36B=2G2?2?
2B29
56?82?
 

/?DE<
:DE
-
92BEC
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7

  
 
O

- -
 
'    '  
. 
- -
' 

'  

.   .
- -

 
.  .
-  
 -
?682D:7
%25:
36C2B
>E2D2?
I2?8
92BEC
5:=6D2<<2?
5:
D:D:<

252=29
 -

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 83

 3. Hukum Gauss
Luas = A #E<E>
"2ECC
5:52C2B<2?
A252
<@?C6A
"(1'/

!=E<C
252=29
<E2?D:D2C
I2?8
>6?882>32B<2?
36B2A2
32?I2<
F6<D@B
>652?82B:C 82B:C
82I2
I2?8
>6?6>3EC
CE2DE
A6B>E<22?
52=2>
2B29
D682<
=EBEC

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


%:<2
D6B52A2D
82B:C 82B:C
82I2
52B:
CE2DE
>652?
=:CDB:<
9@>@86?
I2?8
>6?6>3EC
D682<
=EBEC
CE2DE
3:52?8
C6=E2C

;E>=29
82B:C
>652?
I2?8
E >6?6>3EC
D682<
=EBEC
3:52?8
D6BC63ED
C2>2
56?82?
A6B<2=:2?

52?


+6B<2=:2?
2?D2B2

52?

:?:
5:?2>2<2?
"(1'/
(%/0.%'



-642B2
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

Gambar 4.10   O

Garis-garis gaya yang
menembus bidang permukaan.
&6D6B2?82?

7=E<C
=:CDB:<
)>
2D2E
G636B
 
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
)
 
=E2C
3:52?8
I2?8
5:D6>3EC
>652?
=:CDB:<
>
n %:<2
82B:C 82B:C
82I2
D6BC63ED
>6?6>3EC
3:52?8
D:52<
C642B2
D682<
=EBEC
7=E<C
=:CDB:<?I2
252=29
E   4@C
O

56?82?


252=29
CE5ED
2?D2B2
F6<D@B
>652?
52?
=E2C
A6B>E<22?
I2?8
5:D6>3EC
>652?
=:CDB:<

2B:
<@?C6A
7=E<C
=:CDB:<
:?:=29
"2ECC
>6?86>E<2<2?
9E<E>?I2

I2?8
5:?I2D2<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

71)($
#.%/
#5
5*#
'!(1.
.%
/101
,!.)1'*
0!.0101,
/!* %*#
Gambar 4.11 !*#*
&1)($
)10*
(%/0.%'
5*#
%(%*#'1,%
+(!$
,!.)1'*
0!.0101,
0!./!108

Garis gaya yang menembus -642B2
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C

suatu permukaan
membentuk sudut
. -
A6B>E<22? D6BDEDEA 
 O 

Contoh 4.8
#:DE?8=29
7=E<C
=:CDB:<
A252
CE2DE
3:52?8
A6BC68:
I2?8
36BE<EB2?


P

4>
;:<2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
9@>@86?
C636C2B

)
52?
2B29?I2
2
C6;2;2B
3:52?8
3
>6>36?DE<
CE5ED
L
D6B9252A
3:52?8
4
D682<
=EBEC
D6B9252A
3:52?8

&:&'
:<6D29E:
'E2C
3:52?8
A6BC68:



4>
P

4>


4>


P
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>
&E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<



)

!=E<C
=:CDB:<
52A2D
?52
A6B92D:<2?
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

2
3
4

n n
n

37°
E
E

2
/?DE<
CE5ED



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  4@C
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84 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

3
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13

Kata Kunci
4
/?DE<
CE5ED


L • medan listrik
  4@C L


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13
• garis-garis gaya
• fluks
• fluks listrik
• keping sejajar
4. Perhitungan Medan Listrik dengan Menggunakan Hukum • bola konduktor
• permukaan Gauss
Gauss
a. Medan Listrik pada Keping Sejajar
(652?
=:CDB:<
5:
2?D2B2
A6=2D
C6;2;2B
52A2D
5:9:DE?8
56?82?
>E529
>6?88E?2<2?
#E<E>
"2ECC

E2
3E29
A6=2D
<6A:?8
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
=E2C  

>2C:?8 >2C:?8
5:36B:
>E2D2?
C2>2
D6BC632B
>6B2D2
D6D2A:
36B=2G2?2?
;6?:C
I2:DE
-
52?
O-
C6A6BD:
A252
&2'&6



,2A2D
>E2D2?

D:2A
<6A:?8
5:567:?:C:<2?
C63282:
>E2D2?
-
A6B
C2DE2?
=E2C

-642B2 E
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED

-
 O 
 Gambar 4.12
Medan listrik antara dua keping
&E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<

A252
A6=2D
<@?5E<D@B
5:D6?DE<2?
36B52C2B<2? sejajar dengan rapat
muatan  dan  .
<@?C6A
#E<E>
"2ECC

2B2?I2
56?82?
>6>3E2D
CE2DE
A6B>E<22?
D6BDEDEA
C6A6BD:
C:=:?56B
E?DE<
>6>E529<2?
A6B9:DE?82?

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



6B52C2B<2?
!*67&2&&3
 <
7=E<C
=:CDB:<
A252
C:=:?56B
D6BDEDEA

D6BC63ED
252=29
C:=:?56B
D6BDEDEA 
 
 

 4@C
L

4@C
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4@C
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E3

*=69
<2B6?2







>2<2 A2 A3

A1
C:=:?56B
D6BDEDEA 







6B52C2B<2?
!*67&2&&3
 <

5:52A2D<2?
A6BC2>22?
-
C:=:?56B
D6BDEDEA 


C69:?882 Gambar 4.13
Perhitungan kuat medan listrik
- -





E pada pelat konduktor
    menggunakan permukaan
tertutup (silinder) berdasarkan
- Hukum Gauss.
*=69
<2B6?2   B2A2D
>E2D2?
>2<2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<

I2?8

5:D:>3E=<2?
@=69
C2DE
A6=2D
<@?5E<D@B
5:?I2D2<2?
56?82?
A6BC2>22?

 O 
 
6?82?
56>:<:2?
36C2B?I2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:D:>3E=<2?
@=69
5E2
A6=2D
<@?5E<D@B
5:?I2D2<2?
56?82?
A6BC2>22?

 O 

&6D6B2?82?
 
B2A2D
>E2D2?
>
  
A6B>:D:F:D2C
BE2?8
92>A2

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Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 85

 b. Kuat Medan Listrik pada Bola Konduktor Berongga
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



%:<2
<6
52=2>
<@?5E<D@B
3@=2
36B@?882
R I2?8
36B;2B: ;2B:

5:36B:
C6;E>=29
>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
2D2E
>E2D2?
?682D:7
r>R >E2D2?
D6BC63ED
2<2?
D6BC632B
>6B2D2
92?I2
5:
A6B>E<22?
3@=2

52AE?
r<R 5:
52=2>
3@=2
D:52<
D6B52A2D
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<

6B52C2B<2?
#E<E>
"2ECC
52A2D
5:D6?DE<2?
36C2B
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
52=2>
>2EAE?
5:
=E2B
3@=2
I2?8
36C2B?I2
- -
permukaan Gauss I  
2D2E
  O 
permukaan Gauss II   
Gambar 4.14 :
328:2?
52=2>
3@=2
56?82?
.


36C2B?I2
>652?
=:CDB:<




#2=
Bola konduktor berongga
yang memiliki jari-jari R. D6BC63ED
5:C6323<2?
36C2B?I2
>E2D2?
I2?8
5:=:?8<EA:
A6B>E<22?
"2ECC
$
r = jarak titik ke pusat bola. -



52AE?
E?DE<
A6B>E<22?
"2ECC
$$
56?82?
.


36C2B?I2
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:=:?8<EA:
A6B>E<22?
"2ECC
$$
C2>2
56?82?
;E>=29
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
A252
3@=2
D6BC63ED

6?82?
56>:<:2?
>652?
=:CDB:<

5:
A6B>E<22?
"2ECC
$$
252=29
R
a
- - -
  ' 
 .     .  .

E &E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
=E2B
3@=2
52A2D
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
>6?82?882A
3@=2
q
E =k
R2 C63282:
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
D6B=6D2<
5:
AEC2D
3@=2

%25:
C642B2
<6C6=EBE92?
q >652?
=:CDB:<
5:
C6<:D2B
3@=2
36B@?882
252=29
E=k
r2 M 5:
52=2>
3@=2



<2B6?2
-


E=0
0 -
r=R r M 5:
A6B>E<22?
3@=2
  ' 
Gambar 4.15 
Grafik E terhadap r untuk -
bola konduktor berongga. M 5:
=E2B
A6B>E<22?
3@=2
  ' 
.

Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

*6/&0&31&-
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

-63E29
6=6<DB@?
5:D6>32<<2?
56?82?
<646A2D2?
2G2= 
E2
3E29
A2BD:<6=
36B>E2D2?
D6B=6D2<
A252
C2DE
82B:C

P

>C
C62B29
56?82?
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
I2?8 =EBEC
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

36C2B?I2

P

)

.6?DE<2?=29 14 cm
2
<2A2?
6=6<DB@?
2<2?
36B96?D:
3
;2B2<
I2?8
5:D6>AE9?I2

–4q –24q

+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

%:<2
;2B2<
2?D2B2
A2BD:<6=

4>
5:
>2?2<29
=6D2<
D:D:<
I2?8
<E2D
>652?
>28?6D:<?I2
?@=

+252
<66>A2D
CE5ED
C63E29
A6BC68:
5:=6D2<<2?
6>A2D
E
F d
3E29
>E2D2?
I2?8
C2>2
    
C6A6BD:
82>32B
36B:<ED

4 C 4 C

-63E29
6=6<DB@?
!

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P
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<8 20 cm

5:=6A2C<2?
D2?A2
<646A2D2?
2G2=
52B:
C:C:
A6=2D
<6A:?8
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
52?
5:A6B46A2D
>6?E;E
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
4 C 4 C
%:<2
;2B2<
2?D2B2
A6=2D

4>
52?
>652?
=:CDB:<



)
D6?DE<2?=29
.6?DE<2?
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:
AEC2D
A6BC68:
;:<2
2
36C2B
A6B46A2D2?
6=6<DB@?
2
<66>A2D
>E2D2?
:DE
A@C:D:7
3
G2<DE
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
6=6<DB@?
E?DE<
>6?42A2:
3
D2?52
A@C:D:7
52?
?682D:7
<66>A2D
>E2D2?
:DE
A6=2D
A@C:D:7
36BC6=2?8 C6=:?8

4
=2;E
6=6<DB@?
C22D
D:32
5:
A6=2D
A@C:D:7

86 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII


#:DE?8
7=E<C
=:CDB:<
I2?8
>6?6>3EC
3:52?8
A6BC68: 
-63E29
6=6<DB@?
5:=6D2<<2?
5:
AEC2D
C63E29
<6A:?8
C:C:


4>
;:<2
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
C636C2B

) =@82>
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7

=6<DB@?
D6BC63ED
5:
I2?8
2B29?I2 A6B46A2D
>6?E;E
<6A:?8
=@82>
A@C:D:7
5:
56<2D?I2
2
C6;2;2B
56?82?
3:52?8 C636C2B

P
 
>C

%:<2
<65E2
<6A:?8
>6>:=:<:
3
D682<
=EBEC
3:52?8 B2A2D
>E2D2?
I2?8
C2>2
D6?DE<2?
?:=2:
B2A2D
4
>6>36?DE<
CE5ED
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D6B9252A
3:52?8
>E2D2??I2
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C. Energi Potensial Listrik dan Potensial Listrik

1. Energi Potensial Listrik
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



-63E29
>E2D2?
E;:
-
5:56<2D<2?
56?82?
>E2D2?
-

<:32D?I2
D6B;25:
:?D6B2<C:
2?D2B2
>E2D2?
-
52?
-
36BEA2 q2 q1
Fc
q1
F
82I2
4@E=@>3
I2?8
2B29?I2
D@=2< >6?@=2<

/?DE<
36BA:?529
52B:
A@C:C: + – –
(2) (1)
.
<6
A@C:C:
.
>E2D2?
-
92BEC
>6=2<E<2?
EC292

6C2B?I2
EC292
I2?8 r1
92BEC
5:=2<E<2?
252=29
C632?5:?8
56?82?
36C2B?I2
82I2
@E=@>3
52? r2
A6BA:?5292??I2
r

    
O 
Gambar 4.16
.2?52
?682D:7
>6?E?;E<<2?
EC292
>6=2G2?
82I2
@E=@>3

%:<2
EC292 Interaksi antara muatan q1 dan q2.
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
-
>6=2=E:
A6BA:?5292?
I2?8
C2?82D
<64:=
>2<2
EC292
-
52A2D
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
42B2



O

.
    

.
.
'
-
- 
    
.
.
.
'
-
-  .
  
. .

 
   '
-
-     O 
 . . 
-6CE2:
56?82?
567:?:C:?I2
EC292
252=29
AB@C6C
DB2?C76B
6?6B8:
2D2E
36C2B?I2
A6BE3292?
6?6B8:
2D2E
52=2>
36?DE<
>2D6>2D:C?I2
C6A6BD:
36B:<ED

   ,   ,   , O 
2A2D
<:D2
C:>AE=<2?
329G2
A6BC2>22?
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
252=29
'
-
- 
,  O 
.
&6D6B2?82?
 
EC292
=:CDB:<
;@E=6
 
82I2
@E=@>3
)
< 
<@?CD2?D2
@E=@>3


P

)>
- 
>E2D2?
E;:

- 
>E2D2?
CE>36B

. 
;2B2<
2?D2B2
-
52?
-
>

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 87

 2. Potensial Listrik
+@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
252=29
36C2B?I2
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
A6B
C2DE2?
>E2D2?

+252
&2'&6


A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
@=69
-
252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

 , -
-  '
- 
 '  O 
- -
. .

-642B2
E>E>
A6BC2>22?
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
5:
CE2DE
D:D:<
I2?8
36B;2B2<
.
52B:
>E2D2?
CE>36B

252=29
'

 O
.
%:<2
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
>6?82<:32D<2?
>E?4E=?I2
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
q1 ;E>=29?I2
=63:9
52B:
C2DE
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
5:
C63E29
D:D:<
>6BEA2<2?
+ ;E>=29
2=;232B
A@D6?C:2=
D6B9252A
C6D:2A
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<

6C2B?I2
>E2D2?
A@D6?C:2=
5:
D:D:<
,
I2?8
5:C6323<2?
@=69
>E2D2?
D:D:<
- 
-


-*
252=29
q2
– -*
r1 ,   *  ' O 
.*
r2
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



%:<2
92?I2
252

>E2D2?
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
P r3
q3
5:
D:D:<
+
252=29
+
- - - 
Gambar 4.17 ,  '       O
Potensial listrik oleh 3 muatan,  . . . 
q1, q2, q3 di titik P.

3. Hubungan Usaha dan Beda Potensial Listrik

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6



/C292
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
E?DE<
>6>:?529<2?
>E2D2?
-
52B:
A@C:C:
.
<6
A@C:C:
.
52B:
2B29
>E2D2?
252=29
Q     ,   ,   ,
2 r2
'
-
 '
-

   
. .
r1
 '
 '
 
   -  
 . . 
1 q

Gambar 4.18    -
    O

Muatan q, bergerak dari titik 1 ke
titik 2 dipengaruhi muatan Q. 56?82?

O
 
252=29
3652
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
2?D2B2
D:D:<

52?
D:D:<


Contoh 4.9
-63E29
>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
-


P
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5:86B2<<2?
>6?E;E
C63E29
:?D:
2D@>
I2?8
36B>E2D2?


%2B2<
A:C29
2G2=
<65E2
A2BD:<6=
D6BC63ED
252=29

P
O
>
52?
;2B2<
A:C29
2<9:B?I2
252=29

P
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>

%:<2
EC292
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
E?DE<
>6>:?529<2?

P
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%
D6?DE<2?
>E2D2?
:?D:
2D@>
D6BC63ED

&:&'
:<6D29E:
- 

P
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 . 

P
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>
. 

P

> O
  

P
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%

88 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII


56?82?
!*67&2&&3
 <

5:A6B@=69
 

'-

   Tantangan
  . 
.
untuk Anda

P
 %


P
 
 
P
 
 
O 
 O 


   

   > 
 Hitunglah usaha yang diperlukan




P


O  untuk memindahkan muatan positif
yang besarnya 10 C dari suatu titik
%25:
>E2D2?
:?D:
2D@>
252=29

P
O 

yang potensialnya 10 V ke suatu titik
yang potensialnya 60 V.

Contoh 4.10
-68:D:82
 
C:<E C:<E
5:

56?82?



4>
52?




4>

-63E29
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
-

O O 

2<2?
5:A:?529<2?
52B:
D:D:<

<6
D:D:<

I2?8
D6B=6D2<
A252
A6BD6?8292?


%:<2
>E2D2?
-

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52?
>E2D2?
-

O O 

2?882A
<6925:B2?
-
D:52<
36BA6?82BE9
D6B9252A
A@D6?C:2=
5:

D6?DE<2?=29
2
A@D6?C:2=
5:


@=29
-
52?
- 
3
A@D6?C:2=
5:


@=29
-
52?
- 
4
EC292
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
E?DE<
>6>:?529<2?
>E2D2?
-
52B:

<6


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:<6D29E:
-

  
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>

10 cm
2
+@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
5:

2<:32D
-
52?
-
252=29 6 cm
- -
  




' ' A B
  4 cm D 4 cm
          


P

)>
   

F@=D

    >     > 


3
+@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
5:

2<:32D
>E2D2?
-
52?
-

*=69
<2B6?2
-

6-
52?



>2<2


O
C69:?882

  





O




4
/C292
E?DE<
>6>:?529<2?
>E2D2?
252=29


-

O


O O 


O

0


P
O
;@E=6

4. Hukum Kekekalan Energi Mekanik dalam Medan Listrik

#E<E>
<6<6<2=2?
6?6B8:
>6<2?:<
AE?
36B=2<E
A252
86B2<
A2BD:<6=
C6A6BD:
86B2<
AB@D@?
52?
6=6<DB@?
5:
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<

#2=
D6BC63ED Ingatlah
36B=2<E
<2B6?2
>652?
=:CDB:<
>6BEA2<2?
>652?
<@?C6BF2D:7

?6B8:
D@D2=
C63E29
A2BD:<6=
56?82?
>2CC2
)
52?
>E2D2?
-
I2?8 Hukum kekekalan energi mekanik
partikel dalam medan listrik berlaku
36B86B2<
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<
252=29 jika pada partikel tersebut tidak ada
,

'

,

' gaya lain yang bekerja selain gaya
Coulomb.
2D2E

-  )2  -  )2 O
 
(6?8:?82D
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
,

-
52?
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
'

)2
;:<2
<646A2D2?
2G2=
A2BD:<6=
2


!*67&2&&3
 < 
>6?;25:


-   )2  O

!*67&2&&3
 <
>6?E?;E<<2?
A6BE3292?
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
>6?;25:
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 89

 Kata Kunci Contoh 4.11
• energi potensial listrik +6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

• potensial listrik 652
A@D6?C:2=
5:
2?D2B2
5E2
A6=2D
C6;2;2B
A252
82>32B
D6BC63ED

• volt V 252=29

0

-63E29
AB@D@?
2G2=?I2
5:
<6A:?8


%:<2
5:
2?D2B2
<65E2
A6=2D
92>A2
E52B2
9:DE?8
<646A2D2?
AB@D@?
C636=E>
>6?I6?DE9
<6A:?8


(2CC2
AB@D@?
)


P
O
<8
>E2D2?
AB@D@?
-


P
O 


&:&'
(6=2=E:
#E<E>
&6<6<2=2?
?6B8:
(6<2?:<
52=2>
>652?
=:CDB:<
5:A6B@=69
?6B8:
>6<2?:<
5:


6?6B8:
>6<2?:<
5:

A B

-  )2  -  )2  
2  2    -
   
  
  -
2   2 
   
)
6B52C2B<2?
36C2B2?
I2?8
5:<6D29E:
A252
C@2=
52A2D
5:A6B@=69

      

  2    0 
    <8
2       >C       >C
&646A2D2?
AB@D@?
C636=E>
>6?I6?DE9
A6=2D

252=29
     >C

5. Potensial di antara Dua Keping Sejajar

%:<2
5E2
3E29
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
CE>36B
D682?82?
32D6B2:
>2<2
<65E2
<6A:?8
2<2?
>6>:=:<:
>E2D2?
I2?8
C2>2
D6D2A:
36B=2G2?2?
;6?:C

/C292
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
82I2
=:CDB:<


-
E?DE<
>6>:?529<2?
>E2D2? >E2D2?
C6;2E9

252=29
C636C2B




52AE?
52=2>
=:CDB:<
CD2D:C
36C2B?I2
EC292
252=29


- 
d
6?82?
>6?8823E?8<2?
<65E2
A6BC2>22?
EC292
D6BC63ED
5:A6B@=69
 
- 
E
- 
- 
 

A B

O


 O
V &6D6B2?82?

;2B2<
2?D2B2
<65E2
<6A:?8
>
Gambar 4.19  
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<
0>
Dua buah keping sejajar dan
terpisah sejauh d diberi 652
A@D6?C:2=
 
O

52A2D
5:?I2D2<2?
C63282:
3652
A@D6?C:2=
muatan yang sama. 
2?D2B2
<65E2
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B

90 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 4.12
-63E29
6=6<DB@?
!
5:D6>32<<2?
>2CE<
5:
2?D2B2
5E2
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
56?82?
<646A2D2?
2G2=
2
C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

x
%:<2
3652
A@D6?C:2=
<65E2
<6A:?8
252=29

52?
;2B2<
2?D2B2
<6A:?8

D6?DE<2?
1d 2
G2<DE
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
6=6<DB@?
9:?882
2 V
d >6?I6?DE9
<6A:?8
C636=29
2D2C
3
;2B2<
>6?52D2B
4
I2?8
5:D6>AE9
6=6<DB@?
;:<2
A6?82BE9
A6B46A2D2?
8B2F:D2C:
5:232:<2?

Tantangan
&:&'
untuk Anda
2B:
#E<E>
$$
)6GD@?
52?
!*67&2&&3

<

5:A6B@=69 Sebuah elektron dengan massa
  )  -  ) 9,11 × 10–31 kg dan muatan listrik
-
 –1,6 × 10–19 C, lepas dari katode
-   )   
56?82?
2B29
<6
2D2C
menuju anode yang jaraknya 2 cm.
)
Jika kecepatan awal elektron = 0 dan
2
-6CE2:
A6BC2>22?
"'
329G2 beda potensial antara anode dan
/ -
 katode = 200 V, hitunglah kecepatan
0
 
C652?8<2?




>2<2
E?DE<
/



2<2?
5:A6B@=69 elektron ketika sampai di anode.
 ) 

0  )
-
 -

)
3
2B:
A6BC2>22?
4

2
0
56?82?
4


5:A6B@=69

4

2  ) 

2 )
 -
  
-


Tes Kompetensi Subbab C

*6/&0&31&-
)&1&2
'909
1&8.-&3

+6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED
.6?DE<2?
A@D6?C:2=
D:D:<
5:
AEC2D
A6BC68:
:DE
;:<2
2
-

-

-

-

  
3
-

  
-

O  
q q -

  
-

O  

r = 50 × 10–10 m

E2
3E29
>E2D2?
D:D:<
A252
<@@B5:?2D
2BD6C:EC
56?82?
<@@B5:?2D
C63282:
36B:<ED

-

  
5:
%:<2
5:<6D29E:
.


P
O 

>
52?
-


P
O 
 D:D:<


52?
-

O   
5:
D:D:<
O


.6?DE<2?
52?
C63E29
AB@D@?
D6B=6D2<
5:
D:D:<

D6?DE<2?=29
6?6B8: A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
5:
D:D:<



A@D6?C:2=
AB@D@?

-63E29
6=6<DB@?
5:D6>32<<2?
56?82?
<646A2D2?

E2
>E2D2?
D:D:<
-

O
*
52?
-


*
D6BA:C29  
>C
>2CE<
<6
52=2>
5E2
<6A:?8
C6A6BD:
82>32B

A252
;2B2<

4>

.6?DE<2?
A@D6?C:2=
5:
D:D:<
D6?829 %:<2
<E2D
>652?
2?D2B2
5E2
<6A:?8


P

)
82B:C
9E3E?8
2?D2B2
<65E2
>E2D2?
D6BC63ED
D6?DE<2?
;2B2<
>6?52D2B
4
C2>A2:
6=6<DB@?

>A2D
3E29
>E2D2?
=:CDB:<
- 
-
-
52?
-
D6B=6D2< >6?E>3E<
<6A:?8
I2?8
2D2C

)6


P
 O
<8
A252
D:D:<
CE5ED
A6BC68:
I2?8
A2?;2?8
C:C:?I2

4> -6


P
O 

52?
#


>C

C6A6BD:
A252
82>32B
36B:<ED

q1 q2

x=?
E y = 1 cm
V
q4 q3

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 91

 D. Kapasitor
1. Muatan pada Kapasitor
+6B?29<29
?52
>6>6B92D:<2?
<@>A@?6? <@>A@?6?
I2?8
252
5:
e–
E
52=2>
2=2D
6=6<DB@?:<
C6A6BD:
D6=6F:C:
52?
B25:@
&2A2C:D@B
2D2E
<@?56?C2D@B
252=29
C2=29
C2DE
<@>A@?6?
6=6<DB@?:<
I2?8
252
5:
52=2>?I2

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6
 
<2A2C:D@B
2D2E
<@?56?C2D@B
252=29
5E2
3E29
A6?892?D2B
A6=2D
<@?5E<D@B
I2?8
5:A:C29<2?
@=69
CE2DE
%/+(0+.
2D2E
J2D
%!(!'0.%'
E?DE<
>6>A6B@=69
>E2D2?
I2?8
C2>2
D6D2A:
36B=2G2?2?
;6?:C

&2A2C:D@B
36B7E?8C:
E?DE<
>6?I:>A2?
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<

?52
52A2D
>6>32I2?8<2?
C63E29
EC292
E?DE<
>6>36B:<2?
>E2D2?
A252
<2A2C:D@B
56?82?
42B2
<EDE3
A@C:D:7
32D6B2:
>6?2B:<
6=6<DB@?
A252
<6A:?8
C636=29
<:B:
9:?882
<6A:?8
D6BC63ED
>6?;25:
36B>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
52?
>6?5@B@?8
6=6<DB@? 6=6<DB@?
D6BC63ED
<6
<6A:?8
C636=29
<2?2?
>6?;25:
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
9:?882
<65E2
<6A:?8
>6>:=:<:
>E2D2?
C2>2
– + 92?I2
;6?:C?I2
I2?8
36B3652

+B@C6C
A6BA:?5292?
6=6<DB@?
52B:
<6A:?8
<:B:
<6
<6A:?8
<2?2?
>6=2=E:
6?6B8:
&:>:2
52B:
32D6B2:
I2?8
36B=2?8CE?8
Gambar 4.20 D6BEC >6?6BEC
C2>A2:
3652
A@D6?C:2=

2?D2B2
<6A:?8
C2>2
56?82?
3652
Proses pengisian muatan
pada kapasitor. A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
32D6B2:

-2>A2:
2<9:B?I2
<2A2C:D@B
D6=29
A6?E9
>E2D2?
52?
D:52<
52A2D
5::C:
=28:

&2A2C:D@B
5:C:>3@=<2?
56?82?

&2A2C:D@B
5:8E?2<2?
E?DE<
2
>6?I:>A2?
>E2D2?
2D2E
6?6B8:
=:CDB:<
3
C63282:
C2=29
C2DE
<@>A@?6?
52=2>
B2?8<2:2?
A6?2=2
I2?8
36B8E?2
E?DE<
>6>:=:9
7B6<E6?C:
A252
A6C2G2D
B25:@
52?
4
>6?46829
=@?42D2?
=:CDB:<
A252
B2?8<2:2? B2?8<2:2?
I2?8
>6?82?5E?8
<E>A2B2?
;:<2
D:32 D:32
2BEC
=:CDB:<
5:AEDEC<2?

2 3
keping
konduktor

isolator keping
konduktor
Gambar 4.21
(a) Jenis kapasitor;
(b) Skema kapasitor.

2. Kapasitas Kapasitor
?52
>E?8<:?
A6B?29
>6=:92D
<2A2C:D@B
D6BED2>2
52=2>
A6B2=2D2?
6=6<DB@?:<

%:<2
C63E29
<2A2C:D@B
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
CE>36B
3652
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
36BE329 E329
>2<2
>E2D2?
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
5:
52=2>?I2
AE?
36BE329 E329

- -  -  - *
   
<@?CD2?
   *

+6B32?5:?82?
-
52?

D6BC63ED
5:?2>2<2?
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8

92B82?I2
<@?CD2?
E?DE<
D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
C69:?882
52=2>
36?DE<
>2D6>2D:C
5:DE=:C
C63282:
36B:<ED

92 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 - Tugas Anda 4.2


O
 Berdasarkan kepolarannya, dikenal
dua jenis kapasitor, yaitu kapasitor
&6D6B2?82? polar dan kapasitor non-polar. Coba
- 
>E2D2?
 Anda cari informasi mengenai
perbedaan di antara keduanya.
 
3652
A@D6?C:2=
0
 
<2A2C:D2?C:
0
2D2E
!
&2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
D:52<
5:A6?82BE9:
@=69
A6BE3292?
>E2D2?
52?
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<

52
D:82
;6?:C
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
32?I2<
5:8E?2<2?
I2:DE

2
,/%0+.
'!.0/

&6BD2C
A252
<2A2C:D@B
:?:
36B7E?8C:
C63282:
A6?I6<2D
5:
2?D2B2
<65E2
A6=2D
=@82>
3
,/%0+.
2.%!(

&2A2C:D@B
:?:
5:8E?2<2?
52=2>
B2?8<2:2?
A6?2=2
A252
A6C2G2D
B25:@
4
,/%0+.
!(!'0.+(%0
!(+

&2A2C:D@B
;6?:C
:?:
>6>:=:<:
<2A2C:D2?C:
A2=:?8
D:?88:
I2:DE
C2>A2:
56?82?


A!

keping
bergerak
kertas

Gambar 4.22
(a) Kapasitor kertas;
(b) Kapasitor variabel;
lempeng logam kapasitor elektrolit (c) Kapasitor elektrolit.
keping tetap
2 3 4

Contoh 4.13
-63E29
<2A2C:D@B
5::C:
@=69
32D6B2:

F@=D
C69:?882
36B>E2D2?

  

.6?DE<2?=29
2
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
D6BC63ED
3
>E2D2?
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
52=2>
<2A2C:D@B
;:<2
5:>E2D:
32D6B2:

F@=D

&:&'
:<6D29E:
 

F@=D

-


P
O


2
&2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
5:9:DE?8
56?82?
!*67&2&&3
 <
-
   
     
!
 
0
3
(E2D2?
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
A6BC2>22?
-




P
O
!

0

  

3. Kapasitor Keping Sejajar

+252

.(-&*1
&6&)&;
>6=2<E<2?
A6?6=:D:2?
D6?D2?8
A6?82BE9
A6?8:C:2?
BE2?8
5:
2?D2B2
A6=2D A6=2D
<2A2C:D@B
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<

&6&)&;
>6?88E?2<2?
5E2
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
:56?D:<

:
C2=29
C2DE
<2A2C:D@B
5:D6>A2D<2?
CE2DE
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
C652?8<2?
<2A2C:D@B
=2:??I2
36B:C:
E52B2
A252
D6<2?2?
?@B>2=

&6>E5:2?
<65E2
<2A2C:D@B
D6BC63ED
5:36B:
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
I2?8
C2>2
36C2B?I2
C6A6BD:
5:DE?;E<<2?
@=69
&2'&6


(6=2=E:
6<CA6B:>6?
D6BC63ED
&6&)&;
>6>A6B@=69
92C:=
CA6<D2<E=6B

(E2D2?
5:
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
>6?82?5E?8
5:6=6<DB:<
;2E9
=63:9
36C2B
52B:A252
>E2D2?
5:
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
>6?82?5E?8
E52B2

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 93

 *=69
<2B6?2
>E2D2?
-
=63:9
36C2B
E?DE<

I2?8
C2>2
A252
<2A2C:D@B
-
udara I2?8
>6?82?5E?8
5:6=6<DB:<

6B52C2B<2?
A6BC2>22?



5:A6B@=69

92C:=
329G2
<2A2C:D2C
C63E29
<2A2C:D@B
2<2?
36BD2>329
36C2B
2<:32D
bahan dielektrik A6?6>A2D2?
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
5:
2?D2B2
A6=2D A6=2D
<2A2C:D@B

2
#&'*1


-:72D C:72D
52B:
636B2A2
:6=6<DB:<
*09&8&3
.*1*086.0
&-&3 4378&38&
.*1*086.0







0%22
02<E> 

3
/52B2  
Gambar 4.23
(a) Baterai B menyebabkan
:B  O
perbedaan potensial yang sama &6BD2C  
pada setiap kapasitor; kapasitor (:<2
>6B29
56=:>2  
dengan bahan dielektrik memiliki ,E33I
>:42
muatan yang lebih banyak.
(b) Kedua kapasitor mengangkut
+@BC6=6?  
muatan yang sama. Kapasitor &G2BC2
I2?8
5:=63EB  
dengan bahan dielektrik memiliki "6=2C
A:B6H  
perbedaan potensial lebih rendah, 2<6=:D  
seperti ditunjukkan oleh
pembacaan alat ukur.
+@=:6D=6?  
>36B  
.67=@?  
)6@AB6?  
(:?I2<
DB2?C7@B>2D@B  
.:D2?:E>
5:@<C:52  
+@=:CD:B6?  
Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001

 -:72D C:72D
:?:
252=29
<:B2 <:B2
A252
D6>A6B2DEB
<2>2B
52?
E?DE<
<@?5:C: <@?5:C:

C656>:<:2?
BEA2
C69:?882
>652?
=:CDB:<

5:
52=2>
5:6=6<DB:<
D:52<
36BE329
56?82?
G2<DE

 $?:=29
8B25:6?
A@D6?C:2=
>2<C:>E>
I2?8
>E?8<:?
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
5:6=6<DB:<
D2?A2
D6B;25:?I2
<68282=2?
=:CDB:<
!(!0.%(
.!' +3*

:6=6<DB:<
C6B:?8<2=:
5:D6>A2D<2?
5:
2?D2B2
A=2D A=2D
A6?892?D2B
E?DE<
>6?8:B:><2?
CE2DE
A6B36522?
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
=63:9
D:?88:
E?DE<
5:A2<2:<2?
5:
2?D2B2
A=2D A=2D
D6BC63ED
52B:A252
A6B36522?
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
>E?8<:?
5:52A2D
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
E52B2
C63282:
5:6=6<DB:<

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6
 
<2A2C:D@B
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
D6B5:B:
2D2C
5E2

<6A:?8
=@82>
I2?8
D6BA2C2?8
C6;2;2B
A252
;2B2<
A:C29

>6D6B
I2?8
;2E9
=63:9
<64:=
52B:
=E2C
<6A:?8

>

&65E2
<6A:?8
D6BC63ED
5:36B:
>E2D2?
-
E
+q
A
–q I2?8
C2>2
36C2B
D6D2A:
D:52<
C6;6?:C

%:<2
5:
2?D2B2
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
252=29
E52B2F2<E>
<2A2C:D2?C:
<2A2C:D@B
>6>6?E9:
A6BC2>22?
36B:<ED

d 


  O

V &6D6B2?82?
Gambar 4.24  
=E2C
<6A:?8
>
Kapasitor keping sejajar
dihubungkan dengan 
;2B2<
2?D2B<6A:?8
>
sumber tegangan V.   
A6B>:D:F:D2C
F2<E>
E52B2


P
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94 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

4. Dielektrik pada Kapasitor Tugas Anda 4.3
:
2?D2B2
5E2
A6=2D
<6A:?8
A252
<2A2C:D@B
3:2C2?I2
5:C:C:A:5:A2C2?8 Mengapa dielektrik tidak
CE2DE
3292?
:C@=2D@B
I2?8
5:C63ED
%!(!'0.%'

292?
:?:
5:8E?2<2?
<2B6?2 menggunakan bahan konduktor?
Coba tanya pada guru Anda atau cari
52A2D
>6>A6B36C2B
?:=2:
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B

@?D@9
3292?
5:6=6<DB:< informasi dari internet.
252=29
<242
>:<2
<6BD2C
52?
<2B6D

292?
5:6=6<DB:<
>6>:=:<:
92B82
A6B>:D:F:D2C
I2?8
36B3652
56?82?

92B82
A6B>:D:F:D2C
F2<E>

6B52C2B<2?
!*67&2&&3
 <
52A2D
5:<6D29E:
329G2
A6B>:D:F:D2C
3292?
   .  
C69:?882
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
>6?88E?2<2?
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
252=29
 
 
2D2E


 .   O

6?82?
>6>6B92D:<2?
!*67&2&&3
 <
52?
!*67&2&&3
 <

5:52A2D
9E3E?82?
<2A2C:D@B
D2?A2
5:6=6<DB:<
52?
<2A2C:D@B
56?82?
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
252=29
C63282:
36B:<ED

   .  O

Contoh 4.14 Ingatlah

-63E29
<2A2C:D@B
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
=E2C
D:2A
<6A:?8


4>
52?
D6BA:C29

>>
C2DE


C2>2
=2:?

652
A@D6?C:2=
5:
2?D2B2
<6A:?8



F@=D

&6>E5:2?
<2A2C:D@B
5:=6A2C Jika permitivitas dielektrik
disisipkan di antara keping kapasitor,
52B:
CE>36B
D682?82?
52?
BE2?8
5:
2?D2B2
<6A:?8
5::C:
56?82?
5:6=6<DB:<I2?8
>6>:=:<:
kapasitas dan beda potensialnya
A6B>:D:F:D2C
B6=2D:7
3292?




#:DE?8=29 berubah, tetapi muatannya (q) tetap.
2
<2A2C:D2C
>E=2 >E=2

3
>E2D2?
-
A252
D:2A
<6A:?8
4
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<

C636=E>
5:36B:
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
5
<2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B

C6D6=29
5:C:C:A:
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
6
A6B>:D:F:D2C
5:6=6<DB:<
I2?8
5:8E?2<2?
  
7
3652
A@D6?C:2=
<6A:?8

C6D6=29
5:36B:
3292?
5:6=6<DB:<
8
<E2D
>652?
=:CDB:<

C6D6=29
5:36B:
>E2D2?
5:6=6<DB:<

&:&'
:<6D29E:
  

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>>


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4>


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Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 95

 -      
7
    
0
     !
5:A6B@=69
-

-
<2B6?2
9E3E?82?
56?82?
32D6B2:
5:AEDEC
C69:?882
D:52<
>6>:=:<:
;2=2?
=2:?

8
      
0  

0>
   
>

5. Kapasitor Bentuk Bola

+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


E2
<E=:D
<@?5E<D@B
36B36?DE<
3@=2
I2?8
bola 2
5:A:C29<2?
BE2?8
F2<E>

&E=:D
328:2?
=E2B
36B>E2D2?
?682D:7
56?82?
;2B: ;2B:
=E2B

C652?8<2?
<E=:D
I2?8
C636=29
52=2>
36B>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
bola 1
56?82?
;2B: ;2B:


+@D6?C:2=
 
A252
3@=2
328:2?
52=2>
5:D:>3E=<2?
R1 @=69
>E2D2?
A@C:D:7
-
52?
>E2D2?
3@=2
328:2?
=E2B
O-

52AE?
A@D6?C:2=

52B:
3@=2
<@?5E<D@B
328:2?
=E2B
36B?:=2:
?@=
<2B6?2
5:D2?29<2?




R2 &:D2
<6D29E:
329G2
<E2D
>652?
52?
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<
@=69
3@=2
<@?5E<D@B
5:
D:D:<

52?

>6>:=:<:
A6BC2>22?
- -
Gambar 4.25


'
52?
0  ' O 
Kapasitor bola konsentris  
dengan V2 dibumikan
6?82?
56>:<:2?
3652
A@D6?C:2=
2?D2B2
<65E2
3@=2
<@?5E<D@B
36B>E2D2?
D6BC63ED
252=29
Informasi 


O

untuk Anda
 
 
'-    O
   

'


>6BEA2<2?
D6D2A2?
<6
C632?5:?82?
E?DE<
BE2?8
92>A2
'

 

P

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6?82?
56>:<:2?
<2A2C:D2C

52B:
<2A2C:D@B
3@=2
252=29
- -  


 
   '
   
'-   
Sumber: Physics for You, 2001
   
Generator Van de Graaff adalah alat C69:?882
untuk mengumpulkan dan
menyimpan muatan listrik statik  


  O
dalam jumlah yang sangat besar.
Rambut wanita ini akan saling tolak-

   
menolak setelah memegang
generator Van de Graaff dan ujung- E?DE<
<E=:D
3@=2
<@?5E<D@B
36B@?882
5:
>2?2



5:A6B@=69
ujungnya berdiri karena termuati
oleh muatan yang sama. 


O
'
Information for You
Van de Graff is a tool to collect and 6. Susunan Kapasitor
store statics electric charge
enormously in quantity. The woman’s a. Susunan Seri
hair could be repulsive each other 2=2>
AB2<D:<
?52
C6B:?8
<2=:
A6B=E
>6?8823E?8<2?
<2A2C:D@B
E?DE<
after held the Van de Graff generator
and a hair would be repulsives >6?52A2D<2?
?:=2:
<2A2C:D2C
I2?8
5::?8:?<2?

2B2
A6?8823E?82?
<2A2C:D@B
caused by loading the common I2?8
C2?82D
52C2B
252=29
42B2
A6?8823E?82?
56?82?
CECE?2?
C6B:
52?
charges.
A2B2=6=

96 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 +6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


2=2>
CECE?2?
C6B:
<2A2C:D@B
36B=2<E
2DEB2?
36B:<ED
C1 C2 C3
 (E2D2?
A252
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
C2>2
I2:DE
C2>2
56?82?
>E2D2? + – + – + –
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D:
V1 V2 V3
-D@D

-

-

-
- O
V
 652
A@D6?C:2=
A252
E;E?8 E;E?8
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D:
C2>2
56?82?
;E>=29
D@D2=
3652
A@D6?C:2=
E;E?8 E;E?8
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B

Gambar 4.26
D@D

  O Susunan seri kapasitor

2B:
!*67&2&&3
 <
5:<6D29E:
329G2

- -



2D2E



 
- - - -
  
  
  
C652?8<2?
D@D


   D@D
Tugas Anda 4.4
%:<2
92B82 92B82
 


52?

5:>2CE<<2?
<6
52=2>
!*67&2&&3
Ketika Anda sedang merangkai
 <
2<2?
5:A6B@=69
A6BC2>22? peralatan elektronik, kadang-kadang
sulit menemukan nilai kapasitas
  

kapasitor yang tepat dengan

D@D    O kebutuhan, maka teknik penyusunan
kapasitor bermanfaat sekali dalam
6C2B
<2A2C:D2C
A6?882?D:
E?DE<
*
3E29
<2A2C:D2D@B
I2?8
5:CECE? hal ini. Jika Anda hanya memiliki
C6B:
252=29 kapasitor bernilai besar, susunan
kapasitor apakah yang akan Anda
gunakan untuk mendapatkan
  


D@D    * O kapasitor bernilai kecil?

Contoh 4.15
.:82
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
<2A2C:D2C?I2
>2C:?8 >2C:?8

!

!
52?

!
5:CECE?
C6B:
52?
5:9E3E?8<2?
<6
CE>36B
D682?82?

0

#:DE?8=29
2
<2A2C:D2C
A6?882?D:
3
>E2D2?
-
52?
3652
A@D6?C:2=
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B

&:&'
:<6D29E:



!



!



!
D@D


0
 
 Ingatlah
2
&2A2C:D2C
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D:
           ! • Kapasitas total dua buah kapasitor
D@D
D@D    
! 
! 
! 
! seri adalah

3
(E2D2?
<2A2C:D@B
5:A6B@=69
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
!*67&2&&3
 < CS 
C1  C2
-D@D

D@D
D@D


!

0


 C1  C2
-D@D

-

-

-


 • Perbandingan potensial pada
kapasitas seri adalah
C69:?882
D682?82?
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
252=29
- - - V1 : V2 : V3 : ... : Vn  1 : 1 : 1 : ... : 1
   
  0     
  0     
  0 C1 C2 C3 Cn
 
!  
!  
!

b. Susunan Paralel
2=2>
CECE?2?
A2B2=6=
<2A2C:D@B
36B=2<E
92= 92=
36B:<ED

 652
A@D6?C:2=
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
252=29
C2>2

D@D






 O

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 97

  (E2D2?
D@D2=
<2A2C:D@B
A6?882?D:
C2>2
56?82?
;E>=29
D@D2=
>E2D2?
-D@D

-

-

- O
C1 C2 C3
V
+
– V1
+
V2
+ +
+6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


(E2D2?
A252
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
<2A2C:D@B
– – V3 –
252=29
- 
 
-


52?
-


C652?8<2?
-

D@D2=


%:<2
92B82 92B82
- 
-
-
52?
-
5:>2CE<<2?
<6
52=2>
!*67&2&&3
 <
2<2?
5:A6B@=69
Gambar 4.27
Susunan paralel kapasitor D@D





 O 
6C2B
<2A2C:D2C
A6?882?D:
E?DE<
*
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
5:CECE?
A2B2=6=
252=29
D@D








* O

Contoh 4.16
.:82
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
I2?8
<2A2C:D2C?I2
>2C:?8 >2C:?8

!

!
52?

!
5:CECE?
Tantangan A2B2=6=
52?
5:9E3E?8<2?
<6
CE>36B
D682?82?

F@=D

#:DE?8=29
untuk Anda 2
<2A2C:D2C
D@D2=
D@D
3
3652
A@D6?C:2=
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
Perhatikan gambar rangkaian 4
>E2D2?
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
kapasitor berikut. 5
>E2D2?
D@D2=
<2A2C:D@B

y
C1 &:&'
3 F :<6D29E:



!



!



!
D@D


0

3 F 4 F
2
&2A2C:D2C
D@D2=?I2
252=29
D@D








!


!


!


!

5 F
4 F 3 F 3
+252
CECE?2?
A2B2=6=
36?52
A@D6?C:2=
5:
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
C2>2
;E82
56?82?
4 F
C2 A@D6?C:2=
D@D2=?I2
C69:?882
D@D









0
x 4
>E2D2?
5:
C6D:2A
<2A2C:D@B
252=29
Tentukan: -









!
P

0




a. kapasitas pengganti antara titik -







!
P

0




x dan titik y,
b. beda potensial antara titik x dan -







!
P

0



y jika muatan pada kapasitor 5
(E2D2?
D@D2=
<2A2C:D@B
252=29
-D@D

-

-

-












5  F adalah 60  C. 




7. Energi yang Tersimpan dalam Kapasitor

&2A2C:D@B
;E82
36B7E?8C:
E?DE<
>6?I:>A2?
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
V (V) 5:36B:<2?
52B:
CE>36B
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<

?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
D6BC63ED
5:8E?2<2?
<6D:<2
B2?8<2:2?
=:CDB:<
>E=2:
36<6B;2

-6;E>=29
>E2D2?
<6
52=2>
<2A2C:D@B
D6BEC
36BD2>329
C6=2>2
AB@C6C
A6?8:C:2?
D6BEC
36B=2?8CE?8
36BC2>22?
56?82?
A6BD2>3292?
A@D6?C:2=
A252
<65E2
<6A:?8
C6;2;2B
9:?882
A6?E9
q
V -
C C636C2B
 


&6?2:<2?
D@D2=
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
A252
<2A2C:D@B
,
252=29
A6?;E>=292?
2D2E
:?D68B2=
>E2D2?
-!O
52B:
?@=
C2>A2:

A6B92D:<2?
&2'&6


dq Q q(C) 6?82?
>6>6B92D:<2?
!*67&2&&3
<


6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
Gambar 4.28 52=2>
<2A2C:D@B
52A2D
5:A6B@=69
C63282:
36B:<ED

Grafik perubahan potensial (V) -

sebagai fungsi perubahan muatan
,



-


-
selama proses pengisian 

berlangsung.
-
 ,  

-



,


O
 

98 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 4.17 Kata Kunci
E2
3E29
<2A2C:D@B
>2C:?8 >2C:?8
<2A2C:D2C?I2
   52?
   5:CECE?
C642B2
C6B: • kapasitas kapasitor
<6>E5:2?
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
D682?82?

0

.6?DE<2? • kapasitor kertas
• kapasitor variabel
2
<2A2C:D2C
D@D2=
• kapasitor elektrolit
3
6?6B8:
I2?8
D6BC:>A2?
52=2>
C:CD6>
• farad
&:&' • kondensator
• isolator
:<6D29E:



   


   

0
• dielektrik
      
2

D@D2=  


     
•
•
katode
anode

 
D@D2=   
D@D2=     

   D@D2=        !

0       
%



3

  

Mari Mencari Tahu

?52
D6=29
>6?86D29E:
86?6B2D@B
F2?
56B
"B227
52B:
3+462&7.
93890
3)&

=2D
D6BC63ED
>6?892C:=<2?
>E2D2?
C6;6?:C
52=2>
;E>=29
36C2B

.E82C
?52
252=29
>6?42B:
:?7@B>2C:
>6?86?2:
42B2
<6B;2
2=2D
D6BC63ED
5:C6BD2:
56?82?
82>32B

+292>:
7E?8C: 7E?8C:
C6D:2A
328:2?
52=2>
2=2D
D6BC63ED

%:<2
D6=29
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Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 99

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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu menjadi
paham tentang listrik statis, medan listrik, potensial listrik,
energi potensial listrik, kapasitor dan jenis-jenisnya, serta
bagaimana cara kapasitor bekerja. Dari semua materi
pada bab ini, bagian mana yang menurut Anda sulit untuk
dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan dengan teman atau
guru Fisika Anda.
Pemasangan kapasitor pada sakelar-sakelar listrik
yang memiliki daya tinggi dapat menghilangkan
terjadinya percikan bunga api. Pemanfaatan ini berguna
sekali untuk keamanan. Coba Anda tuliskan manfaat lain
penggunaan kapasitor.

Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 101

 Tes Kompetensi Bab 4
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Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor 103

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104 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

5
Sumber: Physics For Scientists and Engineers, 2000
Jarum pada kompas menyimpang mengikuti arah medan magnetik yang
ditimbulkan oleh kawat berarus.

Medan Magnetik
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menerapkan konsep kelistrikan dan kemagnetan dalam berbagai

penyelesaian masalah dan produk teknologi.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

menerapkan induksi magnetik dan gaya magnetik pada beberapa produk teknologi.

)490@07
:4<06=4B0=
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<4=F41CB=F0
A410608
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Magnetik
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Medan Magnetik 105

 Tes Kompetensi Awal
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A. Medan Magnetik
1. Medan Magnetik di Sekitar Magnet Permanen
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Sumber: Physics, 1995 60@8A
60F0
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Pola garis gaya magnetik pada <06=4B8:
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!,"!0


(a) magnet U dan
(b) magnet batang. 0 1 B

n garis normal
Gambar 5.3
(a) Garis gaya magnetik tegak lurus A
A
menembus bidang A (fluks
magnetik);
(b) Medan magnetik B menembus
bidang A dengan membentuk
sudut
terhadap garis normal.
 0

garis normal

106 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 ;C:A
<06=4B8:
  
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< Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998

 
<430=
<06=4B8:
-1< Baru-baru ini di dalam tengkorak

burung merpati ditemukan sejenis


AC3CB
0=B0@0

30=
- sensor magnet yang tersusun dari

magnet-magnet elementer. Tiap
Contoh 5.1 magnet tersebut terhubung dengan
otak melalui saraf. Sensor tersebut
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:C0B
<430=
<06=4B8:
F0=6
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<06=4B8:

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<4=4<1CA
1830=6
A4;C0A


<
A420@0
B460:
;C@CA melintang sepanjang magnet Bumi,
selain itu juga dapat menentukan
!5!" ketinggian posisinya dari permukaan
8:4B07C8
 

-1



< Bumi.
4=60=
<4=66C=0:0=
%01!,!!-
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38?4@>;47
Information for You
    
-1< 
 Pigeons have recently been found to
038
:C0B
<430=
<06=4B8:
F0=6
3870A8;:0=
030;07

-1< have multiple-domain magnetite
magnets within their skulls. That are
connected with a large number of
nerves to the pigeon’s brain. Pigeons
2. Medan Magnetik di Sekitar Arus Listrik have a magnetic sense, and not only
+=BC:
<4<?4@94;0A
?4<070<0=
<4=64=08
<430=
<06=4B8: can they discern longitudinal
directions along the earth’s magnetic
?4@70B8:0=
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A4@1C:
14A8
38A410@:0=
38
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<06=4B8:
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14A8
0:0=
<4<14=BC:
?>;0
60@8A60@8A
60F0
<06=4B8: by the dip of the earth’s field.
!4@0?0B0=
60@8A60@8A
60F0
F0=6
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*2(4(2!1
(1(*!
14@8:CB Gambar 5.4
Garis-garis gaya magnetik yang
terbentuk oleh serbuk besi
Aktivitas Fisika 5.1 ketika ditempatkan di tempat
yang dipengaruhi oleh kawat
Medan Magnetik di Sekitar Kawat Berarus berarus listrik.
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati medan magnetik yang disebabkan oleh kawat berarus listrik.
Alat-alat Percobaan
1. Sebuah baterai 4. Kawat penghantar
2. Kabel 5. Kompas kecil
3. Sebuah saklar

Medan Magnetik 107

 Langkah-langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah peralatan sehingga terlihat seperti Gambar (a). Dalam keadaan
sakelar S terbuka, letakkan kawat penghantar di atas kompas dengan arah
U U U memanjang sejajar dengan jarum kompas.
2. Perhatikan arah penunjukan jarum kompas.
3. Kemudian, tutuplah sakelar S seperti pada Gambar (b). Amati jarum kompas,
U apa yang terjadi?
U U
4. Baliklah polaritas baterai seperti pada Gambar (c). Lakukanlah pengamatan
seperti langkah 2 dan 4. Amati yang terjadi dengan jarum kompas.
S S S S S
S
I I I

S S S I
0 1 2
0 1 2
Gambar 5.5 5. Apakah kesimpulan Anda dari kegiatan ini?
(a) Penghantar tidak dilalui arus listrik;
(b) Penghantar dialiri arus listrik
dari utara; (c) Penghantar dialiri %012%$
?4@B0<0
:0;8
<4<?C1;8:0A8:0=
?4=4<C0==F0
B4=B0=6
?4=60@C7
arus listrik dari arah selatan.
Perhatikan arah simpangan :C0B
<430=
<06=4B8:
38
A4:8B0@
:0E0B
14@0@CA
&030
0E0;=F0
A420@0
B830:
jarumnya. A4=6090
80
<4;4B0::0=
90@C<
:><?0A
38
0B0A
:0E0B
?0=90=6
F0=6
14@0@CA
*4@=F0B0
90@C<
:><?0A
B4@A41CB
<4=60;0<8
?4=F8<?0=60=
&4@8AB8E0
?4=F8<?0=60=
90@C<
:><?0A
30?0B
=30
?4@70B8:0=
<4;0;C8
!,"!0

8:0
B830:
B4@30?0B
0@CA
F0=6
<4=60;8@
<4;0;C8
A41C07
?4=670=B0@
90@C<
:><?0A
B4B0?
?030
?>A8A8
A48<10=6
F08BC
CB0@0A4;0B0=
A4?4@B8
!,"!0
!
!4B8:0
0@CA
<4=60;8@
30@8
0@07
CB0@0
90@C<
:><?0A
0:0=
<4=F8<?0=6
:4
:0=0=
A4?4@B8
!,"!0
"
30=
:4B8:0
0@CA
<4=60;8@
30@8
0@07
A4;0B0=
90@C<
:><?0A
0:0=
<4=F8<?0=6
:4
:8@8
A4?4@B8
!,"!0
#
0@8
?4@2>100=
F0=6
38;0:C:0==F0
%012%$
<4=F0B0:0=
107E0
38
A4:8B0@
?4=670=B0@
14@0@CA
B4@30?0B
<430=
<06=4B8:
F0=6
0@07=F0
14@60=BC=6
:4?030
0@07
0@CA
;8AB@8:
F0=6
<4=60;8@
<4;0;C8
?4=670=B0@
B4@A41CB
+=BC:
<4=4=BC:0=
0@07
0@CA
;8AB@8:
30=
60@8A60@8A
<430=
<06=4B8:
=30
30?0B
<4=66C=0:0=
0BC@0=
B0=60=
:0=0=
8:0
0@CA
;8AB@8:
380;8@:0=
?030
:0E0B
;C@CA
F0=6
<4=4<1CA
B460:
;C@CA
?030
1830=6
F0=6
B4;07
38B01C@8
A4@1C:
14A8
A4@1C:A4@1C:
14A8
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
0:0=
<4=C=9C::0=
?>;0
60@8A60@8A
<430=
<06=4B8:
F0=6
14@14=BC:
Gambar 5.6 ;8=6:0@0=
A4?CA0B
A4?4@B8
38BC=9C::0=
?030
!,"!0
 
Pola garis medan magnetik yang
dibentuk oleh serbuk besi di sekitar @07
60@8A60@8A
60F0
<06=4B8:
38
A4:8B0@
?4=670=B0@
14@0@CA
30?0B
kawat lurus berarus listrik. 38B4=BC:0=
34=60=
:08307
B0=60=
:0=0=
A4?4@B8
!,"!0

14@8:CB

Gambar 5.7
(a) Kaidah tangan kanan; (b) Jika arus
menuju pengamat, arah medan
B B
magnetik berputar ke kiri; (c)
Jika arah arus menjauhi B
pengamat, arah medan
magnetik berputar ke kanan.
B

0 1 2

!4B4@0=60=

0@07
0@CA
<4=4<1CA
1830=6
60<10@
<4=34:0B8
?4=60<0B

0@07
0@CA
<4=4<1CA
1830=6
60<10@
<4=90C78
?4=60<0B

108 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 8:0
B0=60=
:0=0=
<4=664=660<
?4=670=B0@
;C@CA
34=60=
81C
90@8
<4=C=9C::0=
0@07
0@CA
;8AB@8:
0@07
;8?0B0=
90@890@8
F0=6
;08==F0
<4=C=
9C::0=
0@07
?CB0@0=
60@8A60@8A
60F0
<06=4B8:

3. Hukum Biot-Savart
i d

)4B4;07
?4=4<C0=
%012%$
3C0
>@0=6
58A8:0E0=
&@0=28A
14@=0<0

%!-
!/2(12%
(.2
30=
%+(6
!4!02
14@70A8;
<4=4=BC:0=
14A0@=F0
<430= r
<06=4B8:
F0=6
38B8<1C;:0=
>;47
0@CA
;8AB@8:
AB018;
(.2
30=
!4!02 d

dB
P
<4;0:C:0=
?4=60<0B0=
B4@7030?
:>=B@81CA8
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
?030
AC0BC
B8B8:
F0=6
38B8<1C;:0=
>;47
A41C07
?4=670=B0@
14@0@CA
;8AB@8:
!C0B
<430=
<06=4B8:
38=F0B0:0=
30;0<
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
&4@70B8:0=
!,"!0

C:C<
8>B)0D0@B
<4=F0B0:0=
14A0@=F0
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
F0=6
38A4101:0=
>;47
4;4<4=
0@CA
;8AB@8:

 14@10=38=6
;C@CA
34=60=
:C0B
0@CA
;8AB@8:


 14@10=38=6
;C@CA
34=60=
?0=90=6
4;4<4=
?4=670=B0@ 

 14@10=38=6
B4@10;8:
34=60=
:C03@0B
90@0:
&
0=B0@0
A41C07
B8B8:
B4<?0B Gambar 5.8
?4=6C:C@0=
8=3C:A8
4;4:B@><06=4B8:
34=60=
4;4<4=
?4=670=B0@ 
 Kawat d
yang dialiri arus listrik.
 A410=38=6
34=60=
A8=CA
AC3CB
0?8B
0=B0@0
0@07
0@CA
30=
60@8A
?4=6
7C1C=6
B8B8:
&
34=60= 

)420@0
<0B4<0B8A
?4@A0<00=
8>B)0D0@B
30?0B
38BC;8A
A410608
14@8:CB
 

A8=

  I
 &
8<0=0


030;07
AC3CB
0=B0@0
0@07
30@8


30=
&

030;07
:>=AB0=B0
?4@<4018;8B0A
F0=6
<4<8;8:8
=8;08
A410608
14@8:CB
   

*
< 
 

*
< I 

4. Induksi Magnetik di Sekitar Kawat Lurus

&4@70B8:0=
!,"!0

)4CB0A
:0E0B
;C@CA
34=60=
?0=90=6


380;8@8 d

0@CA
;8AB@8:
A478=660
B8<1C;
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38A4:8B0@
:0E0B
B4@A41CB

8:0
380<18;
4;4<4=


?030
:0E0B
;C@CA
B4@A41CB
30=
A41C07
B8B8:
&
F0=6
14@90@0:
&
30@8


AC3CB
F0=6
3814=BC:
>;47
4;4<4=


34=60=
&
030;07



r
4@30A0@:0=
?4@A0<00=
8>B)0D0@B
14A0@=F0
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
B8B8:
&
030;07


A8=

 
 & dB
0 a
8:0
?0=90=6
:0E0B


030;07
30@8
=>;
A0<?08
90C7
B0:
B4@78=660
<0:0 P
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:=F0
<4=9038





A8=
I
   




 & I
Gambar 5.9
Induksi magnetik akibat kawat
&4@70B8:0=
:4<10;8
!,"!0

%01!,!!-
9
<4@C?0:0=
8=3C:A8 lurus berarus di sebuah titik
<06=4B8:
:0@4=0
?4=60@C7
:0E0B


30@8
=>;
:4
10E07
38?4@78BC=6:0= yang berjarak a dari kawat
lurus tersebut.
<0:0
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
B>B0;
38
&
030;07





A8=

    
  


& I

Medan Magnetik 109

 Tugas Anda 5.1 ,0@8014;




30=
&
30;0<
?4@A0<00=
8=8
A0;8=6
B4@8:0B
A4AC08
14=BC:
Coba Anda cari informasi apakah di
A468B860
F0=6
3814=BC:=F0
sekitar kawat lurus berarus timbul
medan magnetik juga jika arus yang & 
   
mengalir arus bolak-balik.
30=


A8=
 A8=
 
 

 


4=60=
<4=AC1AB8BCA8:0=
70@60
D0@8014;D0@8014;
8=8
?030
%01!,!!-

9 
30=
<4=68=B46@0;:0==F0
3830?0B
?4@A0<00=
10@C
A410608
14@8:CB






 

     






 

      


 I
 
+=BC:
<4=4=BC:0=
0@07
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:=F0
30?0B
386C=0:0=
0BC@0=
B0=60=
:0=0=
&4@70B8:0=
!,"!0


B B
Gambar 5.10
Arah induksi magnetik di
sekitar kawat lurus berarus. i
(a) Arah arus ke bawah;
(b) Arah arus ke atas.

0 1

Contoh 5.2
)41C07
:0E0B
;C@CA
F0=6
A0=60B
?0=90=6
380;8@8
0@CA
;8AB@8:


*4=BC:0=
14A0@
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
0
B8B8:
&
F0=6
14@90@0:

2<
30@8
:0E0B
1
B8B8:
'
F0=6
14@90@0:


2<
30@8
:0E0B
!5!"
Tantangan 4=60=
<4=6C=0:0=
%01!,!!-
9
38?4@>;47
d


untuk Anda 

 

-1< 

  P
0
$  


L

I
* r
Jika pada kumparan yang dialiri arus  
 
 

< 
listrik ditambahkan inti besi lunak, 
medan magnetik yang 

 

-1< 

  I
  


L

I
*
ditimbulkannya semakin besar.   

 



< 
Mengapa demikian?
038
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
B8B8:
&
030;07

L

I
*
30=
38
B8B8:
'
030;07

L

I
*

110 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

5. Induksi Magnetik di Sekitar Kawat Melingkar
8:0
A4CB0A
:0E0B
F0=6
<4;8=6:0@
380;8@8
0@CA
;8AB@8:
38
A4:8B0@
:0E0B Id
z
B4@A41CB
0:0=
B8<1C;
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
F0=6
14A0@=F0
30?0B
38B4=BC:0=

34=60=
<4=66C=0:0=
?4@A0<00=
8>B)0D0@B
&4@70B8:0=
!,"!0
 r

0@0
F0=6
<C307
C=BC:
<4=678BC=6
14A0@
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
A4:8B0@ r
:0E0B
<4;8=6:0@
14@0@CA
F08BC
34=60=
<4=678BC=6
14A0@
8=3C:A8 I
<06=4B8:
38
?CA0B
;8=6:0@0=
B4@A41CB
B8B8:
&
=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
?CA0B
:0E0B
<4;8=6:0@
30?0B
38B4=BC:0=
A4?4@B8 0
a
?030
?4=4=BC0=
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
A4:8B0@
:0E0B
;C@CA
8:0
=30
?4@70B8:0=
D0@8014;


?030
!,"!0

030;07
A414A0@
 H
:0@4=0
0
B460:
;C@CA
34=60=
0@07
4;4<4=


0@60
0
A0<0
34=60=

:0@4=0 x y
:43C0=F0
14@78<?8B0=
A478=660
98:0
D0@8014;D0@8014;
B4@A41CB
38<0AC::0=
:4
30;0<
?4@A0<00=
8>B)0D0@B
0:0=
3830?0B
<430=
Gambar 5.11
<06=4B8:
38
?CA0B
;8=6:0@0=
A410608
14@8:CB Induksi magnetik di pusat kawat



A8= 



melingkar berarus.
 


    
&4@;C
=30
?4@70B8:0=
107E0
?0=90=6
:0E0B
A0<0
34=60=
:4;8;8=6
:0E0B
A478=660
8=B46@0;
<4<8;8:8
10B0A
30@8
=>;
A0<?08
 
A478=660
?4@A0<00=
<4=9038
  



   
 


$ 
   
  


$  I

%01!,!!-
9
14@;0:C
C=BC:
A0BC
:0E0B
<4;8=6:0@
8:0
B4@30?0B

;8;8B0=
:0E0B
<4;8=6:0@
<0:0
8=3C:A8
<430=
<06=4B8:
38
?CA0B
;8=6:0@0=
:0E0B
<4=9038


$  I

@07
<430=
<06=4B8:
30?0B
38B4=BC:0=
34=60=
0BC@0=
B0=60=
:0=0=
Tantangan
A4?4@B8
?030
!,"!0

untuk Anda
Contoh 5.3 Perhatikan gambar berikut.
&4@70B8:0=
60<10@
14@8:CB
8:0
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
?CA0B
;8=6:0@0=
14@0@CA
;8AB@8:

I
F0=6
14@90@890@8

030;07

B4=BC:0=
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
B8B8:
&
0 1 I

I
2I 2I a2
a a1
a
P
I I A
P
Penghantar berbentuk dua
!5!" setengah lingkaran konsentris,

0 %;47
:0@4=0
14=BC:
:0E0B
70=F0
14@C?0

;8=6:0@0=
14A0@
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38 memiliki jari-jari a1 = 2 cm dan

a2 = 4 cm. Penghantar dialiri oleh


030;07
$


34=60=
0@07  <0AC:
1830=6 arus listrik I = 2 A.Tentukanlah besar

induksi magnetik total yang timbul
1 (4AC;B0=
:C0B
<430=
<06=4B8:
38
B8B8:

030;07
$
 
I



  di titik pusat A.

Medan Magnetik 111

 6. Induksi Magnetik di Pusat dan Ujung Solenoida
# "#
030;07
AC0BC
;8;8B0=
:0E0B
?4=670=B0@
F0=6
?0=90=6
0B0C
P
:C<?0@0=
@0?0B
F0=6
<4=F4@C?08
;8;8B0=
?460A
A4?4@B8
F0=6
38BC=9C::0=
?030
!,"!0
 !
8:0
:C<?0@0=
?4=670=B0@
388@8A
A420@0
<4<1C9C@
<4;8=B0=6
0:0=
3830?0B
8@8A0=
?4=0<?0=6
A4?4@B8
?030
!,"!0
 "
!C<?0@0=
?4=670=B0@
F0=6
14@0@CA
;8AB@8:
0:0=
<4=670A8;:0=
60@8A
<430=
<06=4B8:
34=60=
?>;0
A0<0
34=60=
F0=6
3870A8;:0=
>;47
<06=4B
10B0=6
8:0
?0=90=6
A>;4=>830


30=
B4@38@8
0B0A

1C07
;8;8B0=
9C<;07
0 ;8;8B0=
C=BC:
A4B80?
A0BC0=
?0=90=6
<4=9038
"  
30=
90@890@8
:C<?0@0=


=F0

=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
B8B8:
&
F0=6
B4@;4B0:
?030
AC<1C
A>;4=>830
a 30=
38A4101:0=
>;47
4;4<4=
A>;4=>830
A4?0=90=6
,
030;07
P C

A  "

r
  A8=  I

& 
x
F D
030;07
AC3CB
0=B0@0
&
30=
,
A478=660
d
  A8= &     2>A42
1 & A8=
Gambar 5.12 ,  2>B0= ,   2>B0= ,    2>A42  
(a) Solenoida yang dialiri 
arus listrik; (b) Penampang irisan 4A0@=F0
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
&
>;47
A4;C@C7
?0=90=6
:0E0B
A>;4=>830
membujur solenoida.
34=60=
<4=AC1AB8BCA8:0=
70@60
&
30=
,
:4
30;0<
%01!,!!-
9
030;07

 "

       A8= 


 "


2>A   2>A   I



Tokoh
8:0
A>;4=>830
B4@A41CB
A0=60B
?0=90=6
A478=660



H
30=



 H
14A0@
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
?CA0B
A>;4=>830
030;07
Hans Oersted 

  
"

0B0C

   I

(1777–1851)

4A0@
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
C9C=6
A>;4=>830
34=60=



H
30=


 H
030;07

" 

  

0B0C

   I

Hans Oersted adalah seorang ahli
Fisika berkebangsaan Denmark. Pada
tahun 1819 ia menemukan
hubungan mendasar antara
kemagnetan dan kelistrikan.
Percobaannya menunjukkan
terjadinya pembelokan pada jarum
 

Contoh 5.4
)41C07
A>;4=>830
F0=6
?0=90=6=F0



<
30=
90@890@8
&


<
<4<8;8:8

;8;8B0=
A>;4=>830
B4@A41CB
380;8@8
0@CA
A414A0@


0 *4=BC:0=
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
C9C=6
A>;4=>830
1 8:0
A>;4=>830
38@4=660=6:0=
A478=660
?0=90=6=F0
3C0
:0;8
A4<C;0
14@0?0:07
14A0@=F0
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
C9C=6
A>;4=>830
B4@A41CB
!5!"
0 =3C:A8
<06=4B8:
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Sumber: www.allautobiographies.com $ 

 

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112 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Medan Magnetik 113

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Aktivitas Fisika 5.2

Gambar 5.15
Gaya Magnetik
Penghantar panjang
berarus
Tujuan Percobaan
listrik I di dalam medan
magnetik homogen B.
Mengamati gaya magnetik
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Aluminium foil 4. Sebuah sakelar
2. Sebuah magnet U 5. Dua buah penjepit
3. Sebuah baterai
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah peralatan tersebut, seperti pada gambar berikut.
pita sebelum
F
aluminium sakelar ditutup,
P
pita aluminium
dalam keadaan
penjepit mendatar

Q
– + – +
sakelar sakelar

114 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 2. Tutuplah sakelar agar arus listrik mengalir melalui pita aluminium. F
3. Apakah yang terjadi dengan pita aluminium tersebut?
4. Ubahlah polaritas dari baterai, kemudian amati yang terjadi pada pita
aluminium. U S
5. Balikkan posisi kutub magnet U, kemudian amati yang terjadi pada pita B
aluminium.
6. Apakah kesimpulan Anda dari kegiatan ini?

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Kadang-kadang kejadian ini


  


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Medan Magnetik 115

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116 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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@4;
30=
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0B0A

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38
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8=3C:A8
4;4:B@><06=4B8: Sumber: Science Discovery 1, 2004

:C<?0@0=:C<?0@0=
B4@A41CB
30?0B
<4=9038
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30=
:4@4B0
0?8
30?0B Gambar 5.23

Kereta api terbang mampu
14@64@0:
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030=F0
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30=
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24?0B
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:4@4B0
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14@64@0:

Medan Magnetik 121

 D. Sifat Magnet Bahan
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S S S

Gambar 5.24
(a) Gerak melingkar elektron
mengelilingi inti; (b) Spin elektron
tidak berpasangan; (c) Spin elektron
berpasangan.
U U
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0 1 2

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solenoida
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Bahan diamagnetik
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122 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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1070=
54@@><06=4B8: Sumber: Physics for Scientists and
Engineers, 3rd Edition, 2000
5. Penerapan Bahan Ferromagnetik
a. Relai Magnetik (Penghubung)
 
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rangkaian kedua

engsel

inti besi
solenoida

armatur Gambar 5.28

(lempengan) Skema rangkaian
sakelar relai magnetik
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Medan Magnetik 123

 Rangkuman

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124 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
3 &030
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Refleksi
Setelah Anda mempelajari materi bab ini, Anda tentu
dapat memahami bahwa medan magnetik dihasilkan
dari magnet permanen dan kawat berarus. Anda tentu
memahami juga pengaruh medan magnetik pada kawat
berarus serta pemanfaatan fenomena tersebut dalam
teknologi. Dari materi yang ada pada bab ini, bagian
manakah yang menurut Anda sulit dipahami? Coba Anda
diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda. Selain
itu, coba Anda cari manfaat dan aplikasi lain dari materi-
materi bab ini.

Medan Magnetik 125

 Tes Kompetensi Bab 5
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<0=0
B8B8:
F0=6
<4<8;8:8
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:=F0


L A B

I

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1C07
:0E0B
0
30=
1
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P R
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30=


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60<10@
P
I1 = 5 A I2 = 5 A

0 8
B8B8:
<0=0:07
<430=
<06=4B8:
<4<8;8:8
70@60

a  10 cm
b  8 cm =>;
1 *4=BC:0=
90@0:
B8B8:
8BC
B4@7030?
:0E0B
10 cm Ib = 5 A
Ia = 10 A b
a
8BC=6
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
B8B8:
&
F0=6
14@90@0:


2<
30@8
:0E0B
0
30=

2<
30@8
:0E0B
1

Medan Magnetik 129

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14@0@CA
;8AB@8:
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1C07
;8=6:0@0=
<0A8=6<0A8=6
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P
38;4B0::0=
D4@B8:0;
A49090@
38
A0BC
AC<1C
?030
90@0:

2<
@CA
F0=6
3814@8:0=
?030
90@0:

2<
@CA
F0=6
3814@8:0=
?030
:43C0
;8=6:0@0=
A0<0
F08BC



Q 4@0?0
14A0@=F0
8=3C:A8
B8B8:
&
F0=6
14@030
38
B4=607
*4=BC:0=
0@07
<430=
<06=4B8:

38
B8B8:
&
'
98:0 B4=607
AC<1C
98:0
0 0@CA
30@8
:8@8
:4
:0=0= 0 0@07
0@CA
?030
:43C0
;8=6:0@0=
A0<0
1 0@CA
30@8
:0=0=
:4
:8@8 1 0@07
0@CA
?030
:43C0
;8=6:0@0=
14@;0E0=0=
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B8B8:
30@8
C30@0
14@90@0:

2<
30@8
A41C07
:0E0B
 )41C07
A>;4=>830
?0=90=6=F0

2<
30=
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;8;8B0=
;C@CA
30=
?0=90=6
F0=6
<4=60;8@:0=
0@CA


4@0?0 :0E0B=F0

;8=6:0@0=
8:0
0@CA
F0=6
3814@8:0=
?030
@0?0B
5;C:A
<06=4B8:
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
B8B8:
8BC A>;4=>830


78BC=6;07
8=3C:A8
<06=4B8:
38
?CA0B
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<06=4B8:
A41C07
B8B8:
F0=6
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90@890@8=F0

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90@0:

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-1
14@0?0
0@CA
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030
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14A0@
8=3C:A8
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38
B8B8:
&
F0=6
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<
380<4B4@


2<
14@030
38
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38 60F0
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30=
90@890@8
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B>@>830

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F0=6
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B>@>830

130 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

6
Sumber: Physics Today, 1989
Generator listrik mampu mengubah energi kinetik menjadi energi listrik
melalui proses induksi elektromagnetik.

Induksi
Elektromagnetik
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menerapkan konsep kelistrikan dan kemagnetan dalam berbagai penyelesaian

masalah dan produk teknologi.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

memformulasikan konsep induksi Faraday dan arus bolak-balik, keterkaitannya,

serta aplikasinya.

)141
12

>41
C5<18
=5=@5<1:1A9
=541>
=17>5C
G1>7
49C9=2D<;1> A. Gejala Induksi

?<58
;1F1C
25A1ADB
<9BCA9;
5:1<1
9>9
C5<18
491=1C9
?<58
*.
$-%./%*
Elektromagnetik
"-./"!
@141

-18D;18
>41
218F1
@5AD2181>
=541>
=17>5C
41@1C
=5>9=2D<;1>
1ADB
<9BCA9; B. Aplikasi Induksi
5:1<1
9>9
49=1>611C;1>
D>CD;
=5>781B9<;1>
<9BCA9;
G1>7
497D>1;1> Elektromagnetik
D>CD;
25A21719
;5@5A<D1>
,521719
3?>C?8
B5@5AC9
C1=@1;
@141
71=21A
B52D18
75>5A1C?A
A1;B1B1
497D>1;1>
B521719
BD=25A
<9BCA9;
5>5A1C?A
Faraday
9>9
=5=1>611C;1>
75:1<1
9>4D;B9
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
@1;18
9>4D;B9 C. Arus dan Tegangan
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
9CD
41;18
@5=1>611C1>
<19>
41A9
9>4D;B9
5<5;CA?=17 Listrik Bolak-balik
>5C9;
B5<19>
75>5A1C?A
5B1A1>25B1A1>
1@1
B1:1
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C5A<921C
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9>4D;B9
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
#1F121>
1C1B
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C5AB52DC
41@1C
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C5=D;1>
41<1=
212
9>9
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;1A5>1
9CD
@5<1:1A9<18
212
9>9
45>71>
219;

Induksi Elektromagnetik 131

 Tes Kompetensi Awal
""(0)
)"),"(&-%
'+*.",
*!0'.%
("'/-+)#*"/%'
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=1C5A9
212
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498D2D>7;1>
@141
1ADB
(5ABC54
45>71>
@5>5=D1>>G1
C5>C1>7
1ADB
<9BCA9; B51A18
1719=1>1;18
81B9<
5;B@5A9=5>>G1
&D>7;9>;18  -18D;18
>41
141
25A1@1
:5>9B
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
25A
65>?=5>1
;521<9;1>>G1
C5A:149
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6D>7B9>G1
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41>
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=5>71@1
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45>71>
1ADB
2?<1;21<9;
@1
G1>7
1;1>

A. Gejala Induksi Elektromagnetik

1. Pengertian Induksi Elektromagnetik
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3
Gambar 6.1
Induksi elektromagnetik
(a) ketika magnet diam, jarum
galvanometer juga diam, (b) ketika
magnet dimasukkan ke dalam
kumparan, jarum galvanometer
bergerak ke kanan, dan (c) ketika
magnet dikeluarkan dari dalam
kumparan, jarum galvanometer
bergerak ke kiri.
132 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
#',
&%-+)'!(-#%
1C1D
B5A9>7
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49B52DC
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Aktivitas Fisika 6.1
Induksi Elektromagnetik
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati arus induksi
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Kumparan
2. Galvanometer
3. Magnet batang
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah peralatan seperti gambar berikut.
magnet kumparan
galvanometer
 2. Siapkan magnet batang, kemudian dekatkan pada kumparan, dan diamkan. Tokoh
Catat hasil pengamatan Anda.
3. Gerakkan magnet mendekati kumparan atau masukkan ke dalam kumparan.
Amati jarum galvanometer dan catat hasil pengamatannya.
4. Diamkan magnet batang di dalam kumparan. Amati jarum galvanometer dan Michael Faraday
catat hasil pengamatannya. (1791–1867)
5. Gerakkan magnet batang dengan arah menjauhi kumparan atau keluar
kumparan, amati jarum galvanometer, dan catat hasil pengamatannya.
6. Balikkan polaritas magnet batang, lakukan lagi percobaan langkah 2 dan
langkah 5. Catat hasil pengamatannya.
7. Tulis kesimpulan Anda tentang kegiatan ini.

2. Hukum Faraday
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41<1=
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9>4D;B9
9>9<18
G1>7
=5>G5212;1>
=5>71<9A>G1
1ADB
<9BCA9;
9>4D;B9
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5B1A>G1
77<
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61;C?A61;C?A
B521719
25A9;DC Sumber: www.allbiographies.com
1 $.
*+."(
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Michael Faraday adalah seorang ahli
<1:D
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B5=1;9>
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77<
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4981B9<;1> Fisika, ahli Kimia, dan ahli Filsafat
2 .'&"
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%.'*+(
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21>G1;
:D=<18
<9<9C1>
;D=@1A1> berkebangsaan Inggris, tepatnya
B5=1;9>
25B1A
@D<1
77<
G1>7
4981B9<;1> lahir di Newington Butts, Surey, pada
tahun 1971. Ia bersama-sama dengan
5A41B1A;1>
81B9<
5;B@5A9=5>
G1>7
49<1;D;1>>G1
-!2
=5>GDBD> Joseph Henry menemukan
!D;D=
1A141G
!D;D=
9>9
G1>7
=5>G1C1;1>
218F1
!2
!+%
&#,-+#% fenomena induksi elektromagnetik.
#(.%,#
,(#(!
(!(
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# Penemuan ini merupakan kebalikan
dari penemuan Oersted, yaitu dari
&'
%.'*+(
)5A>G1C11>
!D;D=
1A141G
9>9
41@1C
49>G1C1;1>
41<1= medan listrik dapat menghasilkan
25>CD;
@5AB1=11>
B521719
25A9;DC arus listrik.


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normal


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-
Gambar 6.2
$5C5A1>71> Garis-garis gaya magnetik yang

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=541>
=17>5C9;
02 = membentuk sudut

terhadap
garis normal.
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2941>7
;D=@1A1>
=

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1>C1A1
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9>4D;B9
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41@1C
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218F1
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9>4D;B9
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9>4D;B9
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1 @5AD2181>
;D1C
=541>
=17>5C9;
2 @5AD2181>
<D1B
2941>7
;D=@1A1>
G1>7
49C5=2DB
?<58
=541>
=17>5C9;

Induksi Elektromagnetik 133

 Tantangan Contoh 6.1
untuk Anda ,52D18
=17>5C
4975A1;;1>
=5>:1D89
;D=@1A1>
G1>7
C5A49A9
1C1B


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3. Ggl Induksi karena Perubahan Luas Bidang Kumparan

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Penghantar PQ digerakkan
dengan kecepatan v di dalam  

1  1
medan magnet homogen B.  

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Gerak elektron dalam batang
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41>
1A18
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134 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Para teknisi ini sedang memasang
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@141
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.
141<18
B521719
25A9;DC merupakan sebuah elektromagnetik
kuat yang dapat berputar dengan

    



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kecepatan tinggi. Akibat perputaran
  
J rotor, terjadi perubahan medan
magnetik dan membangkitkan arus
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45>71>

Information for You
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.
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.
B1=1
45>71>
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technician placing generator on
1ADB
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5>71>
45=9;91> electrical instalation in Mexico. You
"-.)*
 3 
41@1C
49BD2BC9CDB9;1>
;5
41<1=
"-.)*
 3 can see a part, called stator. The rotor
is put inside it. Rotor is a strong
B589>771
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 with cause the velocity. That spin is
what cause the change of magnetic
 field and generate electrical element
  on coil inside stator.
 



/ J Sumber: The Oxford Children’s Book of
 Science, 1995
$5C5A1>71>
 
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41>
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9
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=541>
=17>5C
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45>71>
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B5@5AC9
C1=@1;
@141
71=21A
B
R  0,25

F
Q

P
w = mg v

m

 20 c

Induksi Elektromagnetik 135

 -5>CD;1>
Tantangan 1 1A18
1ADB
41<1=
;1F1C
@5>781>C1A
)*
untuk Anda 2 ;535@1C1>
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;1F1C
@5>781>C1A
1
Sebuah penghantar berbentuk U
terletak di dalam daerah berinduksi
magnetik homogen B = 4 × 10–3 T
berarah menembus bidang kertas.
1 1G1
25A1C
@5>781>C1A
)*
B525B1A


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=5>G5212;1>
@5>781>C1A
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G1>7
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1C1B
Penghantar PQ sepanjang 40 cm
menempel pada penghantar U dan
digerakkan ke kanan dengan
kecepatan tetap v = 10 m/s. Hitung
ggl induksi antara ujung-ujung PQ.
2
3
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& 
Informasi
untuk Anda


;7 


= B 

  
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= B



02 =  


= 

G1>7
25B1A>G1
25AD218
Sumber: www.linearmagnetics.com
Induktor adalah sebuah
elektromagnet, yaitu sebuah
kumparan kawat dengan atau tanpa

1C1D
 '  

J1
inti magnetik yang menghasilkan
magnetisme jika arus mengalir
melewatinya.
Information for You
Inductor is an electromagnet, made of
wire coil with or without magnetic
core which can produce magnetism
when electric current through.
Sumber: Jendela Iptek, 1997
136 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
#149
;535@1C1>
;?>BC1>
;1F1C
141<18

= B
4. Induktansi Diri
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3
25A<1;D
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9>4D;C1>B9
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menjadi 2 A dalam waktu 0,1 s.
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B525B1A

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 ggl induksi sebesar 32 V dalam
rangkaian. Induktansi rangkaian
#9;1
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B?<5>?941
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b. 0,40 H
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d. 32 H
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C5AB52DC
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UMPTN 1993
  
( 
 + 
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Pembahasan:
$5C5A1>71> Diketahui:
 
9>4D;C1>B9
49A9
B?<5>?941
1C1D
C?A?941
45>71>
9>C9
2181>
! I = 10 A – 2 A = 8 A



9>4D;C1>B9
49A9
B?<5>?941
1C1D
C?A?941
C1>@1
9>C9
!  ind = 32 V
dI
 ind  L
d

Contoh 6.3 3,2 Vs
32 V =
-?A?941
45>71>
<D1B
@5>1=@1>7

3=
41>
@1>:1>7>G1


3=
=5=9<9;9


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9>4D;C1>B9
49A9
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9>9
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Sebuah rangkaian tertutup (a) saklar s
 ditutup, lampu menyala dan (b) saklar s
   J
- dibuka, lampu masih menyala beberapa
saat kemudian padam.

Induksi Elektromagnetik 137

 -1>41
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1;89A

- 
-
J
-

B5<1>7
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1ADB
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B

Contoh 6.4
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;D=@1A1>
45>71>
9>4D;C1>B9
49A9


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491<9A9
1ADB
B521719
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5. Energi yang Tersimpan dalam Induktor

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Gambar 6.6 -
Sebuah kawat induktor
yang dialiri arus listrik. B589>771
25B1A>G1
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4925A9;1>
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9>4D;C?A
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-


  

-
-

138 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 

 



  
 J


6. Rapat Energi dalam Bentuk Medan Magnetik

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 100 mA menjadi 40 mA dalam waktu
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Induksi Elektromagnetik 139

 8. Induktansi Silang
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Perubahan arus pada kumparan
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02

140 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 6.6
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Induksi Elektromagnetik 141

 B. Aplikasi Induksi Elektromagnetik Faraday
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cincin
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Skema generator arus searah

sikat karbon

komutator
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142 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Transformator

Sumber: PHYWE, 1989

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Induksi Elektromagnetik 143

 Aktivitas Fisika 6.2
Membuat Transformator
Tujuan Percobaan
Membuat transformator step-up.
Alat-Alat Percobaan kumparan
1. Kawat tembaga kira-kira 1 m
2. Sumber tegangan 12 V (AC)
inti besi
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan voltmeter
1. Susunlah peralatan seperti gambar berikut.
2. Lilitkan 10 lilitan kawat pada bagian kiri inti besi, sebagai kumparan primer.
Kemudian, sebanyak 20 lilitan pada bagian karena inti besi yang lain, sebagai
kumparan sekunder. Hubungkan dengan sumber tegangan.
3. Catat besar tegangan yang terbaca pada voltmeter.
4. Teruskan menambah 10 lilitan pada kumparan sekunder hingga menjadi 50
lilitan. Amati dan catat besar tegangan yang terbaca pada voltmeter.
5. Masukkan data hasil pengamatan Anda pada tabel. Kemudian, buatlah grafik
tegangan sekunder terhadap jumlah lilitan sekunder.
Data Percobaan
No Jumlah Lilitan Sekunder Besar Tegangan Sekunder

1. 20 ....
Tantangan 2. 30 ....
untuk Anda 3. 40 ....
4. 50 ....
Anda memiliki walkman yang
menggunakan baterai 3 V. 6. Berikan kesimpulan Anda dari kegiatan ini.
Bagaimana caranya agar
walkman tersebut dapat
menggunakan listrik dari PLN
yang besarnya 220 V?
Contoh 6.7
,52D18
CA16?
BC5@4?F>
1;1>
497D>1;1>
D>CD;
=5>G1<1;1>
A149?

/
41A9
BD=25A
)%'


/
-5>CD;1>
1 @5A21>49>71>
<9<9C1>
@A9=5A
41>
B5;D>45A
CA16?
C5AB52DC
2 :D=<18
<9<9C1>
@A9=5A
:9;1
<9<9C1>
B5;D>45A>G1


<9<9C1>
3 1ADB
G1>7
497D>1;1>
A149?
:9;1
49
;D=@1A1>

@A9=5A
C5A41@1C
1ADB
B525B1A



1
9;5C18D9

*



/

,



<9<9C1>

,


/

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1 )5A21>49>71>
C571>71>
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/ ,
#149
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*
B


2 5A41B1A;1>
81B9<
@5A89CD>71>
21791>

=1;1
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   *  


#149
:D=<18
<9<9C1>
@A9=5A


<9<9C1>
3 .>CD;
=5>789CD>7
1ADB
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*


,

1C1D

*

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* ,
 
 
/
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/
#149
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A149?
141<18



144 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 )141
;5>G1C11>>G1
C941;
141
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
G1>7
9451<
,521791>
5>5A79
<9BCA9;
25AD218
=5>:149
25>CD;
5>5A79
<19>
41<1=
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
=9B1<>G1 Ingatlah
5>5A79
@1>1B
#149
D>CD;
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
C941;
9451<
B5<1<D
25A<1;D
41G1
B5;D>45A
<5298
;539<
41A9@141
41G1
@A9=5A
,*
B589>771
569B95>B9>G1 Tidak ada transformator yang
efisiensinya 100% karena sebagian
<5298
;539<
41A9


 energi listrik berubah menjadi

69B95>B9
B52D18
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
494569>9B9;1>
B521719
81B9<
2179
41G1 bentuk energi lain.
<9BCA9;
B5;D>45A
45>71>
41G1
<9BCA9;
@A9=5A
69B95>B9
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
49>G1C1;1>
41<1=
@5AB5>
B531A1
=1C5=1C9B
49CD<9B
,
  

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*
$5C5A1>71>

569B95>B9
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
, 
41G1
<9BCA9;
B5;D>45A
* 
41G1
<9BCA9;
@A9=5A

Contoh 6.8
,52D18
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
41<1=
B52D18
A149?
CA1>B9BC?A
41@1C
=5>7D218
C571>71>
41A9


/
=5>:149

/
#D=<18
<9<9C1>
B5;D>45A>G1


<9<9C1>
C5A>G1C1
;D1C
1ADB
G1>7
=5>71<9A
@141
A149?



#9;1
569B95>B9
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
C5AB52DC


C5>CD;1>
1 ;D1C
1ADB
<9BCA9;
@141
;D=@1A1>
@A9=5A
2 41G1
@A9=5A
41>
41G1
B5;D>45A
1
9;5C18D9

*



/

,



<9<9C1>

,


/

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1 -A1>B6?A=1C?A
C941;
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/ 
* 
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;D1C
1ADB
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@141
;D=@1A1>
@A9=5A
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kumparan
2 .>CD;
=5>789CD>7
41G1
@141
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;D=@1A1>
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0
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,

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/




0
#149
41G1
B5;D>45A>G1
141<18

0
arus pusar inti besi
c. Arus Pusar pada Transformator
1
)5A81C9;1>
21C1>7
;?>4D;C?A
1>C1A1
4D1
=D;1
;DCD2
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
B5@5AC9
G1>7
49CD>:D;;1>
@141
)-

#9;1
=541>
=17>5C9;

1>C1A1
=D;1
;DCD2
9CD
25AD218
C5A8141@
F1;CD
6<D;B
G1>7
=5<1<D9
B5=21A1>7
B9=@1<
C5ACDCD@
41<1=
21C1>7
1;1>
25AD218
:D71
B589>771
C9=2D<
1ADB
ADB
9>9
49>1=1;1>
45>71>
+.,
2
1C1D
1ADB
@DB1A
ADB
@DB1A
G1>7
C5A:149
@141
9>C9
CA16?
=5AD79;1>
B5212
CA16?
;589<1>71>
5>5A79
1C1D
41G1>G1
=5>:149
@1>1B
#9;1
@1>1B
9>9
3D;D@ 2
C9>779
CA16?
41@1C
C5A21;1A
B589>771
ADB1; Gambar 6.14
.>CD;
=5>35718
;5AD791>
41G1
21C1>7
;?>4D;C?A
CA1>B6?A=1C?A (a) Trafo dengan inti besi.
(b) Trafo dengan inti besi
492D1C
25A<1@9B<1@9B
B5@5AC9
@141
)-

9
1>C1A1
<1@9B1> berupa lempengan yang
@5<1C
<?71=
4925A9
9B?<1B9
&%+
B589>771
<9>7;1A1>
1ADB
@DB1A
=5>:149 terpisahkan oleh laker.

Induksi Elektromagnetik 145

 Kata Kunci
• generator
• Alternating Current
• komutator
• transformator/trafo
• transformator step-up
• transformator step-down
• efisiensi transformator
• arus pusar (arus eddy)
;539<
5>71>
31A1
B5@5AC9
9>9
;5AD791>
41G1
1;921C
1ADB
@DB1A
41@1C
49;DA1>79
-941;
B5=D1
1ADB
@DB1A
25AB961C
=5AD79;1>
@141
2525A1@1
@5A1<1C1>
G1>7
=5>77D>1;1>
@A9>B9@
9>4D;B9
5<5;CA?=17>5C9;
1ADB
@DB1A
G1>7
C9=2D<
41@1C
=5>7D>CD>7;1>
B5@5AC9
@141
A5=
=17>5C9;
CD>7;D
<9BCA9;
41>
B5CA9;1
<9BCA9;
3. Transmisi Daya Listrik Jarak Jauh
-A1>B=9B9
41G1
<9BCA9;
:1A1;
:1D8
=5AD@1;1>
@A?B5B
@5>G1<DA1>
41G1
<9BCA9;
;5
C5=@1C
CD:D1>
C5AC5>CD
G1>7
:1A1;>G1
:1D8
41A9
@DB1C
@5=21>7;9C
<9BCA9;
%9BCA9;
G1>7
B1=@19
49
AD=18AD=18
@5>4D4D;
141<18
81B9<
CA1>B=9B9
41G1
<9BCA9;
:1A1;
:1D8
41
4D1
31A1
=5>CA1>B=9B9;1>
41G1
<9BCA9;
:1A1;
:1D8
G19CD
 45>71>
;D1C
1ADB
<9BCA9;
25B1A
G1>7
4981B9<;1>
?<58
75>5A1C?A
 45>71>
C571>71>
G1>7
<5298
C9>779
41A9
C571>71>
G1>7
4981B9<;1>
?<58
75>5A1C?A
)141
D=D=>G1
CA1>B=9B9
41G1
<9BCA9;
:1A1;
:1D8
=5>77D>1;1>
C571>7
1>
C9>779
$5D>CD>71>
G1>7
49@5A?<58
45>71>
=5>77D>1;1>
CA1>B=9B9
C571>71>
C9>779
141<18
1ADB
<9BCA9;
G1>7
=5>71<9A
=5<1<D9
;1F1C
A5<1C96
;539<
B589>771
D;DA1>
;1F1C
CA1>B=9B9
G1>7
;539<
:D71
41@1C
=5=25A9;1>
1>771A1>
291G1
:1D8
<5298
5;?>?=9B
41>
41G1
<9BCA9;
G1>7
89<1>7
B5@1>:1>7
;1F1C
CA1>B=9B9
:1D8
<5298
;539<
B589>771
49@5A?<58
569B95>B9
41G1
<9BCA9;
G1>7
25B1A
)141
@A?B5B
CA1>B=9B9
41G1
<9BCA9;
:1A1;
:1D8
497D>1;1>
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
BC5@D@
G1>7
C5A41@1C
49
@DB1C
@5=21>7;9C
G1>7
=5>19;;1>
C571>71>
89>771
=5>31@19
B5;9C1A



/
$5=D491>
41G1
<9BCA9;
49CA1>B=9B9;1>
;5
;?C1;?C1
CD:D1>
9
;?C1;?C1
CD:D1>
497D>1;1>
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
BC5@
4?F>
G1>7
49@1B1>7
49
71A4D71A4D
<9BCA9;
B589>771
C571>71>
<9BCA9;
B91@
497D>1;1>
@141
C571>71>
B5;9C1A


/
pabrik
transmisi tegangan tinggi
pusat
pembangkit
listrik
tiang listrik
generator rumah
Gambar 6.15
Bagan transmisi daya listrik
jarak jauh
transformator transformator gardu listrik
Sumber: Jendela IPTEK, 1995

Contoh 6.9
,52D18
75>5A1C?A
G1>7
41@1C
=5>781B9<;1>
41G1
<9BCA9;


&0
49CA1>B=9B9;1>
=5<1<D9
@5>781>C1A
45>71>
81=21C1>



 
!9CD>7<18
@5AB5>C1B5
41G1
G1>7
89<1>7
=5>:149
;1<?A
:9;1
1 C571>71>
G1>7
497D>1;1>
CA1>B=9B9


;/
2 C571>71>
49>19;;1>
?<58
CA16?
BC5@
D@
=5>:149


;/
1
9;5C18D9





&0

+



1 )5AB5>C1B5
41G1
<9BCA9;
G1>7
89<1>7
:9;1
497D>1;1>
C571>71>
CA1>B=9B9


;/
41@1C
4989CD>7
B521719
25A9;DC
 
 

0
CA1>B=9B9    


 
 

/

146 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 1G1
G1>7
89<1>7
=5>:149
;1<?A
89<1>7
141<18
89<1>7







 

 


&0

&0
)5AB5>C1B5
89<1>7   

  


&0
2 1G1
G1>7
89<1>7
:9;1
C571>71>
CA1>B=9B9
49>19;;1>
=5<1<D9
CA16?
=5>:149


;/
141<18
 
 

0
CA1>B=9B9    


 

 

/
1G1
G1>7
89<1>7
=5>:149
;1<?A
89<1>7
141<18
89<1>7







 20 



0
 

;0
#149
@5AB5>C1B5
89<1>7    

 
 
 

&0

Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

"-&'*($
!()
0'0
(/%$*
 ,52D18
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
BC5@D@
=5=9<9;9


<9<9C1>
@141 !9CD>7
;D=@1A1>
@A9=5A>G1
41>


<9<9C1>
@141
;D=@1A1> 1 569B95>B9
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
B5;D>45A>G1
$D=@1A1>
@A9=5A
4925A9
1ADB
2?<1;21<9; 2 @5A21>49>71>
:D=<18
<9<9C1>
@A9=5A
41>
25AC571>71>


/ B5;D>45A
1 5A1@1
C571>71>
;D=@1A1>
B5;D>45A  ,52D18
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
G1>7
49@1B1>7
@141
A149?
2 #9;1
1ADB
41<1=
;D=@1A1>
B5;D>45A



25A1@1 =5=9<9;9
B@5B969;1B9

/
C5A=9>1<
@A9=5A>G1
1ADB
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=5>71<9A
41<1=
;D=@1A1>
@A9=5A 498D2D>7;1>
45>71>
BD=25A
)%'


/
#9;1
:D=<18
3 5A1@1
41G1
=1BD;1>
41>
41G1
;5<D1A1> <9<9C1>
B5;D>45A
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
C5AB52DC


<9<9C1>
41>
CA1>B6?A=1C?A 1ADB
G1>7
=5>71<9A
41<1=
A149?



C5>CD;1>
 ,52D18
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
498D2D>7;1>
45>71>
BD=25A 1 :D=<18
<9<9C1>
@A9=5A
C571>71>
)%'


/
41>
;D1C
1ADB>G1



-5A>G1C1 2 ;D1C
1ADB
@141
;D=@1A1>
@A9=5A
C571>71>
;5<D1A1>>G1
B525B1A

/
41>
;D1C
1ADB>G1 3 41G1
@A9=5A
41>
41G1
B5;D>45A
:9;1
569B95>B9


 CA1>B6?A=1C?A



C. Arus dan Tegangan Listrik Bolak-balik

ADB
41>
C571>71>
<9BCA9;
2?<1;21<9;
=5=9<9;9
>9<19
G1>7
B5<1<D
25AD218D218
C5A8141@
F1;CD
B531A1
@5A9?49;
219;
25B1A
=1D@D>
1A18>G1
5B1A1>
1ADB
41>
C571>71>
2?<1;21<9;
49<1=21>7;1>
45>71>

5F1B1
9>9
81=@9A
B5=D1
@5A1<1C1>
AD=18
C1>771
49?@5A1B9;1>
45>71>
5>5A79
<9BCA9;
1ADB
2?<1;21<9;
,5@5AC9
>41
;5C18D9
@5A25411>
=5>41B1A
1>C1A1
1ADB
2?<1;21<9;
41>
1ADB
B51A18
141<18
@?<1A9C1B>G1
.>CD;
=5>75C18D9
@?<1A9C1B
1ADB
B51A18
G1>7
B5<1<D
C5C1@
41>
1ADB
2?<1;21<9;
G1>7
B5<1<D
25AD218
41@1C
497D>1;1>
?B9<?B;?@
-")
2
,#&),)*
&5<1<D9
1<1C
9>9
41@1C
:D71
491=1C9
>9<19
6A5;D5>B9
41>
@5AD2181>
C571>71>
@141
B5C91@
B11C
41<1=
25>CD;
7A169;
41@D>
D>CD;
=5>7D;DA
>9<19
C571>71>
565;C96
41>
;D1C
1ADB
<9BCA9;
565;C96
41@1C
497D>1;1>
E?<C=5C5A

41>
1=@5A5=5C5A


1. Sumber Tegangan Bolak-Balik (AC)

5>CD;
C571>71>
1ADB

G1>7
C5A2131
@141
=?>9C?A
?B9<?B;?@
25AD218
B531A1
@5A9?49;
=5>DADC
6D>7B9
B9>DB
,1<18
B1CD
BD=25A

G19CD
75>5A1C?A
1ADB

1<1=
75>5A1C?A
141
;D=@1A1>
G1>7
41@1C
25A@DC1A
2521B
41<1=
=541>
=17>5C
8?=?75>

Induksi Elektromagnetik 147

 V Vm V = Vm sint
)5A81C9;1>
)-
 
(B9<1B9
71G1
75A1;
<9BCA9;
41>
1ADB
2?<1;
21<9;
4981B9<;1>
41A9
B52D18
;D=@1A1>
G1>7
25A@DC1A
45>71>
<1:D
C5C1@
)141
71=21A
7A169;
C5AB52DC
@D>31;
41>
B9=@D<
75<?=21>7
=5>D>:D;;1>
T 2T ;54D4D;1>
;D=@1A1>
C5A8141@
25B1A
BD4DC
G1>7
49C5=@D8>G1
5B1A
77<
G1>7
4981B9<;1>
41A9
B52D18
75>5A1C?A
G1>7
25A@DC1A
1 =5=5>D89
@5AB1=11>
25A9;DC
 
I Im I = Im sint  J
1C1D
D>CD;
- 

  J 
- -

T 2T
;1A5>1





3?B

=1;1


3?B
 


3?B  - 
2  J
1C1D
 
J  J
- -
Gambar 6.16
Grafik tegangan dan arus listrik
#9;1
;9C1
CDAD>;1>
"-.)*
 3 
4941@1C
bolak-balik terhadap waktu.   
 B9>  - J
C1D
41@1C
:D71
49CD<9B;1>
45>71>
   =1;B B9>  - J1
$1A5>1
77<
9>4D;B9
B1=1
45>71>
2541
C571>71>
49
1>C1A1
4D1
;DCD2
77<
9>4D;B9
=1;1
41@1C
49CD<9B
  =1;B B9> 
- J2
$5C5A1>71>
 '%, 
71G1
75A1;
<9BCA9;
=1;B9=D=
E?<C





 E?<C
'%, 
C571>71>
=1;B9=D=
E?<C
 
6<D;B
=17>5C9;
02
 
:D=<18
<9<9C1>
;D=@1A1>

<D1B
2941>7
;D=@1A1>
=


25B1A>G1
9>4D;B9
=17>5C9;
-

bagian atas yang  
6A5;D5>B9
BD4DC
@DC1A1>
;D=@1A1>
A14 B

-
berlogam
#9;1
75>5A1C?A
C5AB52DC
498D2D>7;1>
45>71>
A1>7;191>
C5ACDCD@
1;1>
=5>71<9A
1ADB
bagian tengah
yang transparan 2. Alat Ukur Tegangan dan Arus Bolak-Balik
.>CD;
=5>75C18D9
141>G1
C571>71>
<9BCA9;
@141
BD1CD
A1>7;191>
lampu B1<18
B1CD>G1
497D>1;1>
B52D18
1<1C
G1>7
49B52DC
-,-*(
)-

;1>
C5C1@9
C5BC@5>
C941;
41@1C
=5>75C18D9
25B1A>G1
C571>71>
G1>7
=5>71<9A
@141
A1>7;191>
C5AB52DC
41@D>
D>CD;
=5>7D;DA
>9<19
C571>71>
logam 41>
;D1C
1ADB

497D>1;1>
E?<C=5C5A

41>
1=@5A5=5C5A

'9<19
G1>7
C5A2131
@141
1<1C
D;DA
9>9
=5>D>:D;;1>
81A71
565;C96
41A9
C571>71>
Gambar 6.17
Cara pengukuran dengan testpen
41>
;D1C
1ADB
&5<1<D9
)-

>41
41@1C
=5=181=9
81B9<
@5>7D;DA1>
1ADB
<9BCA9;
41<1=
B52D18
A1>7;191>

Gambar 6.18
Pengukuran arus listrik dengan
menggunakan volmeter.
1 2

148 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 )141
)-

C5A=9>1<
;DCD2
@?B9C96
498D2D>7;1>
45>71> resistor
1ADB
=1;B9=D=



@141
1=@5A5=5C5A
C5A2131
>9<19
1ADB



B541>7
;1>
)-

C5A=9>1<
@?B9C96
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)5>7D;DA1>
9>9
=5>D>:D;;1>
218F1
1>7;1
G1>7
C5A2131
@141
1<1C
D;DA
141<18
>9<19
565;C96>G1
5=9;91>
@D<1
41<1=
=5>7D;DA
C571>71>
B52D18
A1>7;191>
B5@5AC9
)-
 voltmeter
$5C9;1
1ADB
=5>71<9A
:1AD=
@5>D>:D;
E?<C=5C5A
=D<19
25AD218
'9<19
Gambar 6.19
G1>7
C5A2131
=5>D>:D;;1>
81A71
565;C96
C571>71>
A1>7;191>
<9BCA9;
>41 Pengukuran tegangan pada
41@1C
:D71
=5>7D;DA
;D1C
1ADB
C571>71>
41>
81=21C1>
<9BCA9;
219; sebuah rangkaian
1ADB

=1D@D>
1ADB

45>71>
=5>77D>1;1>
=D<C9=5C5A
=@5A5=5C5A
/?<C=5C5A
41>
(8==5C5A
41>
?B9<?B;?@

Contoh 6.10
1A9
@5>71=1C1>
=5<1<D9
?B9<?B;?@
BD=2D
E5AC9;1<
491CDA
@141
C571>71>

/ 3=
B541>7;1>
B5<1>7
F1;CD
=5>D>:D;;1>

=B 3=
,;1<1
C91@
;?C1;
=5=9<9;9
D;DA1>

3=
K

3=
-5>CD;1>
1 C571>71>
=1;B9=D=
2 6A5;D5>B9
BD=25A
1
9;5C18D9

**


/ 3=
1 )141
71=21A
C5A2131
C571>71>
@D>31;
**
141<18

3=
;1A5>1
B;1<1
E5AC9;1<

/ 3=
=1;1
**



3=
K

/ 3=


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#149
C571>71>
=1;B9=D=>G1
141<18
 
'%,

**


/


/
 
2 )5A9?45
41<1=
7A169;

3=
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8?A9H?>C1<

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=1;1



3=
K

=B 3=


=B




B
 
#149
6A5;D5>B9
BD=25A
    
!H




3. Nilai Efektif Tegangan dan Kuat Arus AC

<1C
D;DA
G1>7
497D>1;1>
D>CD;
=5>75C18D9
:D=<18
41G1
G1>7
C5A@1;19
@141
;52DCD81>
5>5A79
<9BCA9;
49
AD=18
141<18
;08
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G1>7
C5A@1;19
)5A81C9;1>
)-
 
-1=@1;
:5<1B
1>7;1
G1>7
=5>D>:D;;1>
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<9BCA9;
G1>7
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41<1=
B1CD1>
;08
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--
").+
>5A79
9>9
49@5A?<58
41A9
>9<19

41>
 
!1A71
565;C96
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1C1D
C571>71>
2?<1;21<9;
141<18
;D1C
1ADB
1C1D
C571>71>
2?<1;21<9;
G1>7
491>771@ Gambar 6.20
kWh meter yang ada di rumah
B5C1A1
45>71>
1ADB
1C1D
C571>71>
B51A18
G1>7
=5>781B9<;1>
:D=<18
;1<?A digunakan untuk mengukur
G1>7
B1=1
;5C9;1
=5<1<D9
BD1CD
@5>781>C1A
41<1=
F1;CD
G1>7
B1=1 daya listrik yang terpakai.
A R B I

Im
I ef
t
   m sint Gambar 6.21
1 (a) Sebuah rangkaian dengan
t
2 hambatan R;
1 2 (b) Grafik hubungan I dengan t.
,52D18
@5>781>C1A
B5@5AC9
)-
 
=5=9<9;9
81=21C1>

41<1=

F1;CD
-
5B1A
5>5A79
;1<?A
G1>7
4981B9<;1>
?<58
1ADB
565;C96>G1
141<18


Induksi Elektromagnetik 149

 




- J


>5A79
;1<?A
G1>7
4981B9<;1>
41<1=
A1>7;191>
1ADB

=5=9<9;9
>9<19

G1>7
B5<1<D
25AD218
B531A1
@5A9?49;
41<1=
F1;CD

41>
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@5AB1=11> 
-

    

-

J 

"-.)*
 3

41>
"-.)*
 3

=5=9<9;9
>9<19
G1>7
B1=1
B589>771
41@1C
49@5A?<58
25B1A
1ADB
565;C96>G1
 
 

-
 
56


- 


-

 

  
56


-

=1;B  - J 
  
45>71>
=5>77D>1;1>
31A1
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B521719
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J 

5>71>
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G1>7
B1=1
C571>71>
565;C96
 
1;1>
49@5A?<58
@5AB1=11>






=1;B


J 


Contoh 6.11
,52D18
A1>7;191>
G1>7
498D2D>7;1>
45>71>
BD=25A
<9BCA9;
2?<1;21<9;
49D;DA
45>71>
E?<C=5C5A
41>
=5>D>:D;;1>
1>7;1


E?<C
5A1@1;18
81A71
=1;B9=D=
C571>71>
2?<1;21<9;
BD=25A
41>
CD<9B;1>
@5AB1=11>>G1
:9;1
6A5;D5>B9>G1


!H
1
9;5C18D9
 


/



!H
1 '9<19
C571>71>
=1;B9=D=
=1;B
4989CD>7
45>71>
=5>77D>1;1>
"-.)*
 3

B589>771
49@5A?<58
Tantangan  =1;B 
 
untuk Anda



/
Apakah yang menyebabkan 2 )5AB1=11>
C571>71>
49@5A?<58
45>71>
=5>77D>1;1>
"-.)*
 3 
G19CD
sengatan listrik, arus listrik, atau  
=1;B
B9>  -
tegangan listrik?


 B9>


-

150 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 6.12
+74F3:
C3@9=3;3@
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
?7?;>;=;
:3C93
E793@93@
D74393;
8F@9D;
H3=EF
J3;EF



 D;@


.
!;EF@9>3:
3 E793@93@
?3=D;?F?
%#*
4 E793@93@
BF@53=
=7
BF@53=
((
5 E793@93@
787=E;8

 
6 8C7=F7@D;
3@9F>7C


7 B7C;A67



8 8C7=F7@D;



9 E793@93@
D7E7>3:
+




D7=A@
#7#$
7@93@
?7@J3?3=3@
B7CD3?33@
E793@93@
J3@9
6;=7E3:F;
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'34#/##0
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?3=3
6;B7CA>7:


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D;@
+




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+
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C36 D
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4 ((


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5 

 

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8





9 


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.
I

Imaks
4. Harga Kuat Arus dan Tegangan Rata-Rata Ir
!3C93
=F3E
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
C3E3C3E3
363>3:
=F3E
3CFD
4A>3=43>;= t
J3@9
@;>3;@J3
D7E3C3
67@93@
=F3E
3CFD
D73C3:
F@EF=
?7?;@63:=3@ 1
t
?F3E3@
>;DEC;=
J3@9
D3?3
63>3?
H3=EF
J3@9
D3?3
)7C:3E;=3@
9C38;= 2

D;@FDA;63
63C;
3CFD

D7>3?3
 
D7=A@
#/$#3
 Gambar 6.22
Grafik hubungan I dan t
 Imaks = kuat arus maksimum
-@EF=
3CFD
D73C3:
D7E7>3:
 
D7E7@93:
B7C;A67
?F3E3@
J3@9 Ir = kuat arus rata-rata.

6;>3>F;@J3
?7?7@F:;
B7CD3?33@




)   N 

63BF@
<F?>3:
?F3E3@
J3@9
6;>3>F;
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@

363>3:



 D;@
++ N 


%#*

Induksi Elektromagnetik 151

 Tugas Anda 3C;
'34#/##0
9 
63@
'34#/##0
9 
3=3@
6;B7CA>7:
B7C
D3?33@
3CFD
C3E3C3E3
D74393;
47C;=FE
Arus listrik bolak-balik dapat
diamati menggunakan osiloskop. 
Bersama kelompok belajar Anda, 

)

D;@
++ N 

gunakan osiloskop yang ada di
laboratorium sekolah Anda untuk %#*
mempelajari penggunaan

osiloskop tersebut. Catatlah hal-

hal yang Anda anggap penting. 7@93@
?7@99F@3=3@
53C3
?3E7?3E;=3
6;B7CA>7:
Mintalah bimbingan guru Fisika
Anda untuk melakukan tugas ini.  %#*
)

N 


7@93@
B7@<343C3@
J3@9
D3?3
3=3@
6;B7CA>7:
B7CD3?33@
E793@93@
C3E3C3E3
F@EF=
3CFD

D747D3C
%#*
)

N 


$7E7C3@93@
) 
E793@93@
C3E3C3E3
.
%#* 
E793@93@
?3=D;?F?
.

Contoh 6.13
)7CD3?33@
E793@93@
4A>3=43>;=
DF3EF
C3@9=3;3@
>;DEC;=
?7?7@F:;
B7CD3?33@



D;@


.
,7@EF=3@
E793@93@
C3E3C3E3
J3@9
6;:3D;>=3@
DF?47C
E7CD74FE
#7#$
;=7E3:F;



D;@


.
%#*


.
7@93@
?7@99F@3=3@
'34#/##0
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6;B7CA>7:
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. 
 ) 






.

5. Diagram Fasor
-@EF=
?7?B7C?F63:
?7@93@3>;D;D
3C3:
E793@93@
63@
=F3E
3CFD
Im
6;9F@3=3@
?7EA67
6;39C3?
83DAC
3DAC
(!*
-#+')
363>3:
DF3EF
47D3C3@
Vm
J3@9
6;>F=;D=3@
D74393;
DF3EF
G7=EAC
J3@9
47D3C
DF6FE
BFE3C@J3
E7C:363B

t
DF?4F
:AC;KA@E3>
D3?3
67@93@
DF6FE
83D7@J3

+ 
3DAC
DF3EF
G7=EAC
47CBFE3C
47C>3H3@3@
3C3:
<3CF?
<3?
67@93@
=757B3E3@
DF6FE
E7E3B
6;93?43C=3@
A>7:
D74F3:
3@3=
B3@3:
F@EF=
?7@J3E3=3@
E793@93@
63@
Gambar 6.23 =F3E
3CFD
63C;
DF3EF
C3@9=3;3@
>;DEC;=
)363
#/$#3

63B3E
@63
Grafik fasor I dan V B7C:3E;=3@
6;39C3?
83DAC
63C;
E793@93@
63@
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
+F?4F
:AC;KA@E3>
B363
#/$#3

363>3:
F@EF=
?7@7@EF=3@
a
R
b
47D3C@J3
DF6FE
83D7
J3@9
6;F=FC
63>3?
D3EF3@
67C3<3E
3E3F
C36;3@
D763@9=3@
DF?4F
G7CE;=3>
F@EF=
?7@7@EF=3@
@;>3;
E793@93@
63@
=F3E
3CFD
J3@9
?7CFB3=3@
47D3C3@
D=3>3C
4F=3@
G7=EAC
&7>3>F;
?7EA67
I 6;39C3?
83DAC
;@;
6;:3C3B=3@
@63
63B3E
?7?3:3?;
3C3:
83D7
G7=EAC
67@93@
?F63:
V = Vmsin
t
6. Resistor pada Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
)363
#/$#3


D74F3:
C7D;DEAC
?FC@;

6;B3D3@9
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
Gambar 6.24
Rangkaian arus AC dengan E7CEFEFB
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
C38;=
E793@93@
DF?47C
J3@9
47CD;83E
D;@FDA;63
hambatan murni R. 3=3@
?7@9:3D;>=3@
3CFD
J3@9
<F93
47CD;83E
D;@FDA;63

152 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 )7CD3?33@
E793@93@
4A>3=43>;=
3@E3C3
F<F@9F<F@9
C7D;DEAC
?FC@; rotasi Vm
V = Vm sin
t

363>3: i = im sin
t
im


%
D;@
+ N

2
3


t
7@93@
?7?7C:3E;=3@
6-6/
*/
J3@9
?7@J3E3=3@
43:H3
=F3E
3CFD
3
5

2 2 2
 
J3@9
?7@93>;C



?7?;>;=;
:F4F@93@
67@93@
%

% 
?3=3
47D3C
 Gambar 6.25
Grafik kuat arus I dan tegangan V
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
J3@9
?7@93>;C
?7>3>F;
C3@9=3;3@
?7?7@F:;
B7CD3?33@ pada rangkaian hambatan murni,
arus I, dan tegangan V sefase.


%
D;@
+ N
)7C:3E;=3@
#/$#3

7C63D3C=3@
'34#/##0
9

63@
'34#/##0
9

3CFD
?3=D;?F?
63@
E793@93@
?3=D;?F?
?7?;>;=;
83D7
J3@9
D3?3
CE;@J3
=7E;=3
BAD;D;
=F?B3C3@
?7@53B3;
DF6FE

M Imaks Vmaks
E793@93@
63@
3CFD
J3@9
?7>3>F;
C3@9=3;3@
?7@53B3;
@;>3;
?;@;?F?
%74;:
t
<7>3D@J3
@63
B7C:3E;=3@
#/$#3

;39C3?
83DAC
63C;
=F3E
3CFD
63@
E793@93@@J3
?7?;>;=;
3C3:
J3@9
D3?3
Gambar 6.26
Mari Mencari Tahu Diagram fasor arus I dan
tegangan V memiliki arah
yang sama.
*7D;DEAC
?7CFB3=3@
D3>3:
D3EF
=A?BA@7@
>;DEC;=
J3@9
D7C;@9
6;9F@3=3@
+7E;3B
C7D;DEAC
J3@9
6;<F3>
6;
B3D3C3@
?7?;>;=;
@;>3;
C7D;DE3@D;
E7CE7@EF
,F93D
@63
4F3E>3:
C7DF?7
?7@97@3;
53C3
?7@9;67@E;8;=3D;
@;>3;
D74F3:
C7D;DEAC
+7E7>3:
?7?4F3E
C7DF?7
;@;
6;:3C3B=3@
@63
63B3E
?7@97@3>;
C7D;DEAC
63@
?3?BF
?7@7@EF=3@
@;>3;
C7D;DE3@D;@J3
63C;
5;C;5;C;
J3@9
6;?;>;=;
C7D;DEAC
E7CD74FE
93C
>74;:
?7@3C;=
D7CE3=3@
93?43C
?353??353?
C7D;DEAC
63>3?
EF>;D3@
@63

7. Induktor Murni pada Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik L

a b
)7C:3E;=3@
#/$#3
 
+74F3:
;@6F=EAC
?FC@;
?7?;>;=;
;@6F=
E3@D;
6;C;

)363
D33E
3CFD
>;DEC;=
?7@93>;C
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
3=3@
E;?4F>
93J3
97C3=
>;DEC;=
;@6F=D;
99>
6;
3@E3C3
F<F@9
;@6F=EAC
J3@9
47D3C@J3 I = Im sin
t
363>3:
     Gambar 6.27
+ Rangkaian arus bolak-balik
dipasang seri dengan sebuah
63BF@
4763
E793@93@
3@E3C3
F<F@9F<F@9
=F?B3C3@
D74393;
8F@9D; induktor murni.
H3=EF
363>3:


%
D;@
+ N
#;=3
@63
B7C:3E;=3@
C3@9=3;3@
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
63>3?
#/$#3
 V = Vm sin (
t )

C3@9=3;3@
E7CD74FE
?7CFB3=3@
C3@9=3;3@
E7CEFEFB
63@
47C>3=F
!F=F? Vm I = Im sin

t
""
$;C5:A88
!F=F?
""
$;C5:A88
?7@J3E3=3@
43:H3 im
   



t


(>7:
=3C7@3
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
E7CD74FE
C7D;DEAC
?FC@;
E;63=
363
J3;EF 2
2

@;>3;




?3=3
6;B7CA>7:
B7CD3?33@
=F3E
3CFD
D74393;
47C;=FE


*,%)

"&,#+') 

 Gambar 6.28



%
D;@
+
N

+ 

Grafik kuat arus I dan tegangan V
pada rangkaian induktif murni.
  Tegangan V mendahului arus I

+
 % D;@
+ sekitar 90°.


Induksi Elektromagnetik 153

 %
  
D;@
+ +
 
%
 

N 5AD
+ 


%
 





D;@

+ 

 




 % D;@ 
+ N  N 
 
7@93@
?7?7C:3E;=3@
B7@FCF@3@
'34#/##0
9

6;=7E3:F;
43:H3

 %  % 
&7@FCFE
!F=F?
(:?


?7CFB3=3@
@;>3;
:3?43E
;@6F=EAC


J3@9
6;D74FE
C73=E3@D;
;@6F=E;8

D7:;@993
63B3E
6;EF>;D



3E3F




 N
$7E7C3@93@
  
C73=E3@D;
;@6F=E;8
  


=757B3E3@
DF6FE
C36 D
 
;@6F=E3@D;
6;C;
!


8C7=F7@D;
!K
7@93@
?7@93?3E;
:F4F@93@
'34#/##0
9

63@
'34#/##0
VL 9

6;=7E3:F;
B7C47633@
83D7
3@E3C3
E793@93@
63@
=F3E
3CFD
J3@9


?7>3>F;
C3@9=3;3@
;@6F=E;8
E7CD74FE
D747D3C
 
7@93@
DF6FE
83D7
3CFD


E7CE;@993>
363>3:
 C36
63C;
DF6FE
83D7
E793@93@
90° I
@63
3=3@
>74;:
?7?3:3?;
<;=3
?7?7C:3E;=3@
9C38;=
E793@93@
D;@FDA;63>
63@
9C38;=
3CFD
D;@FDA;63>
E7C:363B
H3=EF
?7>3>F;
#/$#3
Gambar 6.29 
#;=3
E793@93@
B363
F<F@9F<F@9
C3@9=3;3@
?3=D;?F?
@;>3;
3CFD
Diagram fasor arus I dan
tegangan V. Tegangan
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
3=3@
?;@;?F?




+743>;=@J3
<;=3
E793@93@
47C@;>3;
mendahului 90°. ?;@;?F?
3CFD
J3@9
?7>3>F;
C3@9=3;3@
3=3@
?3=D;?F?


%#*

Contoh 6.14


)363
D74F3:
C3@9=3;3@
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
67@93@
8C7=F7@D;

!K
6;B3D3@9
;@6F=EAC


D747D3C


!
*3@9=3;3@
;@;
?7@9:3D;>=3@
3CFD
?3=D;?F?


!;EF@9
E793@93@
?3=D;?F?
;@6F=EAC
E7CD74FE
#7#$
;=7E3:F;


8C7=F7@D;






3CFD
?3=D;?F?
%



;@6F=E3@D;
;@6F=EAC




!
,793@93@
?3=D;?F?
63B3E
6;:;EF@9
67@93@
B7CD3?33@
 % 

%


 %
  


 !K 


! 

   

.



154 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

8. Kapasitor pada Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
)C;@D;B
=79F@33@@J3
D3?3
67@93@
;@6F=EAC
$3B3D;EAC
63>3? a
C
b
C3@9=3;3@
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
6;B3D3@9
F@EF=
?7?B7CA>7:
7@7C9;
>;DEC;=
J3@9
>74;:
47D3C
CFD
>;DEC;=
J3@9
?7>3>F;
=3B3D;EAC
J3@9
=3B3D;E3D@J3
D747D3C

D7>3?3
+
3=3@
?7@J7434=3@
=3B3D;EAC
47C;D;
?F3E3@
D747D3C
  + N V = Vmsin
t

63BF@
?F3E3@
J3@9
E7CD;?B3@
63>3?
=3B3D;EAC
#/$#3
 
363>3:

Gambar 6.30


  N Rangkaian kapasitor

6;
?3@3
.



%
D;@
+ N
3C;
=76F3
'34#/##0
9

63@
'34#/##0
9

63B3E
6;B7CA>7:
  +

  
% D;@
+ 
 



+ +
 


D;@
+

%
5AD
+ 

V = Vm sin 
t  
 2
 
%

5AD
+ Vi
i = im sin
t
 
%
5AD
+





%
D;@  

+  N
 
7@93@
?7?7C:3E;=3@
B7@FCF@3@
'34#/##0
9

6;=7E3:F;
43:H3

%

%

&7@FCFE
!F=F?
(:?


?7CFB3=3@
@;>3;
:3?43E3@ Gambar 6.31
Grafik I dan V pada kapasitor
=3B3D;EAC
J3@9
6;D74FE
C73=E3@D;
=3B3D;E;8

D7:;@993
63B3E
6;EF>;D dalam rangkaian AC.

 


3E3F
 
 N

$7E7C3@93@
  
C73=E3@D;
=3B3D;E;8
  
 
=3B3D;E3D
=3B3D;EAC



8C7=F7@D;
DF6FE
C36 D

7@93@
?7@93?3E;
:F4F@93@
'34#/##0
9

63@
'34#/##0
9

6;=7E3:F;
B7C47633@
83D7
3@E3C3
E793@93@
63@
=F3E
3CFD
J3@9 I


?7>3>F;
C3@9=3;3@
=3B3D;E;8
E7CD74FE
D747D3C
 
7@93@
DF6FE
83D7
3CFD
90°


?7@63:F>F;
363>3:
 C36
63C;
DF6FE
83D7
E793@93@
@63
3=3@
>74;:
?7?3:3?;
<;=3
?7?7C:3E;=3@
9C38;=
E793@93@
D;@FD;A63>
63@
9C38;=
3CFD
D;@FD;A63>
E7C:363B
H3=EF
?7>3>F;
#/$#3 V
 
#;=3
E793@93@
B363
F<F@9F<F@9
C3@9=3;3@
?3=D;?F?
@;>3;
3CFD Gambar 6.32
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
3=3@
?3=D;?F?


%
+743>;=@J3
<;=3
E793@93@ Diagram fasor I dan V pada
47C@;>3;
?3=D;?F?
3CFD
J3@9
?7>3>F;
C3@9=3;3@
3=3@
?;@;?F?



 kapasitor.

Induksi Elektromagnetik 155

 !#$'.

*3@9=3;3@


63@

B363
*3@9=3;3@
CFD
A>3=3>;=
'056-
'34#/##0

1 #0)-#+#0 '#-5#04+ +(#5 6056-



4+0



 *7D;DEAC
  D783D7 

%
D;@

+

 "@6F=EAC
 


$ 
E7CE;@993>



%
D;@
+ 

 

D747D3C

C36


 $3B3D;EAC
 





?7@63:F>F;




%
D;@
+ 

 
D747D3C

C36


!#$'.

?7@993?43C=3@
B7CD3?33@
3CFD
J3@9
?7@93>;C
63>3?

E;3B
C3@9=3;3@
#;=3
DF?47C
E793@93@
4A>3=43>;=
6;3@993B
D3?3
J3;EF


%
D;@
+
+747EF>@J3
@63
63B3E
?7@7@EF=3@
E7C>74;:
63:F>F
B7CD3?33@
3CFD
43CF
=7?F6;3@
B7CD3?33@
E793@93@@J3
&;D3>@J3
3CFD
J3@9
?7@93>;C
63>3?
E;3B
C3@9=3;3@
D3?3


%
D;@
+
?3=3
3=3@
6;63B3E
B7CD3?33@
E793@93@
B363
3 C7D;DEAC


%
D;@
+

4

;@6F=EAC


%
D;@
+ 

 
5

=3B3D;EAC


%
D;@
+ 

 
Tantangan
untuk Anda Contoh 6.15
+74F3:
=3B3D;EAC
67@93@





6;B3D3@9
B363
DF?47C
E793@93@
4A>3=43>;=
Sebuah kapasitor 100  F
dihubungkan dengan sumber 

67@93@
8C7=F7@D;

 !K
,793@93@
?3=D;?F?
%



.
D7B7CE;
B363
93?43C
tegangan bolak-balik. Arus yang

mengalir melalui rangkaian 47C;=FE c  200  F
memenuhi persamaan
I = 4 sin 200t A. Tuliskan
persamaan tegangan
kapasitor itu.

V = Vmsin
t

!;EF@9
3CFD
?3=D;?F?
B363
=3B3D;EAC
E7CD74FE
#7#$


;=7E3:F; 






O

N




!K
%



.











C36 D


 











C36 D 
 

 

(>7:
=3C7@3
;EF
3CFD
?3=D;?F?@J3
363>3:
%

%  




 

156 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

9. R, L, dan C Dipasang Seri dalam Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
R L C
*3@9=3;3@
3CFD
>;DEC;=
4A>3=43>;=
J3@9
?7?;>;=;
:3?43E3@
?FC@;

6;B3D3@9
D7C;
67@93@
;@6F=EAC

D7CE3
=3B3D;EAC

3=3@
?7@9:3D;>=3@
E3?43:3@
7@7C9;
>;DEC;=
J3@9
>74;:
47D3C
E7E3B;
C3@9=3;3@
//
D7C;
;@;
:3@J3
63B3E
6;9F@3=3@
F@EF=
?7?B7C47D3C
63J3
>;DEC;=
J3@9
E7C43E3D I = Im sin

t 
CFD
?3=D;?F?
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
?7?;>;=;
@;>3;
63@
83D7
J3@9
D3?3
B363 v

D7E;3B
=A?BA@7@
%74;:
<7>3D
63B3E
@63
B7C:3E;=3@
#/$#3
 

#;=3
@63
E7E3B=3@
B7CD3?33@
3CFD
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
D747D3C Gambar 6.33


%
D;@

+  
B7CD3?33@
D7E;3B
E793@93@
67@93@
?7?7C:3E;=3@
6;39C3? Resonansi rangkaian
R–L–C seri
83DAC
B363
#/$#3


J3;EF


?
D;@
+
?7?;>;=;
83D7
J3@9
D3?3
67@93@
3CFD





?
D;@

+ 






?7@63:F>F;
83D7

D747D3C
 C36 VL
V

D;@

+   E7CE;@993>
83D7

D747D3C
 C36





?
 VL – VC
)7C:3E;=3@
C3@9=3;3@
//
D7C;
B363
#/$#3


+7E;3B
=A?BA@7@  i
?7?;>;=;
E793@93@


63@

+753C3
83DAC
E793@93@E793@93@
;@;
VR
63B3E
6;<F?>3:=3@
D74393;
47C;=FE VC
Gambar 6.34
"  "  "  " N
 Diagram fasor V, VR, VL, dan VC.

(>7:
=3C7@3
" 
" 
63@
"
D3>;@9
E793=
>FCFD
:3C93

63B3E
6;
E7@EF=3@
67@93@
?7@99F@3=3@
:;EF@9
G7=EAC
J3;EF
 

  
    N
X
67@93@
?7?7C:3E;=3@
=7?43>;
#/$#3


:3?43E3@
EAE3>
C3@9=3;3@ L Z
D7C;
NN
J3@9
6;D74FE
67@93@
;?B763@D;
C3@9=3;3@
.
63B3E
6;:;EF@9 X –X
L C

63C;
'34#/##0
9


 
  
 
   

   
  R
X
C


   
     N3 Gambar 6.35
Diagram fasor Z, R, XL, dan XC.
3E3F

   
  
 N4



(>7:
=3C7@3
3CFD
?3=D;?F?
J3@9
?7@93>;C
6;
D7E;3B
=A?BA@7@
D3?3
47D3C@J3
:F4F@93@
3@E3C3
E793@93@
?3=D;?F?
63@
3CFD
?3=D;?F?
;@;
?7?7@F:;
B7CD3?33@



2
J3;EF

    
     N 
$7E7C3@93@
% 
E793@93@
?3=D;?F?
 
;?B763@D;
C3@9=3;3@
 

N


C73=E3@D;
EAE3>

Induksi Elektromagnetik 157

 763
83D7
3@E3C3
E793@93@
63@
=F3E
3CFD
63B3E
6;E7@EF=3@
D74393;
47C;=FE
       
E3@    N
 

D7:;@993
B7CD3?33@
E793@93@@J3
363>3:
    % D;@

+    
B34;>3



DF6FE
83D7

47C@;>3;
BAD;E;8
CE;@J3
E793@93@
?7@63:F>F;
3CFD
63@
C3@9=3;3@
47CD;83E
;@6F=E;8
#;=3


DF6FE
83D7

47C@;>3;
@793E;8
CE;@J3
E793@93@
E7CE;@993>
A>7:
3CFD
63@
C3@9=3;3@
47CD;83E
=3B3D;E;8
#;=3



6;B7CA>7:




63@



CE;@J3
E793@93@
?7?;>;=;
83D7
D3?3
D763@9=3@
C3@9=3;3@
47CD;83E
C7D;DE;8
3>3?
:3>
;@;
6;=3E3=3@
E7>3:
E7C<36;
C7DA@3@D;

a R L b
10. R dan L Dipasang Seri dalam Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
)7C:3E;=3@
#/$#3
 
+7E;3B
=A?BA@7@
?7?;>;=;
E793@93@

63@

+753C3
83DAC
E793@93@E793@93@
;@;
63B3E
6;<F?>3:=3@
D74393;
I = Imsin
t "

"

"
7@93@
?7@99F@3=3@
:;EF@93@
G7=EAC
47D3C@J3
E793@93@
V EAE3>
J3;EF
     N
Gambar 6.36
Rangkaian R dan L dipasang seri 7D3C@J3
;?B763@D;
C3@9=3;3@
*N%
6;B7CA>7:
D7B7CE;
47C;=FE
 
VL
Vab   
 

  

  

       N

) 3E3F
VR I
   


 

N
Gambar 6.37
Diagram fasor VL dan VR 763
83D7
3@E3C3
E793@93@
63@
=F3E
3CFD
63B3E
6;E7@EF=3@
D74393;
47C;=FE
XL Z
  
E3@    N
 
)7C:3E;=3@
#/$#3
 
E3?B3=
43:H3
E793@93@
?7@63:F>F;
3CFD
) D747D3C

C36
D7:;@993
<;=3


%
D;@
+
?3=3


%
D;@

+    
R
Gambar 6.38
Diagram fasor VL dan VR Contoh 6.16
V/i +74F3:
C7D;DEAC





6;B3D3@9
D7C;
67@93@
;@6F=EAC




B363
E793@93@
Vab 4A>3=43>;=


.
3 !;EF@9
;?B763@D;
C3@9=3;3@
83D7
C3@9=3;3@
=F3E
3CFD
63@

Iab
4 ,7@EF=3@
83D7


63@

E7C:363B
=F3E
3CFD
"
t #7#$
;=7E3:F; I R = 30  X = 40 
L

Gambar 6.39 C7D;DEAC
?FC@;



 
V V
Grafik tegangan mendahului arus C73=E3@D;
;@6F=EAC




  R L

dengan beda fase 0<  <90°. E793@93@
DF?47C




.
V = Vmsin
t

158 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

3 "?B763@D;

6;:;EF@9
?7>3>F;
'34#/##0
9
2 






 



 




83D7
E793@93@
  
6;:;EF@9
67@93@
'34#/##0
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E3@
 






 

 
M
 

.
$F3E
3CFD






 


,793@93@








 



.
,793@93@
;@6F=EAC
.






 



.
4 
D783D7
67@93@
=F3E
3CFD

 






?7@63:F>F;

D747D3C
C36
 


M


?7@63:F>F;

 

M

Contoh 6.17
3>3?
C3@9=3;3@
D7C;
6;B3D3@9
C7D;DEAC
?FC@;





63@
D74F3:
;@6F=EAC




!
B363
E793@93@
4A>3=43>;=
67@93@
B7CD3?33@




D;@


+
.
,F>;D=3@
B7CD3?33@
=F3E
3CFD
63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
E7CD74FE
#7#$
;=7E3:F; 



A:? 



D;@

+
.
?3=3
%



.




! 











 
 











 
 


E3@
 





 











 
M
C36

#36;
B7CD3?33@
=F3E
3CFD@J3
363>3:


%
D;@

+
  




  D;@

+
N



11. R dan C Dipasang Seri dalam Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik R C

)7C:3E;=3@
#/$#3


*7D;DEAC

63@
=3B3D;EAC

6;B3D3@9
D7C; a b

63>3?
C3@9=3;3@
3CFD
4A>3=43>;=
;
3@E3C3
E;E;=

63@

E7C63B3E

E793@93@
EAE3>
J3@9
47D3C@J3
D3?3
67@93@
<F?>3:
E793@93@
C7D;DEAC
 I = Imsin
t
63@
E793@93@
=3B3D;EAC

+753C3
G7=EAC
47D3C
E793@93@
EAE3>
E7CD74FE V
363>3:
       N Gambar 6.40
Rangkaian seri R-C dalam
7D3C@J3
;?B763@D;
C3@9=3;3@
N
63B3E
6;:;EF@9
D7B7CE;
47C;=FE rangkaian arus AC.

 
  
 

  

  

      N



3E3F    


  N

Induksi Elektromagnetik 159

  V I
763
83D7
E793@93@
63@
=F3E
3CFD
63B3E
6;E7@EF=3@
D74393;
47C;=FE
R ab

  
E3@  
 N
 

V V )363
#/$#3


E3?B3=
43:H3
E793@93@
E7C>3?43E
D747D3C
 C36
63C;
3CFD
+753C3
?3E7?3E;D
63B3E
6;D;?BF>=3@
<;=3


%
D;@
+


%
ab
C
Gambar 6.41
Diagram fasor tegangan D;@
+
N
 
Vab terhadap Vc.
Contoh 6.18
R
 3>3?
D74F3:
C3@9=3;3@




6;B3D3@9
D7C;
67@93@




63@
6;


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160 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Induksi Elektromagnetik 161

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162 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Induksi Elektromagnetik 163

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164 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Induksi Elektromagnetik 165

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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu dapat Penala pada radio merupakan pemanfaatan
memahami konsep induksi elektromagnetik yang dapat rangkaian impedansi. Coba Anda cari manfaat atau
menghasilkan arus induksi dan ggl induksi. Anda juga aplikasi konsep Fisika yang ada pada bab ini dan coba
tentu memahami rangkaian impedansi dalam arus bolak- Anda diskusikan cara kerjanya bersama teman Anda.
balik. Dari keseluruhan materi pada bab ini, bagian mana
yang menurut Anda sulit dipahami? Coba Anda
diskusikan bersama teman atau guru Fisika Anda.

166 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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174 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

7
Sumber: CD Image
Matahari merupakan sumber energi yang utama bagi Bumi. Matahari
memberikan energi melalui radiasi gelombang yang dipancarkannya.

Radiasi Benda Hitam

Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menganalisis berbagai besaran fisis dan gejala kuantum dan batas-batas

berlakunya relativitas Einstein dalam paradigma Fisika Modern.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

menganalisis secara kualitatif gejala kuantum yang mencakup hakikat dan sifat-
sifat radiasi benda hitam, serta penerapannya.

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>6BEA2<2?
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Radiasi Benda Hitam 175

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A. Pengertian Radiasi Benda Hitam

1. Radiasi Benda Hitam
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Gambar 7.1
Cahaya yang masuk ke dalam
kotak yang dianggap sebagai
benda hitam sempurna, akan
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176 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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I2?8
52D2?8
<6A252?I2
"2=
:?:
52A2D
?52
2>2D:
<6D:<2
C6C6@B2?8
>6>2?2C<2?
C632D2?8
36C:
*252
CE9E
5:
32G29

L
36=E>
D2>A2<
CA6<DBE>
G2B?2
I2?8
5:D:>3E=<2?
52B:
36C:
:DE
C6D6=29
CE9E
5:?2:<<2?
52?
36C:
>E=2:
>6>32B2
2<2?
>E=2:
D2>A2<
A6BE3292?
CA6<DBE>
G2B?2
36BC2>22?
56?82?
<6?2:<2?
CE9E

Contoh 7.1 Ingatlah

,63E29
36?52
>6>:=:<:
CE9E
C636C2B

L
$:<2
<@?CD2?D2
6>:C:F:D2C
36?52
D6BC63ED
 Dalam SI, suhu menggunakan satuan

D6?DE<2?
:?D6?C:D2C
B25:2C:
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
 derajat Kelvin.

&;&'

:<6D29E:


  %


%








P
M
0
>
%
6B52C2B<2?
*67&2&&3
?
2<2?
5:A6B@=69












PM
0
> %
%





 
0
>
$25:
:?D6?C:D2C
B25:2C:
D6B>2=
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
36?52
D6BC63ED
252=29
 
0
>

Contoh 7.2
Ingatlah
%2G2D
CA:B2=
=2>AE
A:;2B
>6>:=:<:

=E2C
A6B>E<22?

>>
52?
CE9E?I2
  L

:2?52:<2?
329G2

52B:
6?6B8:
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:92?D2B<2?
A252
=2>AE
5:B25:2C:<2? Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari tidak

52=2>
36?DE<
<2=@B
52?
<2G2D
A:;2B
36BC:72D
C6A6BD:
36?52
9:D2>
6B2A2
2>A6B6
2BEC ada benda yang dapat menyerap
I2?8
>6?82=:B
52=2>
=2>AE
I2?8
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
CD@A
<@?D2<
36BD682?82? seluruh radiasi yang mengenainya.

/
282B
=2>AE
D6BC63ED
52A2D
36B7E?8C:

Radiasi Benda Hitam 177

 &;&'
:<6D29E:
=E2C
A6B>E<22?



>>

PM
> 
CE9E
>ED=2<


  %


%
6>:C:F:D2C



2?882A
36?52
9:D2>



P
M
0
>
%
2I2
<2=@B
B25:2C:
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
@=69
=2>AE
A:;2B
5:9:DE?8
>6=2=E:
*67&2&&3
?

I2:DE


  





PM
03
>
%
PM
> 

%


0
2I2
<2=@B
B25:2C:
:?:
252=29

52B:
52I2
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:36B:<2?
<6
=2>AE
A:;2B
 0
$25:

0


P
=:CDB:<


=:CDB:<


0

-682?82?
=:CDB:<



F@=D
BEC
=:CDB:<
I2?8
>6?82=:B
>6=2=E:
=2>AE
A:;2B
5:9:DE?8
52B:
BE>EC
52I2
=:CDB:<

0
 
 
   

 
/

benda hitam 2. Spektrum Radiasi Benda Hitam

celah
detektor $:<2
CE2DE
36?52
A252D
5:A2?2C<2?
36?52
D6BC63ED
2<2?
>6>2?
42B<2?
B25:2C:
<2=@B
52=2>
36?DE<
CA6<DBE>
86=@>32?8
6=6<DB@>28?6D:<
56?82?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
52?
7B6<E6?C:
I2?8
36B3652
*252
CE9E
I2?8
prisma
=63:9
D:?88:
2<2?
D6B52A2D
B25:2C:
:?7B2
>6B29
I2?8
D:52<
52A2D
5:=:92D
spektrum D6D2A:
52A2D
5:B2C2<2?
A2?2C?I2
"2=
:?:
52A2D
5:2>2D:
A252
C6A@D@?8
gelombang =@82>
I2?8
5:A2?2C<2?
9:?882
>6?42A2:
CE9E

%
&@82>
36BA:;2B
56?82?
G2B?2
<E?:?8
2D2E
<6AED:9AED:92?
+25:2C:
86=@>32?8
I2?8
Gambar 7.2
Percobaan untuk mengamati 5:A2?42B<2?
<6>E5:2?
5:=6G2D<2?
>6=2=E:
46=29
282B
5:A6B@=69
36B<2C
spektrum radiasi benda hitam. 86=@>32?8
I2?8
C6>A:D
C6A6BD:
D2>A2<
A252
&2'&6

T ºC Warna 6?82?
56>:<:2?
86=@>32?8
2<2?
D6B5:CA6BC:
>6?EBED
A2?;2?8
1.500
86=@>32?8
C6D:2A
CA6<DBE>
6D6<D@B
I2?8
D6B=:92D
A252
82>32B
52A2D
5:86C6B86C6B
>6?EBED
CE5ED
56F:2C:
86=@>32?8
D6B5:CA6BC:
*6B4@322?
1.400 putih
:?:
5:=2<E<2?
A252
CE9E
36?52
9:D2>
I2?8
36B36523652
*6?82>2D2?
1.300 A252
:?D6?C:D2C
CA6<DBE>
B25:2C:
>6?892C:=<2?
52D2
I2?8
5:DE?;E<<2?
kuning muda A252
&2'&6


1.200 &2'&6


>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
2A23:=2
CE9E
CE2DE
36?52
D6BEC
1.100 kuning 5:?2:<<2?
:?D6?C:D2C
B6=2D:7
52B:
CA6<DBE>
4292I2
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2??I2
36BE329
#?:
>6?I6323<2?
A6B86C6B2?
52=2>
G2B?2G2B?:
CA6<DBE>
I2?8
oranye
1.000 D6B2>2D:
I2?8
52A2D
5:8E?2<2?
E?DE<
>6?2<C:B
CE9E
CE2DE
36?52
-6B=:92D
900 merah-oranye ;E82
A6B86C6B2?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
>2<C:>E>
  >2<C
,6>2<:?
D:?88:
800
CE9E
CE2DE
36?52
 >2<C
C6>2<:?
36B86C6B
<6
2B29
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
merah ceri I2?8
=63:9
A6?56<
700 82B
?52
=63:9
>6>292>:
"E<E>
*6B86C6B2?
0:6?
A6B92D:<2?
600 merah tua &2'&6

36B:<ED
I (Wb/m2)
500 baru tampak
Sumber: Physics, 1993
Gambar 7.3 T 2 > T1
Spektrum warna pijar suatu benda
panas berubah terhadap suhunya.

Gambar 7.4
Grafik pergeseran panjang T1
gelombang maksimum pada  (m)
saat suhu berubah dari T1 ke T2. Sumber: Physics, 1993

178 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 2B:
&2'&6

D6B=:92D
329G2
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
:?D6?C:D2C Tokoh
>2<C:>E>
36?52
I2?8
CE9E?I2
D:?88:
=63:9
A6?56<
52B:
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
:?D6?C:D2C
36?52
I2?8
CE9E?I2
B6?529
!6;2=2
A6B86C6B2?
 >2<C
A252
B25:2C:
36?52
9:D2>
5:C63ED
"E<E>
*6B86C6B2?
0:6?
,642B2 Max Planck
>2D6>2D:C
"E<E>
*6B86C6B2?
0:6?
5:?I2D2<2?
52=2>
A6BE>EC2? (1858 – 1947)
36B:<ED
 >2<C


<@?CD2? M
0:6?
>6?6>E<2?
329G2
92C:=
<2=:
2?D2B2
 >2<C
52?
CE9E
>ED=2<
>6BEA2<2?
3:=2?82?
<@?CD2?
C6A6BD:
A252
*67&2&&3
?
52?
3:=2?82?
<@?CD2?
A252
A6BE>EC2?
"E<E>
*6B86C6B2?
0:6?
36B?:=2:
PM
>%
"E<E>
*6B86C6B2?
0:6?
;E82
5:8E?2<2?
E?DE<
>6>A6B<:B2<2?
CE9E
C63E29
3:?D2?8
56?82?
>6=:92D
G2B?2
4292I2
C63E29
3:?D2?8
CE9E
3:?D2?8
D6BC63ED
52A2D
5:AB65:<C:<2?

Contoh 7.3
,63E29
36?52
5:A2?2C<2?
9:?882
36BCE9E
 
L
-6?DE<2?=29
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
>2<C:>E>
B25:2C:
D6B>2=
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
36?52
D6BC63ED
&;&' Sumber: Fundamental Of Physics, 2001
:<6D29E:


 
L

  %

 
% Max Planck dilahirkan di Kiel,
36B52C2B<2?
*6BC2>22?
M
2<2?
5:A6B@=69 Jerman. Ia belajar di Munich dan
 >2<C





 >2<C %

PM
>% Berlin. Seperti banyak ahli fisika
lainnya, ia seorang pemain musik
    >% yang pandai. Pada tahun 1900 M,
>2<C      
>
 
% setelah 6 tahun belajar di Universitas
Berlin, ia menyatakan bahwa kunci
$25:
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
>2<C:>E>
B25:2C:
D6B>2=
252=29

P
M
> pemahaman radiasi benda hitam
adalah anggapan bahwa pemancaran
dan penyerapan radiasi terjadi dalam
kuantum energi hf. Penemuan yang
Contoh 7.4 menghasilkan hadiah Nobel 1918 ini
sekarang dianggap sebagai tonggak
6B52C2B<2?
8B27:<
:?D6?C:D2C
B25:2C:


 I dari fisika modern. Walaupun selama
D6B9252A
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
C6A6BD: T1
Hitler berkuasa, ia tetap tinggal di
Jerman. Ia memprotes perlakuan
5:DE?;E<<2?
A252
82>32B
5:
C2>A:?8 T2 Nazi kepada ilmuwan Yahudi dan
3282:>2?2<29
9E3E?82?
2?D2B2
CE9E
>ED=2< T3 sebagai akibatnya ia harus

 
52?
 melepaskan kedudukannya sebagai
presiden Institut Kaiser Wilhelm.
&;&' m1 m2 m 3 
Setelah perang dunia kedua, institut
2B:
8B27:<
A252
82>32B
5:
C2>A:?8
5:A6B@=69 tersebut diberi nama Institut Planck
329G2
EBED2?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
E?DE<
:?D6?C:D2C
B25:2C:
>2<C:>E>
252=29 dan ia kembali menjabat sebagai
&  &  & 
6B52C2B<2?
9E<E>
A6B86C6B2?
0:6?
*67&2&&3
?
5:A6B@=69 presiden sampai akhir hayatnya.

&  
2D2E
& 


$25:
&  &  & 

  
5:A6B@=69
 
 


   



3. Pendekatan Teori Rayleigh–Jeans

*252
D29E?

>E?4E=
A6BD2?I22?
3282:>2?2
>6?;6=2C<2?
CA6<DBE>
B25:2C:
36?52
9:D2>
*6?82>2D2?
52?
6<CA6B:>6?
I2?8
D6=29
5:=2<E<2?
A252
>2C2
:DE
>6?4@32
>6?42B:
A6?;6=2C2?
,A6<DBE>
B25:2C:

Radiasi Benda Hitam 179

 36?52
9:D2>
5:D6B2?8<2?
@=69
46)
&=1*.,-
 M
52?
!.6
&2*7
45;&6)
*&37
M
*6BE>EC2?
>6B6<2
>6?88E?2<2?
D6@B:
7:C:<2
<=2C:<
C6A6BD:
D6@B:
<:?6D:<
82C
:
%6=2C
1#
?52
D6=29
>6>A6=2;2B:
>2D6B:
A2?2C
36?52
36B9E3E?82?
56?82?
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
>@=6<E=
82C
-6@B:
6<:A2BD:C:
>6?I2D2<2?
329G2
6?6B8:
D@D2=
82C
52=2>
CE2DE
BE2?82?
D6BDEDEA
5:328:
C642B2
>6B2D2
<6
C6D:2A
>@=6<E=
I2?8
D6B52A2D
5:
52=2>
BE2?82?
$:<2
6?6B8:
D@D2=
C:CD6>
252=29

52?
32?I2<?I2
>@=6<E=
I2?8
36B252
52=2>
BE2?82?
252=29

6?6B8:
B2D2B2D2
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
@=69
C6D:2A
>@=6<E=
252=29


?6B8:
:?:
D6B<2?5E?8
52=2>
36?DE<
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
C6D:2A
>@=6<E=
<2?
D6D2A:
D:52<
36B2BD:
C6>E2
>@=6<E=
>6>:=:<:
6?6B8:
I2?8
C2>2
I2:DE

(:=2:
D6BC63ED
n (v) 92?I2=29
>6BEA2<2?
?:=2:
B2D2B2D2
&2'&6

>6>A6B=:92D<2?
C632B2?
<646A2D2?
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
>@=6<E=
82C
,632B2?
6?6B8:
<646A2D2?
<2B6?2
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
C6=2=E
36B9E3E?82?
56?82?
<646A2D2?
&=1*.,-*&37
>6=:92D
329G2
<EBF2
C632B2?
:DE
C6BEA2
56?82?
92C:=
I2?8
5:A6B@=69
A252
:?D6?C:D2C
CA6<DBE>
B25:2C:
D6B>2=
'6B6<2
36B2?882A2?
252
<6>:B:A2?
2?D2B2
C:72D
A2?2C
v
36?52
52?
B25:2C:
D6B>2=
6?82?
A6?56<2D2?
I2?8
>6B6<2
=2<E<2?
Gambar 7.5 &=1*.,-*&37
>6>A6B@=69
A6BE>EC2?
329G2
:?D6?C:D2C
B25:2C:
Sebaran jumlah partikel yang
memiliki kecepatan (v). 36B32?5:?8
D6B32=:<
56?82?
A2?8<2D
6>A2D
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
  
.?DE<

I2?8
36C2B
:?D6?C:D2C
2<2?
C6>2<:?
<64:=
A23:=2 
Intensitas >6?56<2D:
D2<
9:?882
:?D6?C:D2C
2<2?
>6?56<2D:
?@=
"2=
:?:
C6CE2:
56?82?
92C:=
6>A:B:C
<2?
D6D2A:
2A23:=2

>6?56<2D:
?@=
92=
:?:
C2?82D
>6?I:>A2?8
52B:
92C:=
6>A:B:C
I2?8
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
:?D6?C:D2C
Teo ri

>6?56<2D:
?@=
<6D:<2

C6>2<:?
>6?864:=

Teo r
Rayl n ck

*6?I:>A2?82?
A6BC2>22?
+2I=6:89 $62?C
I2?8
C2?82D
;2E9
:?:

i Pl a Te or
ei g h

5:?2>2<2?
N6?42?2
.=DB2
/:@=6DO
<2B6?2

I2?8
<64:=
36B252
52=2>

G:=2I29
86=@>32?8
E=DB2F:@=6D
- Je
an

&2'&6

>6?E?;E<<2?
9E3E?82?
:?D6?C:D2C
52?
A2?;2?8

s
iW

ie
n
86=@>32?8
2?D2B2
<EBF2
+2I=6:89$62?C
52?
<EBF2
0:6?
-6@B:
%.*3
Panjang gelombang 52A2D
>6?6B2?8<2?
CA6<DBE>
A252
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
A6?56<
Gambar 7.6 D6D2A:
>6?I:>A2?8
<6D:<2
>6?6B2?8<2?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
A2?;2?8
Perbandingan teori Wien, dan ,632=:<?I2
D6@B:
&=1*.,-*&37
52A2D
>6?6B2?8<2?
CA6<DBE>
A252
teori Rayleigh-Jeans dengan
teori Planck yang memenuhi
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
A2?;2?8
D6D2A:
>6?I:>A2?8
<6D:<2
>6?6B2?8<2?
data percobaan. A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
A6?56<

Tugas Anda 7.1
Carilah dari buku-buku tentang
formula yang digunakan Rayleigh-
Jeans untuk menjelaskan intensitas
radiasi benda hitam.
4. Teori Planck
-6@B:
<=2C:<
D6?D2?8
4292I2
C63282:
86=@>32?8
6=6<DB@>28?6D:<
52A2D
>6?;6=2C<2?
52B:
>2?2
2C2=
B25:2C:
<2=@B
D6D2A:
D:52<
3:C2
56?82?
D6A2D
>6>AB65:<C:<2?
CA6<DBE>
4292I2
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
C63282:>2?2
I2?8
D6B2>2D:
@=69
%.*3
-6@B:
%.*3
>2>AE
>6?;6=2C<2?
B25:2C:
36?52
9:D2>
E?DE<
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
A6?56<
D6D2A:
8282=
E?DE<
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
A2?;2?8
,632=:<?I2
D6@B:
&=1*.,-*&37
36B92C:=
>6?;6=2C<2?
B25:2C:
36?52
9:D2>
E?DE<
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
A2?;2?8
D6D2A:
8282=
E?DE<
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
A6?56<
<9:B?I2
A6?;6=2C2?
I2?8
>6>E2C<2?
=29:B
52B:
C6@B2?8
7:C:<2G2?
$6B>2?
&<
1&3(0
M
#2
>6?4@32
>6=2<E<2?
A6?56<2D2?
=2:?
56?82?
>6?82;E<2?
CE2DE
BE>EC
6>A:B:C
52?
D6B?I2D2
C2?82D
4@4@<
56?82?
92C:=
A6?82>2D2??I2

180 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 1&3(0
>6?42B:
52C2B
D6@B:
E?DE<
BE>EC
6>A:B:C?I2
E2
3E=2?
<6>E5:2?
:2
36B92C:=
>6>3E2D
2CE>C:
I2?8
C2?82D
>6?86;ED<2?
A252
C22D
:DE
I2:DE
D6?D2?8
86D2B2?
>@=6<E=>@=6<E=
5:
A6B>E<22?
36?52
9:D2>
1&3(0
>6?86>E<2<2?
A@CDE=2D?I2
C63282:
36B:<ED
 ?6B8:
B25:2C:
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
@=69
86D2B2?
>@=6<E=>@=6<E=
@C:=2D@B
36?52
>6BEA2<2?
A2<6DA2<6D
<E2?D2
6?6B8:
6C2B?I2
6?6B8:
52=2>
C6D:2A
A2<6D
>6BEA2<2?
<6=:A2D2?
3:=2?82?
3E=2D
CE2DE
36C2B2?
NO
I2:DE
?

'
!
 M
56?82?
'
252=29
3:=2?82?
2C=:
 

I2?8
5:C63ED
3:=2?82?
<E2?DE>
52?

252=29
7B6<E6?C:
86D2B2?
>@=6<E=>@=6<E=
C652?8
<2?
!
>6BEA2<2?
<@?CD2?D2
*=2?4<
I2?8
36C2B?I2
 
P
M
$C
)=69
<2B6?2
6?6B8:
B25:2C:
36BC:72D
5:C<B:D
5:<2D2<2?
6?6B8:?I2
D6B<E2?D:C2C:
52?
6?6B8:
I2?8
5:A6B3@=69<2?
56?82?
'

 
ke n =

5:C63ED
D:?8<2D
6?6B8:
 '@=6<E=>@=6<E=
>6?I6B2A
2D2E
>6>2?42B<2?
6?6B8:
B25:2C:
4292I2
E
52=2>
A2<6D
5:C<B:D
I2?8
5:C63ED
<E2?DE>
2D2E
7@D@?
?6B8:

7@D@? n
4hf
<2B6?2
A6B36522?
5E2
D:?8<2D
6?6B8:
C6A6BD:
D2>A2<
A252
&2'&6 4


252=29 3hf 3




!
 M
2hf 2
$:<2
>@=6<E=>@=6<E=
>6?I6B2A
>6>2?42B<2?

7@D@?
D:?8<2D 1hf 1
6?6B8:?I2
36BD2>329
2D2E
36B<EB2?8
C636C2B
!
!282C2?
1&3(0
:?:
36B=2<E
E?DE<
36?52
9:D2> 0 0
&2?8<29
1&3(0
56?82?
A@CDE=2D?I2
329G2
6?6B8:
@C:=2D@B
D6B<E2?D:C2C:
>6BEA2<2?
C63E29
D6B@3@C2?
36C2B
1&3(0
C6?5:B:
36BC2>2
:=>EG2? Gambar 7.7
Tingkat-tingkat energi yang
C62?8<2D2??I2
D:52<
>6?I252B:
92=
:DE
!282C2?
*=2?4<
5:2?882A
C63282: diperkenankan untuk satu
D@?882<
2G2=
7:C:<2
<E2?DE> molekul yang frekuensinya f.

Contoh 7.5
$E>=29
>:?:>E>
7@D@?
4292I2
I2?8
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8?I2
 
?>
E?DE<
>6?:>3E=<2?
B2?8C2?82?
F:CE2=
A252
>2D2
?@B>2=
252=29
'

7@D@?
A6B
C6<@?
$:<2
46A2D
B2>32D
4292I2


P
>
C
52?
!

PM
$C
D6?DE<2?=29
52I2
4292I2
D6BC63ED
&;&'
?6B8:
4292I2
36B52C2B<2?
*67&2&&3
?
252=29 Tantangan
  '!   '! 
untuk Anda

2I2
4292I2
D6BC63ED
52A2D
5:D6?DE<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED Perumusan Rayleigh-Jeans tidak
cocok diterapkan untuk radiasi
'!

benda hitam pada daerah panjang
- - gelombang pendek. Dapatkah Anda
menduga, apa implikasi dari

 
   
$C 
   
>
C  persamaan Rayleigh-Jeans pada
      0 daerah panjang gelombang pendek


C 
   
>  untuk kehidupan di Bumi?

Radiasi Benda Hitam 181

 Kata Kunci 5. Aplikasi Radiasi Benda Hitam untuk Mengukur Suhu
Matahari
• benda hitam
• radiasi benda hitam '2D292B:
>6BEA2<2?
3:?D2?8
I2?8
A2=:?8
56<2D
56?82?
E>:
• emisivitas benda ;2B2<?I2
C6<:D2B
  
<>
'2D292B:
>6>2?42B<2?
6?6B8:
<2=@B
• intensitas
• daya radiasi I2?8
C2?82D
36B8E?2
328:
<69:5EA2?
5:
E>:
?6B8:
D6BC63ED
36B2C2=
• spektrum 52B:
B62<C:
7EC:
9:5B@86?
5:
52=2>
:?D:
'2D292B:
2A2D<29
?52
•
•
energi radiasi
radiasi termal
>6>32I2?8<2?
36B2A2
36C2B
6?6B8:
I2?8
5:92C:=<2?
'2D292B:
C69:?882
C2>A2:
;2B2<
  
<>
6?6B8:
:DE
>2C:9
252
36BEA2
4292I2
52?
<2=@B
+25:2C:
6?6B8:
'2D292B:
C2?82D
36C2B
C6A6BD:
I2?8
D6=29
?52
A6=2;2B:
#?D6?C:D2C
B25:2C:
:?:
36B32?5:?8
=EBEC
56?82?
A2?8<2D
6>A2D
CE9E?I2
'6?EBED
D6@B:
B25:2C:
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
:?:
>6>:=:<:
:?D6?C:D2C
I2?8
36B36523652
.?DE<
=63:9
>6>292>:
<@?C6A
:?:
A6B92D:<2?
&2'&6

36B:<ED
:?:
I(W/m2)

Gambar 7.8
Grafik intensitas radiasi
Matahari yang diukur di luar
angkasa. 
10 7 m
       

&2'&6

>6?E?;E<<2?
CA6<DBE>
B25:2C:
'2D292B:
I2?8
5:E<EB

5:
=E2B
2?8<2C2
!B27:<
D6BC63ED
C2?82D
>:B:A
56?82?
8B27:<
:?D6?C:D2C
B25:2C:
36?52
9:D2>
)=69
<2B6?2
:DE
A2B2
2CDB@?@>
>6?82CE>C:<2?
'2D292B:
C63282:
36?52
9:D2>
C69:?882
3:C2
5:9:DE?8
36B2A2
CE9E
5:
Ingatlah A6B>E<22?
'2D292B:
56?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
"E<E>
*6B86C6B2?
0:6?
2B:
8B27:<
D6B=:92D
329G2
?:=2:
:?D6?C:D2C
>2<C:>E>
D6B52A2D
A252
1 Å = 10–10 m
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
C636C2B
 
K
526B29
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
C:?2B
D2>A2<
'6?EBED
"E<E>
*6B86C6B2?
0:6?
2<2?
5:52A2D<2?
?:=2:
CE9E
5:
A6B>E<22?
'2D292B:
C63282:
36B:<ED

>2<C
 


P
M
>%

P  >%
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Grafik pada Gambar 7.8
menunjukkan intensitas radiasi
Matahari yang diukur di luar angkasa.
Apakah Anda bisa menduga
bagaimana grafik intensitas radiasi
Matahari jika diukur di permukaan
Bumi? Apakah di seluruh tempat di
permukaan Bumi intensitas radiasi
Matahari selalu sama? Jelaskan

'6?EBED
A2B2
29=:
82C
)

:?:=29
I2?8
jawaban Anda dengan bahasa yang
mudah dipahami dan diskusikanlah
bersama teman sekelas.
182 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
 
P  >
 

%
,6=2:?
E?DE<
>6?8E<EB
CE9E
'2D292B:
A6?6B2A2?
B25:2C:
36?52
9:D2>
:?:
52A2D
5:8E?2<2?
E?DE<
>6?8E<EB
CE9E
3:?D2?8
=2:??I2
I2:DE
56?82?
>6?82?2=:C:C
CA6<DBE>
3:?D2?8
D6BC63ED
Mari Mencari Tahu
,2=29
C2DE
:CE
8=@32=
I2?8
C6B:?8
5:2?8<2D
@=69
2<D:F:D2C
=:?8<E?82?
9:5EA
252=29
:CE
D6?D2?8
A6>2?2C2?
E>:
52
C6328:2?
?682B2
>2;E
I2?8
D:52<
>2E
>6?2?52D2?82?:
+(-($(%
1(-(
D6?D2?8
A6>32D2C2?
<252B
6>:C:
82C
52B:
:?5ECDB:
!2C
6>:C:
:?:
C6328:2?
36C2B
252=29
)
>6?82<:32D<2?
A6>2?2C2?
E>:
2D2E
5:<6?2=
56?82?
:CD:=29
$
.&!

+'
(.,
-
2B:=29
:?7@B>2C:
52B:
36B3282:
CE>36B
3E<E
>2;2=29
:?D6B?6D
52?
=2:?=2:?
D6?D2?8
9E3E?82?
2?D2B2
676<
BE>29
<242
52?
B25:2C:
36?52
9:D2>
:C<EC:<2?=29
56?82?
D6>2?
C6<6=2C
?52
D6?D2?8
92=
:?:
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
*6/&0&31&-
5&)&
'909
1&8.-&3
 ,E9E
<6B;2
7:=2>6?
DE?8CD6?
52=2>
CE2DE
=2>AE
A:;2B  %@?CD2?D2
6>:C:F:D2C
C63E29
36?52
9:D2>
252=29



252=29


%
52?
6>:C:F:D2C?I2

-6?DE<2?
=E2C ":DE?8=29
:?D6?C:D2C
B25:2C:
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
2A23:=2
A6B>E<22?
7:=2>6?
=2>AE
A:;2B

0 CE9E
36?52
:DE

%

,63E29
=E32?8
<64:=
A252
5:?5:?8
-'.+
>6?I6BEA2:  ,63E29
3@=2
=@82>
56?82?
;2B:;2B:

4>
5:A2?2C<2?
36?52
9:D2>
$:<2
=E2C?I2

4>

52?
CE9E?I2
 
L *252
CE9E


L
3@=2
=@82>
:DE
>6>2?42B<2?
B25:2C:
C2>2
C6A6BD:
CE9E
5:
52=2>
D2?EB
36B2A2<29
6?6B8: 56?82?
52I2
P
G2DD
":DE?8=29
6>:C:F:D2C
3@=2
I2?8
5:B25:2C:<2?
<6
=E2B
=E32?8
C6D:2A
56D:< =@82>
D6BC63ED
 @=2
+


4>
36BC:72D
C6A6BD:
36?52
9:D2>
36B252  ":DE?8=29
52I2
I2?8
5:A2?42B<2?
@=69
C63E29
<E3EC
52=2>
<62522?
C6:>32?8
56?82?
=:?8<E?82??I2 I2?8
5:A2?2C<2?
9:?882

L
%E3EC
D6BC63ED
>6>:=:<:
-6B?I2D2
3@=2
>6?I6B2A
52I2

<0
52B: A2?;2?8
C:C:

4>
52?
D6B3E2D
52B:
3292?
56?82?
=:?8<E?82??I2
6B2A2<29
CE9E
3@=2
:DE 6>:C:F:D2C

 &2>AE
A:;2B
52A2D
5:2?882A
36B36?DE<
3@=2
$2B:;2B:  6?52

>6>2?42B<2?
B25:2C:
56?82?
>2H 

?>
=2>AE
A:;2B
A6BD2>2
252=29
5E2
<2=:
;2B:;2B:
=2>AE
6?52
:DE
D6BEC
>6?82=2>:
A6>2?2C2?
C69:?882
<65E2
,E9E
A:;2B
A6BD2>2
52?
<65E2
>2C:?8>2C:?8

L
52?


L
-6?DE<2?
?:=2:
A6B32?5:?82?
2?D2B2 CE9E?I2

<2=:
=:A2D
CE9E
C6>E=2
-6?DE<2?=29
>2H
52I2
<2=@B
B25:2C:
=2>AE
A6BD2>2
52?
=2>AE
<65E2 C6D6=29
A6>2?2C2?

B. Dualisme Gelombang Partikel

1. Sifat Partikel yang Dimiliki Gelombang
*252
>E=2?I2
32?I2<
7:C:<2G2?
I2?8
>6?82?882A
4292I2
C63282:
86=@>32?8
"2=
:?:
5:A6B<E2D
56?82?
252?I2
5:7B2<C:
A@=2B:C2C:
B67B2<C:
B67=6<C:
52?
:?D6B76B6?C:
I2?8
C6CE2:
56?82?
C:72D
E>E>
86=@>32?8
<2?
D6D2A:
<6D:<2
A2B2
7:C:<2G2?
>6?6>E<2?
76?@>6?2
B25:2C:
36?52
9:D2>
2
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
52?
676<
@>AD@?
2CE>C:
4292I2
C63282:
86=@>32?8
D:52<
52A2D
>6?;6=2C<2?
76?@>6?276?@>6?2
D6BC63ED
%6>E5:2?
>E?4E==29
A2?52?82?
329G2
4292I2
252=29
A2BD:<6=
,63282:
2?2=@8:
A6B92D:<29
&2'&6

*252
82>32B
D6BC63ED
?52
3:C2
>6>6B92D:<2?
A6B36522?
4292I2
;:<2
5:2CE>C:<2?
C63282:
86=@>32?8
52?
C63282:
A2BD:<6=
6?82?
2CE>C:
C63282:
86=@>32?8
4292I2
5:A2?42B<2?
C63282:
B2>32D2?
86=@>32?8
I2?8
<@?D:?E
52AE?
56?82?
2CE>C:
C63282:
A2BD:<6=
4292I2 3
5:A2?42B<2?
52=2>
36?DE<
A2<6DA2<6D
6?6B8:
I2?8
5:C63ED
7@D@? Gambar 7.9
,EA2I2
?52
=63:9
>6>292>:
2CE>C:
4292I2
C63282:
A2BD:<6=
?52 (a) Cahaya sebagai gelombang;
(b) Cahaya sebagai paket-paket
3:C2
>6>A6=2;2B:
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
52?
676<
@>AD@?
36B:<ED energi.
a. Efek Fotolistrik
#%
-+%),'1
%$-+('%$-+('
+"
)+&.$'
)%-
%( &
$-"$ tutup
ruang vakum
","'+"
' '
+$.',"
-+-'-.
",.-
$
(-(%",-+"$
=6<DB@?
I2?8
D6B=6A2C tabung

52B:
A6B>E<22?
A=2D
=@82>
D6BC63ED
5:C63ED
6=6<DB@?
7@D@
*6B:CD:G2
:?: C

A6BD2>2
<2=:
5:D6>E<2?
@=69
*68>
C6A6BD:
5:82>32B<2?
A252
&2'&6
 T cahaya
*6B2?8<2D
A6B4@322?
E?DE<
>6?82>2D:
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
D6B5:B:
2D2C i
A
D23E?8
<242
92>A2
E52B2
52?
A=2D
=@82>
I2?8
5:C63ED
C63282:
<2D@56 i
%6D:<2
<2D@56
5:C:?2B:
56?82?
C:?2B
E=DB2F:@=6D
6=6<DB@?
2<2?
D6B=6A2C V
52B:
<2D@56
52?
36B86B2<
>6?E;E
2?@56
C69:?882
2BEC
>6?82=:B
A252 saklar geser

B2?8<2:2?
2?I2<?I2
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
D6B=6A2C
52A2D
D6B=:92D
52B:
:?5:<2D@B – + – +
<E2D
2BEC
I2?8
5:DE?;E<<2?
@=69
2>A6B6>6D6B
?6B8:
<:?6D:<
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
6=6<DB@?
52A2D
5:D6?DE<2?
56?82?
42B2
>6>A6B36C2B
3652
A@D6?C:2=
Gambar 7.10
2?D2B2
<2D@56
52?
2?@56
C69:?882
3652
A@D6?C:2=
36BC:72D
>6?292?
=2;E Skema eksperimen efek fotolistrik.

Radiasi Benda Hitam 183

 6=6<DB@?
6BC2>22?
56?82?
<6?2:<2?
3652
A@D6?C:2=
A6?E?;E<2?
;2BE>
2>A6B6>6D6B
2<2?
>6?864:=
$:<2
A252
CE2DE
<6D:<2
;2BE>
2>A6B>6D6B
>6?E?;E<
2?8<2
?@=
36C2B?I2
6?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=
C2>2
56?82?
36C2B
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
6=6<DB@?
(:=2:
3652
A@D6?C:2=
A252
C22D
:DE
5:C63ED
A@D6?C:2=
96?D:
?6B8:
A@D6?C:2=

I2?8
5:36B:<2?
52A2D
5:AB65:<C:<2?
C63282:
C63E29
3E<:D
I2?8
92BEC
5:=6G2D:
6=6<DB@?
C6A6BD:
A252
&2'&6
&
A23:=2
v
3E<:D
A@D6?C:2=
D6BEC
5:A6BD:?88:
CE2DE
C22D
2>A6B6>6D6B
I2?8
5:A2C2?8
5:
32=:<
3E<:D
>6?E?;E<<2?
2?8<2
?@=
#?:
36B2BD:
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
6=6<DB@?
Ek D:52<
4E<EA
=28:
E?DE<
>6=6G2D:
3E<:D
A@D6?C:2=
C69:?882
36C2B?I2
A@D6?C:2=
96?D:

36BC6CE2:2?
56?82?
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
6=6<DB@?

2 $



 M
2D2E
I

 &/
intensitas >2<C   M
tinggi
intensitas
rendah
<CA6B:>6?
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
@=69
.378*.3
56?82?
>6?8E329E329
7B6<E6?C:
4292I2
I2?8
;2DE9
A252
A=2D
=@82>
<2D@56
:?D6?C:D2C
4292I2
52?
A@D6?C:2=
A6?892=2?8
A252
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
>6>36B:<2?
3636B2A2
<6C:>AE=2?
C63282:
36B:<ED
–V 0 V 2 6C2B
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
>2<C:>E>
6=6<DB@?
D:52<
36B82?DE?8
A252
:?D6?C:D2C
4292I2
A6B92D:<2?
&2'&6
'
3 3 ,6D:2A
A6B>E<22?
=@82>
>6>3EDE9<2?
7B6<E6?C:
>:?:>E>
D6BD6?DE
I2?8
energi potensial 5:C63ED
7B6<E6?C:
2>32?8

282B
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
52A2D
36B=2?8CE?8
gelombang (eV)
A6B92D:<2?
&2'&6
(
4 =6<DB@?6=6<DB@?
5:3632C<2?
52B:
A6B>E<22?
=@82>
92>A:B
D2?A2
C6=2?8
3 G2<DE
I2:DE
<EB2?8
52B:
M
C6<@?
C6D6=29
A6?I:?2B2?
Ce
5 -6@B:
86=@>32?8
D:52<
52A2D
>6?;6=2C<2?
>6?82A2
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
Na
2 >2<C:>E>
6=6<DB@?
36BD2>329
;:<2
7B6<E6?C:
4292I2
5:A6B36C2B
1
K "2C:=
6<CA6B:>6?
D6BC63ED
D:52<
52A2D
5:;6=2C<2?
@=69
D6@B:
<=2C:<
f0
D6?D2?8
86=@>32?8
6=6<DB@>28?6D:<
'6?EBED
D6@B:
<=2C:<
6?6B8:
I2?8
f0 f0 1014 Hz
5:<2?5E?8
86=@>32?8
6=6<DB@>28?6D:<
36BC6CE2:2?
56?82?
:?D6?C:D2C?I2
0 2 4 6 8
A23:=2
:?D6?C:D2C
C6>2<:?
D:?88:
6?6B8:
86=@>32?8
6=6<DB@>28?6D:<
4 2<2?
>6?:?88:
AE=2
'652?
=:CDB:<
I2?8
5:32G2
86=@>32?8
6=6<DB@
Sumber: Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik Tipler >28?6D:<
2<2?
>6>36B:<2?
82I2
A252
6=6<DB@?
5:
A6B>E<22?
=@82>
Gambar 7.11 C69:?882
6=6<DB@?
>6>A6B@=69
6?6B8:
52B:
86=@>32?8
$:<2
6?6B8:
I2?8
(a) Apabila energi kinetik elektron 5:>:=:<:
6=6<DB@?
4E<EA
36C2B
6=6<DB@?
2<2?
D6B=6A2C
52B:
A6B>E<22?
melebihi energi potensial
penghalang, elektron akan dapat
=@82>
6B52C2B<2?
92=
:DE
C692BEC?I2
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
6=6<DB@?
36B82?DE?8
mendaki bukit potensial; (b) Energi A252
:?D6?C:D2C
4292I2
kinetik elektron tidak bergantung %6925:B2?
7B6<E6?C:
2>32?8
AE?
D:52<
52A2D
5:;6=2C<2?
56?82?
D6@B:
pada intensitas cahaya; (c) Setiap
permukaan memiliki frekuensi (f0)
<=2C:<
<CA6B:>6?
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
C6<64:=
2A2AE?
:?D6?C:D2C
4292I2
berbeda. 2A23:=2
7B6<E6?C:?I2
=63:9
36C2B
52B:A252
7B6<E6?C:


676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
2<2?
D6B;25:
'6?EBED
D6@B:
<=2C:<
C692BEC?I2
I2?8
252
252=29
:?D6?C:D2C
2>32?8
6?82?
<636B82?DE?82?
6?6B8:
4292I2
A252
:?D6?C:D2C?I2
9E3E?82?
=:?62B
2?D2B2
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
6=6<DB@?
52?
7B6<E6?C:
86=@>32?8
6=6<DB@>28?6D:<
C2>2
C6<2=:
D:52<
52A2D
5:;6=2C<2?
'6?EBED
1'*68
.378*.3
C6>E2
6?6B8:
7@D@?
5:36B:<2?
<6A252
6=6<DB@?
52?
:?:
>6?I6323<2?
7@D@?
=6?I2A
#2
36BA2?52?82?
329G2
<E2?DE>
>6BEA2<2?
C:72D
86=@>32?8
:DE
C6?5:B:
'6?EBED?I2
4292I2

184 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

D6B5:B:
2D2C
A2<6DA2<6D
I2?8
5:C63ED
C63282:
7@D@?
@D@?7@D@?
>6BEA2<2?
A2BD:<6=
I2?8
D:52<
36B>2CC2
I2?8
5:C6B2A
52?
5:A2?42B<2?
?6B8:
I2?8
5:>:=:<: Ingatlah
@=69
7@D@?
C2>2
56?82?
<E2?D2
I2?8
5:<6>E<2<2?
@=69
*=2?4<
I2:DE



!

56?82?
!
252=29
<@?CD2?D2
*=2?4<
52?

252=29
7B6<E6?C:
86=@>32?8 1 eV = 1,6 × 10–19 J
6=6<DB@>28?6D:<
:?CD6:?
52A2D
>6?;6=2C<2?
C642B2
C6>AEB?2
92C:=
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
292I2
I2?8
;2DE9
5:
2D2C
=@82>
5:=E<:C<2?
C63282:
B6?D6D2?
7@D@?
I2?8
>6?E>3E<
A252
=@82>
C6D:2A
7@D@?
>6?E>3E<
6=6<DB@?
52=2>
=@82>
*252
A6B:CD:G2
DE>3E<2?
D6BC63ED
7@D@?
>6>36B:<2?
C6=EBE9
6?6B8:?I2
<6A252
6=6<DB@?
52?
7@D@?
:DE
C6?5:B:
>6?;25:
=6?I2A
?6B8:
I2?8
5:A6B=E<2?
E?DE<
>6=6A2C<2?
5:B:
52B:
A6B>E<22?
=@82>
5:C63ED
7E?8C:
<6B;2

.?DE<
;6?:C
=@82>
I2?8
36B3652
D6?DE?I2
7E?8C:
<6B;2
2<2?
36B3652
AE=2
<2B6?2
A6B36522?
6?6B8:
:<2D
2?D2B2
6=6<DB@?
52?
:@?
52=2>
=@82>
$25:
E?DE<
=@82>
D6BD6?DE
36B=2<E



!
 M
Informasi
untuk Anda
$:<2
7B6<E6?C:
7@D@?
=63:9
36C2B
52B:A252
7B6<E6?C:
2>32?8
<6=63:92?
6?6B8:
I2?8
5:D6B:>2
6=6<DB@?
:DE
2<2?
>6?;25:
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
6=6<DB@? Efek fotolistrik selain memiliki
peranan penting dalam teori foton
!

2
!



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sekali aplikasi dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari. Sebagai contoh adalah
!



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$ alarm pencuri dan pembuka
otomatis yang juga menggunakan
!





$ M sirkuit fotolistrik. Ketika seseorang
menghalangi sinar yang dipancarkan,
Keterangan: penurunan arus listrik dapat
mengaktifkan saklar sehingga bel
! 
<@?CD2?D2
*=2?4<


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7B6<E6?C:
86=@>32?8
4292I2
"J Biasanya sinar yang digunakan adalah
 
7B6<E6?C:
2>32?8
"J sinar ultraviolet dan inframerah
karena kedua sinar ini tidak terlihat.
$:<2
5:3E2D
52=2>
C63E29
D236=
7E?8C:
<6B;2
7@D@=:CDB:<
3636B2A2
;6?:C
=@82>
3:C2
5:=:92D
52=2>
"&'*1
 Information for You
"&'*1
 The photoelectric effect, besides
playing an important historical role
E?8C:
%6B;2
=6<DB@?
A252
636B2A2
&@82> in confirming the photon theory of
4,&2 &2'&3, 93,7.
*6/&
%
*$ light, also has many practical
applications. Burglar alarms and
6C:E> C  automatic door openers often make
use of the photocell circuit. When a
%2=:E> %  person interrupts the beam of light, the
(2DB:E> (2  sudden drop in current in the circuit
>2C E  activates a switch which operates a
-6>3282 E  bell or opens the door. UV or IR light is
sometimes used in burglar alarms
*6B2< 8  because of its invisibility.
*=2D:?2 *D  Sumber: Physics for Scientist & Engineers

Sumber: Physics, 1993

Contoh 7.6
B6<E6?C:
2>32?8
CE2DE
3292?

P

"J
$:<2
3292?
D6BC63ED
5:C:?2B:
56?82?
C:?2B
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
7B6<E6?C:

P

"J
D6?DE<2?
36C2B
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
D6B=6A2C
52B:
A6B>E<22?
=@82>
D6BC63ED
&;&'
$

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2
!

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;@E=6

Radiasi Benda Hitam 185

 )=69
<2B6?2

;@E=6


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6/
36C2B
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
D6B=6A2C
Ingatlah 252=29
     6/


6/
$ 
Foton merupakan paket-paket    
energi pada cahaya. Konsep ini
merupakan kelanjutan dari asumsi
cahaya merupakan partikel.

Contoh 7.7
%2=:E>
5:C:?2B:
56?82?
4292I2
E=DB2F:@=6D
I2?8
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8?I2


K
$:<2
7E?8C:
<6B;2
<2=:E>



6/
D6?DE<2?=29
?:=2:
A@D6?C:2=
96?D:
A252
A6B:CD:G2
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
D6BC63ED
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6=6<DB@?
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2D2E








/

/
Tugas Anda 7.2
Proses terjadinya sinar-X
merupakan kebalikan dari proses
fotolistrik. Carilah informasi dari
berbagai sumber tentang sinar-X
dan diskusikanlah bersama teman
sekelas Anda.
    

$25:
A@D6?C:2=
96?D:
A252
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
D6BC63ED
252=29

b. Efek Compton
2=2>
A6B:CD:G2
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
4292I2
I2?8
5:;2DE9<2?
A252
<6A:?8
=@82>
5:A6B=2<E<2?
C63282:
A2<6D
6?6B8:
I2?8
5:C63ED
7@D@?
@D@?
:DE
>6?82=2>:
A6B:CD:G2
DE>3E<2?
56?82?
6=6<DB@?
:2C2?I2
DE>3E<2?
C6=2=E
5:9E3E?8<2?
56?82?
>@>6?DE>
*252
A6B:CD:G2
D6BC63ED
2<2?
36B=2<E
"E<E>
%6<6<2=2?
'@>6?DE>
52?
"E<E>
%6<6<2=2?
?6B8:
*6?6=:D:2?
92>3EB2?
C:?2B1
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
68-96

425843

M

>6?892C:=<2?
76?@>6?2
32BE
I2:DE
A6B86C6B2?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
2D2E
A6BE3292?
7B6<E6?C:
C636=E>
52?
C6CE529
DE>3E<2?
!6;2=2
:?:
5:;6=2C<2?
@=69
425843
56?82?
>6?82?882A
329G2
I2?8
D6B;25:
252=29
DE>3E<2?
2?D2B2
<E2?DE>
4292I2
7@D@?
52?
6=6<DB@?
3632C
%6D:<2
7@D@?
>6?E>3E<
6=6<DB@?
C6328:2?
6?6B8:
7@D@?
2<2?
5:36B:<2?
<6A252
6=6<DB@?
C69:?882
6=6<DB@?
>6>:=:<:
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
52AE?
6?6B8:
7@D@?
C6D6=29
DE>3E<2?
2<2?
36B<EB2?8
'6?EBED
D6@B:
<=2C:<
A6?8EB2?82?
6?6B8:
D:52<
2<2?
5::<ED:
@=69
A6BE3292?
7B6<E6?C:
2D2E
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
(2>E?
>6?EBED
D6@B:
<E2?DE>
A6BE3292?
6?6B8:
36B2BD:
2<2?
D6B;25:
A6BE3292?
7B6<E6?C:
52?
A6BE3292?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
#?:
5:3E<D:<2?
52B:
92C:=
A6?82>2D2?
I2?8
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
C6D6=29
DE>3E<2?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
7@D@?
36BD2>329
36C2B
     
)=69
<2B6?2
6?6B8:
7@D@?
5:BE>EC<2?
C63282:
!  
;6=2C=29

329G2
6?6B8:
7@D@?
C6D6=29
DE>3E<2?
2<2?
36B<EB2?8
 42*3892
+4843
%6C6D2B22?
>2CC2
52?
6?6B8:
>6?EBED
.378*.3
252=29



&

"2=
D6BC63ED
2<2?
?52
A6=2;2B:
52=2>
A@<@<
3292C2?
36B:<ED?I2
C652?8<2?

186 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

>6?EBED
*=2?4<
4292I2
36B36?DE<
A2<6DA2<6D
6?6B8:
56?82?
6?6B8: Tokoh
7@D@?
C636C2B



!


6?82?
56>:<:2?
A6?56<2D2?
C642B2
B6=2D:F:CD:<
52A2D
5:DE=:C
! Arthur Compton (Holly)
&  ! 
 & M  (1892–1962)

2B:
*67&2&&3
? 
?52
52A2D
>6>A6B@=69
A6BC2>22?
>@>6?DE>
B6=2D:F:CD:<
52B:
C63E29
7@D@?
I2:DE

!
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:<6D29E:
  
52?
  
>2<2
*67&2&&3
?

52A2D
5:DE=:C
  

)  !

2D2E

  ! M
 )
%6D6B2?82? Arthur Compton adalah seorang ahli
Fisika yang dilahirkan di Wooster,
) 
>@>6?DE>
C63E29
7@D@?
<8
>
C Ohio, USA. Dia belajar di Universitas
 
46A2D
B2>32D
4292I2
>
C Princetion dan lulus menjadi
profesor Fisika di Chicago (1923). Dia
 
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
4292I2
> meneliti dan menjelaskan Efek
! 
D6D2A2?
*=2?4<

PM
$C Compton, penambahan panjang
 
7B6<E6?C:
4292I2
"J gelombang sinar-X yang
dihamburkan ketika bertumbukan
 *69'&-&3
&3/&3,
*142'&3,
5&)&
&2'96&3
425843 dengan elektron. Untuk sumbangan
pemikirannya tersebut, dia
*6B92D:<2?
DE>3E<2?
2?D2B2
C63E29
7@D@?
52?
C63E29
6=6<DB@?
C6A6BD: mendapat penghargaan Nobel Fisika
5:DE?;E<<2?
A252
&2'&6

,636=E>
DE>3E<2?
7@D@?
>6>:=:<: pada 1927.
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
 
52?
6=6<DB@?
36B252
52=2>
<62522?
5:2>
,6D6=29 Sumber: www.allbiographies.com

DE>3E<2?
7@D@?
D6B92>3EB
56?82?
CE5ED

52?
>6?82=2>:
A6?EBE?2?

6?6B8:
>6?;25:

:
=2:?
A:92<
C6328:2?
6=6<DB@?
>6>36?DE<
CE5ED

56?82?
2B29
86B2<
7@D@?
C636=E>
DE>3E<2?
"2>3EB2?
I2?8
5:2=2>:
@=69
7@D@?
5:C63ED
92>3EB2?
@>AD@?
56?82?
4:B:4:B:
<92C?I2
D6B;25:
A6BE3292?

52?
A6BE3292?

.?DE<
>6?86D29E:
A6BE3292?
6?6B8:
2D2E
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
7@D@?
C6D6=29
D6B92>3EB
5:8E?2<2?
2?2=:C:C
56?82?
"E<E>
%6<6<2=2?
'@>6?DE>
52?
"E<E>
%6<6<2=2?
?6B8:
)=69
<2B6?2
6?6B8:
I2?8
D6B=:32D
C2?82D
D:?88:
C6BD2
<6>E?8<:?2?
36C2B
<646A2D2?
6=6<DB@?
C6D6=29
DE>3E<2?
C2?82D
36C2B
A6BC2>22?
5:?2>:<2
elektron diam
I2?8
5:8E?2<2?
252=29
5:?2>:<2
B6=2D:F:CD:< foton dengan  , p

6?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
"E<E>
%6<6<2=2?
?6B8:
52?
"E<E> 2

%6<6<2=2?
'@>6?DE>
52=2>
5:?2>:<2
+6=2D:F:CD:<
5:52A2D<2? mb
ur
a
A6BC2>22?
92>3EB2?
@>AD@?
C63282:
36B:<ED t erh
n
to
fo  ', p'
    !
  4@C  M

& 
elektron
terdorong
Keterangan: pe
 
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
7@D@?
C636=E>
DE>3E<2?
> v
3
’ 
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
7@D@?
C6CE529
DE>3E<2?
>
! 
D6D2A2?
*=2?4<


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Gambar 7.12
 
46A2D
B2>32D
4292I2


P

>
C Tumbukan foton dan elektron
 
CE5ED
A6?I:>A2?82?
7@D@? (a) sebelum tumbukan
&  
>2CC2
5:2>
6=6<DB@?
<8 (b) sesudah tumbukan

Radiasi Benda Hitam 187

 *252
*67&2&&3
?
CE<E
!
5:C63ED
;E82
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
& 
Pembahasan Soal @>AD@?
  
?:=2:?I2
252=29
   
$C
  !      
>
Ek (eV) &  
   
<8 
   
>
C 

0,2 Contoh 7.8

f0
f (Hz) ,:?2B1
56?82?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
 
 
?>
5:92>3EB<2?
@=69
C63E29
32=@<
<2B3@?
3,7
,:?2B1
I2?8
5:92>3EB<2?
5:2>2D:
>6?I:>A2?8
L
D6B9252A
2B29?I2
C6>E=2
":DE?8
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
C:?2B1
I2?8
5:92>3EB<2?
:?:
Grafik di atas menunjukkan
hubungan antara energi kinetik &;&'
maksimum elektron terhadap 652
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
7@D@?
C636=E>
52?
C6CE529
5:92>3EB<2?
52A2D
5:9:DE?8
56?82?
frekuensi foton pada efek *67&2&&3
? 
fotolistrik. Jika h = 6,6 × 10–34 Js dan
1 eV = 1,6 × 10–19 J, besar f adalah ....       !
  4@C 
a. 48 × 1014 Hz &
b. 21 × 1014 Hz
:<6D29E:


 
?>
!



P
M
$C
52?

&

P
M
<8
c. 14 × 1014 Hz
d. 9,5 × 1014 Hz >2<2
e. 8,9 × 1014 Hz
   
$C 
  4@C  
UMPTN 1996  

   
<8 
  
>
C 
Pembahasan
Menurut persamaan efek fotolistrik 


P
M
>


?>
Ek = hf – W *2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
7@D@?
C:?2B1
I2?8
5:92>3EB<2?
252=29
maka
’ 
  

 
?>


?>


 
?>
Ek  W
f=
h
Dari grafik, nilai Ek = 0,2 eV = 0,2 (1,6 × 2. Sifat Gelombang pada Partikel
10–19) J
Pada saat f = 0, berlaku *252
A6>3292C2?
C636=E>?I2
D6=29
5:;6=2C<2?
329G2
86=@>32?8
Ek = – W atau W = –Ek >6>:=:<:
C:72D
A2BD:<6=
,6<2B2?8
>E?4E=
A6BD2?I22?
2A2<29
A2BD:<6=
Dari grafik, saat f = 0, nilai Ek = –37 eV,
maka W = 3,7 eV = 3,7 (1,6 × 10–19) J
>6>:=:<:
C:72D
86=@>32?8
2=2>
A6B:CD:G2
:?D6B76B6?C:
52?
5:7B2<C:
Jadi, 4292I2
C:72D
86=@>32?8
4292I2
=63:9
>6?@?;@=
52B:A252
C:72D
A2BD:<6=
f = Ek h W =

0,2  3,7 1,6 10 19 J 4292I2
52AE?
52=2>
A6B:CD:G2
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
52?
676<
@>AD@?
C:72D
6,6 10 34 Js
= 9,5 × 1014 Hz
A2BD:<6=
4292I2
=63:9
>6?@?;@=
52B:A252
C:72D
86=@>32?8
4292I2
*252
 
:C:<2G2?
36B<632?8C22?
*B2?4:C
49.7
)*
64,1.*
252=29
Jawaban: d @B2?8
A6BD2>2
I2?8
>6?82;E<2?
9:A@D6C:C
329G2
A2BD:<6=
C6A6BD:
6=6<DB@?
;E82
52A2D
36BC:72D
C63282:
86=@>32?8
a. Panjang Gelombang de Broglie
49.7
)*
64,1.*
>6?I2D2<2?
329G2
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
36B86B2<
252
<6>E?8<:?2?
>6>:=:<:
C:72D
86=@>32?8
56?82?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
C6CE2:
*2BD:<6=
I2?8
36B86B2<
56?82?
<646A2D2?
/
>6>:=:<:
>@>6?DE>
)


&
/
2D2E
C642B2
B6=2D:F:CD:<
5:DE=:C<2?
C63282:
36B:<ED
!
)

)=69
<2B6?2





>2<2
! !
) 
 

C69:?882
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
56
B@8=:6
252=29

! ! M
) &/

188 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

%6D6B2?82? Tokoh
 
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
A2BD:<6=
>6?EBED
56
B@8=:6
>
! 
D6D2A2?
*=2?4<


P
M
$C
& 
>2CC2
5:2>
A2BD:<6=
<8 Louis Victor de Broglie
/ 
=2;E
A2BD:<6=
>
C (1892–1987)
2=2>
A6?82>2D2??I2
)*
64,1.*
>6=:92D
329G2
36B<2C
6=6<DB@?
5:92>3EB<2?
@=69
2D@>2D@>
A6B>E<22?
?:<6=
D6A2D
C6A6BD:
I2?8
5:A6B<:B2<2?
E?DE<
5:7B2<C:
86=@>32?8
>6?EBED
BE>EC
B288
52?
>6>:=:<:
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
C6CE2:
56?82?
I2?8
5:36B:<2?
@=69
A6BC2>22?
56
B@8=:6
"2C:=
A6B4@322?
:?:
>6I2<:?<2?
)*
64,1.*
329G2
A2BD:<6=
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
36B86B2<
52A2D
>6>:=:<:
C:72D
86=@>32?8
I2?8
5:4:B:<2?
@=69
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8?I2

Contoh 7.9
-6?DE<2?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
56
B@8=:6
E?DE<
36?52
36B:<ED
:?: Sumber: Conceptual of Physics, 2000
2 @=2
56?82?
>2CC2

<8
I2?8
36B86B2<
56?82?
<646A2D2?

>
C
3 =6<DB@?
I2?8
36B86B2<
56?82?
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<

6/ Louis Victor De Broglie (1892–
1987) lahir di Dieppe, Prancis, dan
&;&' bersekolah di Sorbonne. Ia
:<6D29E:

&


<8

/


>
C melanjutkan kuliahnya di Universitas
   
$C
2   ! 
Paris tahun 1926. Pada 1929, ia
    
>
& /

<8 

>
C  menerima hadiah Nobel dalam
bidang Fisika atas teorinya mengenai
3 $

=
6/


P
M
$ sifat gelombang pada partikel. Teori
ini menjadi dasar dari mekanika
)  & $ 

   
<8 
   
$  kuantum, cabang dari ilmu Fisika.
Pada awal 1800, para fisikawan
percaya bahwa cahaya terdiri atas
           
<8
>
C gelombang energi. Pada 1900, Max
Planck menunjukkan bahwa cahaya
   
$C
!
dapat bersifat partikel. Pada 1924, de
     
>
)      
<8
>
C Broglie menyatakan bahwa elektron
dapat bersifat sebagai partikel dan
gelombang.

Contoh 7.10
,63E29
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
>E=2>E=2
5:2>
5:A6B46A2D
@=69
3652
A@D6?C:2=
=:CDB:<

$:<2
>2CC2
6=6<DB@?
&
>E2D2?
6=6<DB@?

52?
D6D2A2?
*=2?4<
!
D6?DE<2?=29
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
6=6<DB@?
D6BC63ED
$:<2
5::?8:?<2?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
 

K
36B2A2
36C2B

I2?8
92BEC
5:36B:<2?
&

PM
<8



P
M

52?
!


P
 M
$C
&;&'
,63E29
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
5:A6B46A2D
56?82?
3652
A@D6?C:2=

52B:
<62522?
5:2>
2<2?

>6?6B:>2
)
=:CDB:<

52?
>6?8E329?I2
>6?;25:
$
6=6<DB@?

&
/
C69:?882
36B=2<E

 
&/   2D2E
/ 
&
*2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
56
B@8=:6
6=6<DB@?
252=29
 !  !  !
  !
&/
& 

&  &  Tantangan
& & untuk Anda
82B
 

K


P
M
>
>2<2

52A2D
5:9:DE?8
C63282:
36B:<ED
Efek Compton diaplikasikan dalam
   
$C
    
> dunia kedokteran untuk mendeteksi

   
<8 
   
  / kepadatan tulang. Dengan bahasa
Anda sendiri, dapatkah Anda
PM
>
PM
<8
PM




PM
$C menjelaskan cara kerjanya?


 
F@=D

Radiasi Benda Hitam 189


filamen b. Eksperimen Davisson-Germer
*252
 

&:.7743
52?

*62*6
>6=2<E<2?
A6?6=:D:2?
berkas >6?86?2:
92>3EB2?
6=6<DB@?
'6B6<2
>6?;2DE9<2?
36B<2C
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
elektron detektor >6>:=:<:
6?6B8:
<:?6D:<
D6BD6?DE
<6
2D2C
<B:CD2=
DE?882=
?:<6=
'6B6<2
>6?82>2D:
329G2
A252
CE5ED

D6BD6?DE
D6B;25:
D:D:<
>2<C:>E>
I2?8
kristal
36B9E3E?82?
56?82?
A@=2
:?D6B76B6?C:
6B52C2B<2?
52D2
I2?8
5:A6B@=69
nikel A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8

I2?8
5:52A2D<2?
D6B?I2D2
252
<6C6CE2:2?
2?D2B2
92C:=
I2?8
>6B6<2
A6B@=69
52?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8

I2?8
5:52A2D<2?
Gambar 7.13 >6?EBED
9:A@D6C:C
56
B@8=:6
,<6>2
2=2D
A6B4@322?
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
Skema alat percobaan Davisson-
Germer. Berkas elektron >6B6<2
D2>A2<
A252
&2'&6


dijatuhkan pada kristal tunggal =6<DB@?
I2?8
5:8E?2<2?
52B:
<2G2D
7:=2>6?
A252
D23E?8
92>A2
E52B2
nikel. Interferensi yang terjadi
pada sudut diamati pada detektor.
5:=6G2D<2?
>6=2=E:
>652?
=:CDB:<
56?82?
A@D6?C:2=
I2?8
52A2D
5:2DEB
,6D6=29
5:9:DE?8
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
@=69
6=6<DB@?
@B56?I2
C2>2
36C2B
56?82?
;2B2<
2D@>2D@>
52=2>
<B:CD2=
3292?
A252D
6?82?
>6?82>2D:
CE5EDCE5ED
A2?DE=
6=6<DB@?
C6D6=29
>6?86?2:
<B:CD2=
&:.7743
52?
*62*6
>6>A6B@=69
A@=2A@=2
5:7B2<C:
C6A6BD:
A252
&2'&6

I2?8
C2>2
56?82?
A@=2
5:7B2<C:
@=69
C:?2B1
"2C:=
6<CA6B:>6?
&:.7743
52?
*62*6
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
A2BD:<6=
C6A6BD:
6=6<DB@?
52A2D
36BC:72D
C63282:
86=@>32?8
*252
6<CA6B:>6?
&:.7743*62*6
36B<2C
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
;2DE9
A252
3:52?8
A6>2?DE=
<B:CD2=
56?82?
CE5ED

52?
3:52?8
A6>2?DE=
I2?8
>6>:=:<:
C6=2?8
;2B2<
C636C2B

2<2?
>6?892>3EB<2?
6=6<DB@?
56?82?
sinar datang
CE5ED
92>3EB

"E3E?82?
;2B2<
2?D2B2
2D@>

52?
;2B2<
2?D2B2
3:52?8
A6>2?DE=

>6>6?E9:
A6BC2>22?
36B:<ED
 2 2

a
   4@C
 M
a
d 2B:
&2'&6

D6B=:92D
329G2

52?

>6>6?E9:
9E3E?82?

a
2 d    
d
C69:?882
*6BC2>22?
M
36BE329
>6?;25:
Gambar 7.14
Gambaran mengenai
   C:?  M
hamburan elektron oleh
bidang kristal.
%6D:<2
6=6<DB@?
5:A6B46A2D
56?82?
3652
A@D6?C:2=



F@=D
:?D6B76B6?C:
>2<C:>E>
2<2?
D6B;25:
A252


L
6?82?
>6?88E?2<2?
*67&2&&3
?
?:=2:

2<2?
5:A6B@=69
E?DE<
;2B2<
2?D2B2
2D@>
?:<6=


 
?>
$:<2
5:32?5:?8<2?
56?82?
?:=2:

I2?8
5:A6B@=69
36B52C2B<2?
D6@B:
)*
64,1.*
2<2?
>6?892C:=<2?
?:=2:
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
C2>2
6?82?
56>:<:2?
A6B9:DE?82?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
I2?8
5:=2<E<2?
@=69
&:.7743*62*6
>6?EBED
A6B4@322?
C2>2
56?82?
A2?;2?8
86=@>32?8
36B52C2B<2?
D6@B:
)*
64,1.*
&:.7743*62*6
36B92C:=
>6?E?;E<<2?
329G2
>2D6B:
>6>:=:<:
C:72D
86=@>32?8
*6B4@322?
A6B4@322?
E?DE<
>6>3E<D:<2?
<636B2522?
A2BD:<6=
D6BEC
36B<6>32?8
,2=29
C2DE
4@?D@9?I2
252=29
A@=2A@=2
5:7B2<C:
I2?8
D6B;25:
C63282:
2<:32D
36B<2C
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
5:;2DE9<2?
A252
<B:CD2=
2=E>:?:E>
*6?6>E2?
C:72D
86=@>32?8
A2BD:<6=
C6=2?;ED?I2
>6=29:B<2?
CE2DE
<2;:2?
32BE
52=2>
7:C:<2
I2?8
5:C63ED
>6<2?:<2
86=@>32?8
*252
>2C2
C6<2B2?8
C:72D
86=@>32?8
I2?8
5:>:=:<:
A2BD:<6=
D6=29
32?I2<
5:>2?722D<2?
,:72DC:72D
3292?
5:C6=:5:<:
56?82?
>6=:92D
A@=2
5:7B2<C:
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
5:;2DE9<2?
A252
3292?
D6BC63ED
':<B@C<@A
6=6<DB@?

190 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

I2?8
5:8E?2<2?
@=69
A2B2
29=:
3:@=@8:
E?DE<
>6?6=:D:
;2C25
>:<B@C<@A:C Kata Kunci
>6BEA2<2?
4@?D@9
A6>2?722D2?
C:72D
86=@>32?8
A2BD:<6=
':<B@C<@A
6=6<DB@?
52A2D
>6?892C:=<2?
A6B36C2B2?
I2?8
C2?82D
D:?88: • gelombang partikel
• efek fotolistrik
c. Prinsip Ketidakpastian Heisenberg • foton
A2<29
?52
A6B?29
>6>32I2?8<2?
3282:>2?2
42B2
I2?8 •
•
fungsi kerja
efek Compton
5:8E?2<2?
A2B2
7:C:<2G2?
E?DE<
>6?82>2D:
6=6<DB@?
?52
D6=29
36=2;2B • panjang gelombang de Broglie
D6?D2?8
676<
7@D@=:CDB:<
52?
676<
@>AD@?
A252
>2D6B:
C636=E>?I2
*252 • jarak antara bidang
• prinsip ketidakpastian
A6>3292C2?
D6BC63ED
D6B;25:
DE>3E<2?
2?D2B2
7@D@?
52?
6=6<DB@?
*6B:CD:G2 Heisenberg
:?:=29
I2?8
5:8E?2<2?
@=69
A2B2
7:C:<2G2?
E?DE<
>6?82>2D:
6=6<DB@?
@D@?
5:D6>32<<2?
<6
2B29
6=6<DB@?
C69:?882
D6B;25:
DE>3E<2?
2?D2B2
<65E2?I2
<6>E5:2?
7@D@?
I2?8
D6BA2?DE=<2?
@=69
6=6<DB@?
:?:
5:2>2D:
@=69
A6?82>2D
@D@?
:?:
>6>32G2
:?7@B>2C:
D6?D2?8
<636B2522?
6=6<DB@?
<2?
D6D2A:
<636B2522?
6=6<DB@?
I2?8
5::?7@B>2C:<2?
@=69
7@D@?
D6BC63ED
3E<2?
<636B2522?
7@D@?
I2?8
C636?2B?I2
>6=2:?<2?
<636B2522?
6=6<DB@?
C6D6=29
DE>3E<2?
56?82?
7@D@?
6?82?
<2D2
=2:?
252
<6D:52<A2CD:2?
A@C:C:
6=6<DB@?
2<:32D
DE>3E<2?
56?82?
7@D@?
*B:?C:A
:?:
A6BD2>2
<2=:
5:<6>E<2<2?
@=69
*.7*3'*6,
52?
AB:?C:A
:?:
5:<6?2=
56?82?
?2>2
AB:?C:A
<6D:52<A2CD:2?
"6:C6?36B8
.?DE<
=63:9
;6=2C?I2
A6B92D:<2?
82>32B
36B:<ED

pengamat pengamat pengamat

foton datang

momentum Gambar 7.15

elektron momentum Tumbukan foton dan elektron
elektron semula
bertumbukan elektron akhir ketika mengamati elektron.

2 3 4

Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
!
*252
A6B:CD:G2
D6BC63ED
7@D@?
>6>:=:<:
>@>6?DE>
C636C2B
 
52?
;:<2
7@D@?
36BDE>3E<2?
56?82?
6=6<DB@?
>@>6?DE>
2G2=
6=6<DB@?
2<2?
36BE329
*6BE3292?
I2?8
D6A2D
D:52<
3:C2
5:B2>2=<2?
D6D2A:
A6BE3292?
!
:?:
C632?5:?8
56?82?
A6BE3292?
>@>6?DE>
7@D@?

$25:
A6?8E<EB2?
!
D6BC63ED
D6=29
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192 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari materi pada bab ini, Anda tentu
dapat memahami mengenai benda hitam. Anda juga
paham bahwa cahaya juga dapat bersifat seperti partikel
dan partikel bisa bersifat seperti gelombang. Dari
keseluruhan materi yang ada pada bab ini, bagian
manakah yang Anda anggap sulit untuk dipahami? Coba
Anda diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
Coba Anda tuliskan juga manfaat mempelajari bab ini.
Diskusikan konsep yang ada di dalamnya bersama teman
Anda.

Radiasi Benda Hitam 193

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194 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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6/

196 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

8
Sumber: Chemistry: Matter and Its Changes, 2003
Atom terdiri atas proton dan neutron yang terletak pada inti
serta elektron yang mengorbit pada kulit.

Fisika Atom
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menganalisis berbagai besaran fisis pada gejala kuantum dan batas-batas

berlakunya relativitas Einstein dalam paradigma Fisika Modern.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

membuat ulasan tentang perkembangan teori atom

>41
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Fisika Atom 197

 Tes Kompetensi Awal
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Tokoh
John Dalton
(1766–1844)

)$
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,46280:;9

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John Dalton adalah seorang
ilmuwan Inggris. Dia orang pertama
yang mengemukakan tentang teori
atom berdasarkan hasil eksperimen
yang dilakukan Joseph Proust. Dalton
menyatakan bahwa atom adalah
bagian terkecil dari benda yang tidak
dapat dibagi-bagi lagi.
Sumber: www.allbiographies.com
198 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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Sumber: Chemistry, 2001 Percobaan tetes minyak Millikan
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202 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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)5D5<18
=5>7E<1>7
5;C@5B9=5>
D5BC52ED
2525B1@1
;1<9
03302(5 Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998

=5>41@1D;1>
;5C9=@E<1>
C521719
25B9;ED Ernest Rutherford lahir di New

 5C1B>I1
=E1D1>
D5D5C1>
=9>I1;
D941;
@5B>18
25B>9<19
<5298
;539< Zealand pada 1871. Ia mendapat
beasiswa di Universitas Cambridge,
41B9


P

M
 Inggris pada 1894. Di sana, ia mulai
 $E1D1>
D5D5C1>>I1
C5<1<E
;5<9@1D1>
2E<1D
41B9


P

M
 melakukan penelitian tentang radiasi
elektromagnetik, tetapi kemudian
1B9
;5C9=@E<1>
9>9
4941@1D;1>
81C9<
218G1
=E1D1>

5<5;DB?> perhatiannya beralih ke sinar-X dan
141<18 radioaktivitas. Ia menunjukkan bahwa
ada perbedaan tipe radioaktivitas,




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M
 yang ia namakan radiasi alfa, beta, dan
41>
=1CC1>I1
141<18 gamma. Ia mendapat hadiah Nobel
  

P

  ;7 untuk bidang kimia pada 1908. Pada
1911, Rutherford menjadi seorang
% profesor di Universitas Manchester, ia
  
 menemukan bahwa hampir seluruh
%





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;7 massa atom berkumpul di inti atom.


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4. Model Atom Rutherford

*5?B9
1D?=
*8?=C?>
@141

49E:9
?<58
C5?B1>7
69C9;1G1>
1C1<
>77B9C
85,9:
";:/,8-68+
1
=5>7E:9
;525>1B1>
D5?B9
*8?=C?>
45>71>
=5<1;E;1>
@5B3?211>
=5>77E>1;1>
@1BD9;5<
1<61
I1>7
49D5=21;;1>
@141
C52E18
;5@9>7
<?71=
5=1C
I1>7
C1>71D
D9@9C
'1BD9;5<
1<61
141<18
@1BD9;5<
I1>7
49@1>31B;1>
?<58
E>CEB
B149?1;D96
25B=E1D1>
<9CDB9;
@?C9D96
I1>7
25C1B>I1
4E1
;1<9
=E1D1>
5<5;DB?>
41>
=1CC1>I1
5=@1D
;1<9
=1CC1
@B?D?>
);5=1
@5B3?211>
(ED85B6?B4
41@1D
>41
<981D
@141
(4)(8

sumber partikel alfa layar detektor
keping tipis emas

beberapa partikel pancaran sebagian partikel sebagian partikel alfa Gambar 8.6
alfa dipantulkan kembali alfa alfa dibelokkan menembus keping logam Percobaan Rutherford

Fisika Atom 203

 dibelokkan ";:/,8-68+
=5=9<9;9
1CE=C9
218G1
:9;1
D5?B9
1D?=
*8?=C?>
25>1B
partikel alfa
 
C5<EBE8
@1BD9;5<
1<61
45>71>
5>5B79
I1>7
25C1B
81BEC
=5>5=2EC
<EBEC
menembus
;5@9>7
D9@9C
5=1C
D5BC52ED
;1B5>1
1D?=1D?=
;5@9>7
<?71=
5=1C
>5DB1<
D941;
=5>781<1>79
@1BD9;5<
1<61
I1>7
25B=E1D1>
<9CDB9;
@?C9D96
)5D5<18
49<1;E;1>
2525B1@1
;1<9
@5B3?211>
49C9=@E<;1>
218G1
C521791>
25C1B
dipantulkan inti @1BD9;5<
1<61
=5>5=2EC
;5@9>7
<?71=
D9@9C
<EBEC
=5>75>19
<1I1B
;1>
atom
D5D1@9
2525B1@1
@1BD9;5<
1<61
I1>7
<19>>I1
4925<?;;1>
218;1>
141
I1>7
Gambar 8.7 49@1>DE<;1>
)5D91@
CE4ED
@5=25<?;1>
41>
@5=1>DE<1>
C9>1B
1<61
D5BC52ED
Skema penyimpangan sinar alfa. 49E;EB
45>71>
D5<9D9
?<58
";:/,8-68+
1;D1
9>9
;5=E491>
491>1<9C9C
?<58
";:/,8-68+
C521719
25B9;ED
5B41C1B;1>
E;E=
?E<?=2
@1BD9;5<
1<61
I1>7
25B=E1D1>
@?C9D96
81>I1
1;1>
4925<?;;1>
1D1E
49@1>DE<;1>
?<58
CE1DE
=E1D1>
C5:5>9C
I19DE
=E1D1>
@?C9D96
BD9>I1
41<1=
1D?=
<?71=
5=1C
81BEC
141
=E1D1>
<9CDB9;
@?C9D96
41>
D941;
D5BC521B
49
C5<EBE8
1D?=
=5<19>;1>
D5B@EC1D
49
CE1DE
D5=@1D
C589>771
=5>?<1;
@1BD9;5<
1<61
D1C
41C1B
61;D1
9>9
";:/,8-68+
25B;5C9=@E<1>
C521719
25B9;ED
1 $E1D1>
<9CDB9;
1D?=
41>
C521791>
25C1B
=1CC1
1D?=
D5B@EC1D
49
CE1DE
inti atom D9D9;
I1>7
49C52ED
?<58
";:/,8-68+
C521719
9>D9
1D?=
>D9
1D?=
9>9
=5BE@1;1>
CE1DE
415B18
I1>7
C1>71D
;539<
45>71>
491=5D5B
C5;9D1B

M
=
elektron
2 '141
:1B1;
I1>7
B5<1D96
:1E8
41B9
9>D9
1D?=
D5BC52ED
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25B=E1D1>
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1D1E
5<5;DB?>
25B541B
=5>75<9<9>79
9>D9
$E1D1>
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Gambar 8.8 I1>7
25B@EC1D
49
9>D9
1D?=
>9<19>I1
C1=1
25C1B
45>71>
:E=<18
=E1D1>
Model atom Rutherford <9CDB9;
>571D96
41B9
5<5;DB?>5<5;DB?>
I1>7
=5>75<9<9>79>I1
$5C;9@E>
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219;
41B9@141
D5?B9
!!
*8?=C?>
>1=E>
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D5?B9
1D?=
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C521719
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 *5?B9
1D?=
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D941;
41@1D
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C@5;DBE=
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I1>7
49@1>31B;1>
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71C
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D5BC52ED
49@1>1C;1>
1D1E
49=1CE;;1>
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41<1=
D12E>7
41>
4925B9
2541
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I1>7
D9>779
1>D1B1
E:E>7E:E>7
D12E>7
D5BC52ED
 *5?B9
1D?=
(ED85B6?B4
D941;
41@1D
=5>:5<1C;1>
;5CD129<1>
1D?=
5B41C1B;1>
E;E=
?E<?=2
5<5;DB?>
I1>7
25B9>D5B1;C9
45>71>
9>D9
1D?=
1;1>
=5>71<1=9
71I1
?E<?=2
I1>7
:E71
25B6E>7C9
C521719
71I1
C5>DB9@5D1<
;921D>I1
5<5;DB?>
=5>71<1=9
@5B35@1D1>
@5B35@1D1>
C5>DB9@5D1<
$5>EBED
D5?B9
75<?=21>7
5<5;DB?=17>5D9;
I1>7
49;5=E;1;1>
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5<5;DB?>
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D5BC52ED
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5<5;DB?=17>5D9;
!9;1
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1;89B>I1
1;1>
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D5BD1B9;
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9>D9
1D?=

5. Spektrum Atom Hidrogen

)E1DE
71C
I1>7
49=1CE;;1>
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41<1=
D12E>7
41>
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1;1>
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D12E>7
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;5=E491>
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C9>1B
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=1;1
71C
894B?75>
1;1>
=5=1>31B;1>
3181I1
181I1
9>9
;5=E491>
491>1<9C9C
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+(#,*'%,*
I19DE
C52E18
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E>DE;
=5<981D
41>
=5=?DB5D
C@5;DBE=
3181I1
C5;1<97EC
=5>7E;EB
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7>I1
5B9;ED
9>9
141<18
C@5;DBE=
3181I1
@141
415B18
D1=@1;
I1>7
49@1>31B;1>
?<58
71C
894B?75>

204 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 merah biru ungu
warna
Gambar 8.9
Spektrum hidrogen pada daerah
tampak
frekuensi (Hz)
4 × 1014 5 × 1014 6 × 1014 7 × 1014 8 × 1014
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983

)5?B1>7
7EBE
C5;?<18
=5>5>718
25B;521>7C11>
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6/(55,9

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@1>:1>7
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D1=@1;
41@1D
493?3?;;1>
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D5@1D
45>71>
BE=EC
C521719
25B9;ED

 # & M 
& 
Keterangan:
& 
29<1>71>
I1>7
25B>9<19
=E<19
41B9

# 
;?>CD1>D1


>=

@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
>=
!,89(4((5
@ 
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BE=EC
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3?3?;
45>71>
@5BC1=11>
D5BC52ED
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Tantangan
1<=5B
"?+),8.
;5=E491>
=5>5=E;1>
BE=EC
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@141
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1<;1<9 untuk Anda
#9
%1
"
41>
C
5B5D
1<=5B
E>DE;
C@5;DBE=
894B?75>
49DE<9C
41<1= Diskusikanlah bersama teman Anda,
29<1>71>
75<?=21>7
.   
9<1>71>
75<?=21>7
E>DE;
45B5D
1<=5B apakah Anda dan teman Anda dapat
menduga mengapa dalam
45B5D
3181I1
D1=@1;
141<18 eksperimennya Rutherford
menggunakan sinar  dan lempeng
emas?
      
45>71>
& 




 & 
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Keterangan:


;?>CD1>D1
(I425B7



P


=
'1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
@141
45B5D
C@5;DBE=
1D?=
894B?75>
49D1=@9<;1>
45>71>
@5BC1=11>
C521719
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 5B5D
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45B5D
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45>71>
& 






 &  
 5B5D
1<=5B
45B5D
3181I1
D1=@1;
      
45>71>
& 






 &  
 5B5D
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45B5D
9>6B1
=5B18

      
45>71>
& 






 &   Tantangan
 5B5D
B13;5DD
45B5D
9>6B1
=5B18
 untuk Anda
      
45>71>
& 






 &   Hitunglah panjang gelombang
terpendek dan terpanjang untuk
 5B5D
'6E>4
45B5D
9>6B1
=5B18
 deret Balmer, deret Lyman, deret
Pascha, deret Bracket, dan deret
      
45>71>
& 






 &   Pfund.

Fisika Atom 205

 Contoh 8.1
'141
45B5D
#I=1>
:9;1
;?>CD1>D1
(I425B7




P


=
89DE>7
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
1
D5B@1>:1>7
41>
2
D5B@5>45;
!1G12
+>DE;
45B5D
#I=1>
25B<1;E
@5BC1=11>
C521719
25B9;ED
      
45>71>
& 





 &  
1 '1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
D5B@1>:1>7
4981C9<;1>
E>DE;
&


  
  

=     
  

=

  




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= M

2 '1>:1>7
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D5B@5>45;
4981C9<;1>
E>DE;
&

K
  
   
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 =

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= 

6. Model Atom Bohr

)5D5<18
";:/,8-68+
=5>75=E;1;1>
218G1
=1CC1
41>
=E1D1>
@?C9D96
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CE1DE
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49
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0,39
6/8
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@?CDE<1D
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v  '?CDE<1D
@5BD1=1
elektron
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m 91
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*
41>
Model atom Bohr (Z = 1) untuk 5<5;DB?>
25B=1CC1
%
25B75B1;
45>71>
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.
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*  * 
*  *

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D5BC52ED
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5<5;DB?>
141<18
#   %. 
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=1;1
 *

#
   M

*

206 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

41@E>
5>5B79
@?D5>C91<
5<5;DB?>
141<18
5>5B79
@?D5>C91<
?E<?=2
I1>7 Tokoh
25C1B>I1
C521719
25B9;ED

(    M

* Niels Bohr
C589>771
5>5B79
D?D1<
I1>7
49=9<9;9
?<58
5<5;DB?>
141<18 (1885–1962)
 
  #   (      

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*
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=E1D1>
<9CDB9;

* 
:1B9:1B9
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=
a. Jari-Jari Lintasan Stasioner Sumber: Jendela Iptek, 1997
9C9;1
;<1C9;
=5B1=1<;1>
218G1
C52E18
=E1D1>
5<5;DB9;
I1>7 Pada awal 1900-an, struktur atom
=5>71<1=9
@5B35@1D1>
C5@5BD9
5<5;DB?>
I1>7
=5>7?B29D
41<1=
=?45<
1D?= menjadi lebih jelas, namun hukum
81BEC
=5B1491C9;1>
5>5B79
5<5;DB?=17>5D9;
C531B1
;?>D9>E
"5D9;1
5>5B79 Fisika pada saat itu tidak dapat
menjelaskan mengapa elektron
9>9
49@1>31B;1>
5>5B79
D?D1<
5<5;DB?>
=5>EBE>
41>
5<5;DB?>
1;1> tidak cepat menghasilkan spiral
25B75B1;
C@9B1<
=5>E:E
9>D9
1D?=
C589>771
1D?=
1;89B>I1
:1DE8
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9>D9 menuju inti. Niels Bohr, murid
1D?=
+>DE;
=5>71D1C9
;5CE<9D1>
9>9
6/8
=5>7ECE<;1>
7171C1>
?B29D Rutherford, membantu memecah-
kan misteri itu dengan menunjukkan
CD1C9?>5B
@?CDE<1D
@5BD1=1
1B9
C9>9
6/8
=5>I9=@E<;1>
218G1
41<1= bahwa elektron-elektron hanya
;51411>
9>9
=?=5>DE=
CE4ED
?B29D1<
5<5;DB?>
25B>9<19
;5<9@1D1>
41B9 diberi energi tertentu. Ia
menemukan bahwa elektron-
81B71

1D1E
49DE<9C


45>71> elektron yang memiliki energi
terendah mengorbit paling dekat ke

 M inti, dan elektron dengan energi
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C521719 1913, Niels Bohr juga menjelaskan
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+>DE;
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5<5;DB?>
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n
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n=4 E = –0,8 eV
n=3 E = –1,5 eV
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C521719
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25B5>5B79

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=
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9
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J

208 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 8.2 Kata Kunci
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Jika sebuah atom terdiri atas
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Contoh 8.3 tersebut? Kemudian, bagaimana
lintasan orbit elektron tersebut?
!9;1
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Fisika Atom 209

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1. Kelemahan Teori Atom Bohr
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210 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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"
E>DE;
&


>1=1
;E<9D
#
E>DE;
&


>1=1
;E<9D
$
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&


>1=1
;E<9D
%
41>
C5D5BEC>I1
1>I1;>I1
5<5;DB?>
=1;C9=1<
I1>7
41@1D
=5>79C9
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41@1D
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45>71>
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$9C1<>I1
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29<1>71>
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&


!149
21>I1;>I1
5<5;DB?>
=1;C9=1<
I1>7
41@1D
=5>79C9
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#
141<18




5<5;DB?>

Fisika Atom 211

 Informasi Contoh 8.5
untuk Anda D?=

=5=9<9;9

5<5;DB?>
*5>DE;1>
141
25B1@1
;E<9D
41>
25B1@1
5<5;DB?>
@141
C5D91@
;E<9D
Atom adalah partikel yang sangat
kecil sehingga tidak dapat diamati (=()
dengan cahaya tampak. 5B41C1B;1>
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
BE=EC
&
4941@1D;1>
;E<9D
"
=5=9<9;9

5<5;DB?>
Menggambarkan struktur atom ;E<9D
#
=5=9<9;9

5<5;DB?>
41>

5<5;DB?>
=5>5=@1D9
;E<9D

C589>771
'




merupakan pekerjaan yang sangat
menarik. Untuk mempelajari atom,
!149
@141
1D?=
'
D5B41@1D


;E<9D
"
M
#
M
$
para ahli mempelajarinya dari cahaya
yang diesensikan oleh atom-atom
dari unsur murni. Spektrum cahaya
tersebut mengandung informasi b. Bilangan Kuantum Orbital (  )
tentang struktur, atom, energi
ionisasi, dan lain-lain.
>41
D5<18

=5>75D18E9
218G1
5<5;DB?>
25B?D1C9
=5>79D1B9
9>D9

1D?=
@141
?B29D>I1
9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
?B29D1<
=5>I1D1;1>
=?=5>DE=
CE4ED
Information for You 5<5;DB?>
I1>7
25B?D1C9
D5B8141@
@?B?C
9>D9
1D?=
$5<1<E9
@5BC1=11>
Atom are tiny, and not observable
 *'!&*
25C1B
=?=5>DE=
CE4ED
5<5;DB?>
141<18
using visible light. Trying to figure out
the structure of atoms is a facinating   
  
M
task. A major source of information
about atoms comes from a study of
45>71>

 




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!C
the light emitted by the atoms of a
pure material. The spectrum of the
light give information about atom
structure, ionization energy, etc.

%9<19

25B71>DE>7
@141
>9<19
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
ED1=1
&
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41B9
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45>71>
&
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49>I1D1;1>
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&
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)5D91@
?B29D1<
=5=9<9;9
>1=1
41>
25>DE;
D5BD5>DE
%1=1
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I1>7
49>I1D1;1>
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141<18




49>1=1;1>
CE2;E<9D
+
+ *(



49>1=1;1>
CE2;E<9D
(
(*!&!($



49>1=1;1>
CE2;E<9D

!-+




49>1=1;1>
CE2;E<9D

-&%&,$
(4)(8


=5=@5B<981D;1>
25>DE;
C5D91@
?B29D1<
9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
?B29D1<
:E71
C5B9>7
49C52ED
45>71>
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
1J9=ED

Gambar 8.12
Bentuk-bentuk orbital
(a) Orbital s merupakan sebuah bola;
(b) Orbital p memiliki bentuk
seperti balon yang terpilin dua;
(c) Orbital d memiliki bentuk
seperti empat buah balon yang
terpilin. 1 2 3

Contoh 8.6
*5>DE;1>
=?=5>DE=
CE4ED
5<5;DB?>
E>DE;
 




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!C
(=()
5>71>
=5>77E>1;1>
!,89(4((5
@

=1;1





  

  
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M 

212 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 "51411>
=?=5>DE=
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45>71>
CE2;E<9D $(),3



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+
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;51411>
 


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(
E>DE;
;51411>
 
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&B29D1<
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CE2;E<9D

E>DE;
;51411>
 

41>
C5D5BEC>I1
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$(),3



       
5C1B>I1
=?=5>DE=
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5<5;DB?>
E>DE;
45B5D
@5BD1=1
I1>7
25B1C1<
41B9
C@5;DBE=
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45B5D
+
+ *(
(
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41> %1=1

+ (     ! 
CE2;E<9D

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+
 


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25C1B
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25C1B
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29<1>71>
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&
45>71>
29<1>71>
;E1>DE= )E2;E<9D + (   
?B29D1<
  
291C1>I1
497E>1;1>
E>DE;
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5<5;DB?>
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5<5;DB?>
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5<5;DB?>
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41>



45=9;91>
C5D5BEC>I1  


1>I1;>I1
5<5;DB?>
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41<1=
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+
141<18

5<5;DB?>
41<1=
CE2;E<9D
(
141<18

5<5;DB?>
CE2;E<9D

141<18


5<5;DB?>
CE2;E<9D 1>I1;
5<5;DB?>
  
 


P
21>I1;
= 

141<18

5<5;DB?>
41>
C5D5BEC>I1
C5@5BD9
$(),3

c. Bilangan Kuantum Magnetik (m  )
&<58
;1B5>1
5<5;DB?>
25B=E1D1>
<9CDB9;
75B1;
5<5;DB?>
41@1D
49@5>71BE89
?<58
=541>
=17>5D9;
;921D>I1
5<5;DB?>
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25B75B1;
49
41<1=
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=?=5>
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41B9
5<5;DB?>
9>9
49>I1D1;1>
45>71>
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
=17>5D9;
=  
9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
=17>5D9;
=5>I1D1;1>
1B18
=?=5>DE=
CE4ED Lz
5<5;DB?>
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49D5D1@;1>
1B18
=541>
=17>5D9;
<E1B
C5:1:1B
45>71>
CE=2E 2
= 2
0
;5=E>7;9>1>

41<1=
1B18
0
49>I1D1;1>
45>71>
@5BC1=11> m= 2

m= 1
m= 0
0  % M 0
m= 1
 –

m= 2
9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
=17>5D9;
=  
=5=9<9;9
>9<19
1>D1B1
M  41>
   –2

$9C1<>I1
E>DE;




81B71
= 



1D1E
D5B41@1D

?B29D1<
E>DE;



81B71
= 

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41>

1D1E
D5B41@1D

?B29D1< Gambar 8.13
E>DE;



81B71
= 

M
M




1D1E
D5B41@1D

?B29D1< Arah dan besar momentum sudut
5C1B
J
41@1D
49<981D
@141
(4)(8
  Lz untuk  = 2

Fisika Atom 213

 z
z z '141
(4)(8
 
49@5B<981D;1>
F5;D?BF5;D?B
=?=5>DE=
CE4ED
Z  h
2 Z  h

45>71>
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
?B29D1<
D5BD5>DE
9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
=17>5D9;
:E71
=5>771=21B;1>
;535>45BE>71>
;54E4E;1>
?B29D1<
49
41<1=
BE1>7
Z  h
2
C5@5BD9
D5B<981D
@141
(4)(8
 
Z  0 Z  0 Z  0
d. Bilangan Kuantum Spin (ms)
Z  h
2
Z  h
2 9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
C@9>
%C
=5>I1D1;1>
1B18
@5B@ED1B1>
5<5;DB?>
0  1 2
Z  h

D5B8141@
CE=2E>I1
C@9>
I1>7
41@1D
=5>9=2E<;1>
=?=5>
=17>5D9;

1 2 3 %9<19
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
C@9>
141
4E1
I19DE
%C

 
E>DE;
1B18
@ED1B1>
Gambar 8.14 
Arah momentum sudut-
sudut orbital s, p, dan d
(a) orbital hanya memiliki 1
kemungkinan arah;
(b) orbital p memiliki 3
kemungkinan; dan
5<5;DB?>
;5
;1>1>
41>
%C

 
E>DE;
1B18
@ED1B1>
5<5;DB?>
;5
;9B9
$1C9>7=1C9>7
49DE<9C
45>71>
>?D1C9
1B18
@1>18
;5
1D1C
41>
;5
21G18
)E2;E<9D
+
=5=9<9;9
C52E18
?B29D1<
41>
@1<9>7
21>I1;
499C9
4E1
5<5;DB?>
)E2;E<9D
(
=5=9<9;9
D971
?B29D1<
(H
(I
(J
41>
@1<9>7
21>I1;
499C9
?<58

P




5<5;DB?>
<5;DB?>
41<1=
CE2;E<9D
+
(
41>

41@1D
4971=21B;1>
(c) orbital d memiliki 5
kemungkinan. 45>71>
4917B1=
?B29D1<
C5@5BD9
(4)(8


5>41
I1>7
25B@ED1B
=5=9<9;9
=?=5>DE=
CE4ED
,5;D?B
=?=5>DE=
s
CE4ED
I1>7
25B;19D1>
45>71>
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
+
9>9
141<18

I1>7
@1>:1>7>I1
px py pz

    

  M
d xy dxz dyz d x2y2 d x2y2     
Gambar 8.15 B18
=?=5>DE=
CE4ED
49D5>DE;1>
?<58
;?=@?>5>
F5;D?B
@141
CE=2E0
Elektron dalam subkulit s, p, dan d.
I19DE
CE=2E
D571;
@141
C9CD5=
;??B49>1D
D971
49=5>C9
1 2


C


45>71>
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1=21B
C@9>
41>
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=?=5>DE=
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+
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1 1 $(),3


2 2
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"55=@1D
9<1>71>
"E1>DE=
3 SZ  h S
4p (4( 6:(90 03(0

?(5.
07,82,5(52(5
9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
ED1=1 & 




9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
?B29D1< 




>M
SZ   h
4p 9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
=17>5D9; % M  

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M







Gambar 8.16 9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
C@9> %C  
Arah perputaran dan vektor  
momentum sudut S.

Contoh 8.7
*E>:E;;1><18
218G1
;E<9D

=1;C9=E=
49D5=@1D9
?<58

5<5;DB?>
(=()
"E<9D

=5=9<9;9
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
&


+>DE;
&


>9<19
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
?B29D1<>I1




41>



+>DE;




D5B41@1D
 




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2E18
>9<19
% 
+>DE;



D5B41@1D
 




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2E18
>9<19
% 
!E=<18 


2E18
>9<19
% 

214 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

+>DE;


2E18
% 
49D5=@1D9
?<58

2E18
5<5;DB?>
!149
E>DE;

2E18

% 
49D5=@1D9
?<58

P



2E18
5<5;DB?> Tantangan
(:(:(5 untuk Anda
M E>DE;
&


29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
?B29D1<>I1  



41>

M E>DE;
&


29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
?B29D1<>I1  




41>


41>
C5D5BEC>I1 Tentukan besar momentum sudut
untuk subkulit:
a. f;
*5<18
>41
;5D18E9
218G1
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
=17>5D9;
5B1D b. g;
c h.
8E2E>71>>I1
45>71>
=541>
=17>5D9;
I1>7
49D9=2E<;1>
?<58
75B1;
5<5;DB?>
21719=1>1
:9;1
1D?=
894B?75>
49D5=@1D;1>
41<1=
=541>
=17>5D
8?=?75>

'5B81D9;1>
75B1;
5<5;DB?>
41<1=
=541>
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C52E18
5<5;DB?>
25B=1CC1
%
25B75B1;
41<1=
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25B:1B9:1B9
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45>71>
6B5;E5>C9

=?=5>DE=
CE4ED
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49=9<9;9
5<5;DB?>
141<18


%5.*

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C541>7;1>
1B18
=?=5>DE=>I1
25BCE4ED

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5C1B>I1
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75B1;1> Z
L
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494569>9C9;1>
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>41
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=5=181=9
218G1
75B1;1>
5<5;DB?>
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=541>
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9>71D
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49
C5;9D1B
1BEC
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49
D5=@1D
5<5;DB?>
21>I1;
4925B9;1>
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=17>5D
41B9
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=1;1
1;1>
D5B:149
9>D5B1;C9
1>D1B1
4E1
=17>5D
49
D5=@1D
9>9
=@<9;1C9>I1 Gambar 8.17
141<18
41@1D
=5=25B9;1>
D?BC9

I1>7
=5>I5212;1>
75B1;1>
5<5;DB?> Gerak elektron dalam medan
25BE218
5C1B>I1
D?BC9
1;921D
=541>
=17>5D

141<18 magnet B.



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45>71>


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45>71>
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L

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25C1B>I1
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49C5212;1>
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141<18
Lz = me 
    
C9>
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9>9<18
I1>7
=5=ED1B
?B29D
5<5;DB?>
C589>771
25BE218
1B18
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5<5;DB?>
41>
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1B18
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E>DE;
=5>75D18E9
25B1@1
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@5BE2181>
75B1;1>
5<5;DB?>
41@1D
;9D1
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=5<1<E9
5>5B79 Gambar 8.18
=17>5D9;
41B9
@5>71BE8
75B1;1>
5<5;DB?>
41B9
=541>
=17>5D
<E1B
 Arah momentum sudut elektron.
5C1B
5>5B79
=17>5D
=5=5>E89
@5BC1=11>



   3?C     3?C

 
%
 

Fisika Atom 215

 
5C1B1>
% 49>1=1;1>
@5=21>49>7
79B?=17>5D9;
/*'%&,!

*,!'
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1=21B
D5BC52ED
=5>E>:E;;1>
218G1
%
3?C



C589>771
;9D1
@5B?<58

% 


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=5=9<9;9
2525B1@1
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41>
25BC961D
49C;B9D
5>5B79
9>D5B1;C9
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=17>5D9;
9>9
:E71
=5=9<9;9
2525B1@1
>9<19


 
% 



 
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)521719
3?>D?8
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29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
 

5>5B79
5<5;DB?>
1;1>
=5>71<1=9
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C521719
25B9;ED
  
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5>5B79
5<5;DB?>
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5<5;DB?>
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5>5B79
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M
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5>5B79
5<5;DB?>
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45>71>
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9>9<18
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D9>7;1DD9>7;1D
5>5B79
9>9
D5<18
491=1D9
?<58
',,4(5
=5<1<E9
5;C@5B9=5>>I1
1
=5>71=1D9
C@5;DBE=
1D?=
894B?75>
;5D9;1
Gambar 8.19
Terpecahnya garis spektrum
4925B9
=541>
=17>5D9;
;E1D
D5B>I1D1
71B9C71B9C
C@5;DBE=
I1>7
491=1D9
akibat medan magnet. @5318
=5>:149
2525B1@1
21791>
'5318>I1
71B9C
C@5;DBE=
9>9
D5B>I1D1
1;921D
DB1>C9C9
41B9
D9>7;1D
5>5B79
I1>7
D5B@5318
9DE
41@1D
>41
@181=9
@141
(4)(8
 
'5BE2181>
;539<
5>5B79
=5=5>E89
@5BC1=11>
  
C589>771
41@1D
=5=5>71BE89
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
=5<1<E9
=5D?45
4965B5>C91C9


 
1;1>
49@5B?<58




 

D1E
45>71>
=5>71=29<
>9<19
=ED<1;>I1
49@5B?<58

    M 


216 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Contoh 8.8
9DE>7<18
@5BE2181>
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
6?D?>
I1>7
D5B:149
1;921D
DB1>C9C9
41B9
(
;5
+
1@129<1
1D?=
894B?75>
49D5=@1D;1>
41<1=
=541>
=17>5D
C525C1B


*
(=()

           




M


  M





&   &

  
!149
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
I1>7
49@1>31B;1>
141<18

 

 P 
  !C 
P
 = C  

P


=


5, 
P 
 ! 5, 
'5BE2181>
5>5B79
    

P

M
! *

*
P

M
!
!149
25B41C1B;1>
!,89(4((5
@ 
49@5B?<58


   

 P 
 =  
P

M
!

 
P

M
=

P

  !C 
P 
 = C 

3. Sifat Atom
)961DC961D
CE1DE
E>CEB
41@1D
491=1D9
45>71>
=5<981D
CDBE;DEB
1D?=>I1
)ECE>1>
5<5;DB?>
41<1=
CE1DE
1D?=
41@1D
49@1;19
C521719
41C1B
E>DE;
=5>75D18E9
C961DC961D
1D?=
D5BD5>DE
'141
C521791>
E>CEB
;E<9D
;E<9D
1D?=
141
I1>7
D5B9C9
@5>E8
5<5;DB?>
41>
141
I1>7
;?C?>7
"E<9D
I1>7
D941;
@5>E8
D5B9C9
5<5;DB?>
25B141
@141
;E<9D
@1<9>7
<E1B
<5;DB?>
@141
;E<9D
D5B<E1B
9>9
49>1=1;1>
$#,*'&
.$&+!
'5>79C91>
5<5;DB?>
49=E<19
41B9
D9>7;1D
5>5B79
D5B5>418
"?>697EB1C9
I1>7
=1>D1@
D5B41@1D
@141
CE2;E<9D
I1>7
D5B9C9
@5>E8
!9;1
CE2;E<9D
D5<18
D5B9C9
@5>E8
C9C1
5<5;DB?>
1;1>
=5>79C9
CE2;E<9D
C5<1>:ED>I1
$9C1<>I1 elektron dilepas
141
C1DE
5<5;DB?>
I1>7
D5B9C9
@141
CE2;E<9D
D5B<E1B
=1;1
5<5;DB?>
9>9
35>45BE>7
=E418
<5@1C
CE@1I1
1D?=
=5>:149
CD129<
'5<5@1C1>
5<5;DB?>
9>9
41@1D
D5B:149
45>71>
31B1
25B9;1D1>
45>71>
1D?=
<19> Na

Na

)521719
3?>D?8
1D?=
%1
I1>7
=5=9<9;9
;?>697EB1C9

 +  ( + 1 2
+
   
   Gambar 8.20
(a) Atom Na, kulit terluarnya terisi
"E<9D

D5B49B9
1D1C
CE2;E<9D
+
(
41>

1B9
;?>697EB1C9
1D?=
%1
@141 satu elektron.
(b) Atom Na yang stabil setelah
(4)(8


D5B<981D
81>I1
141
C1DE
5<5;DB?>
I1>7
=5>79C9
;E<9D
 melepas elektron terluarnya.
I19DE
@141
?B29D
+
+>DE;
=5>:149
CD129<
1D?=
%1
35>45BE>7
=5<5@1C;1>
C1DE
5<5;DB?>
D5B<E1B>I1
I1>7
D5B41@1D
@141
;E<9D

)521<9;>I1
:9;1
@141
CE2;E<9D
D5B<E1B
;5;EB1>71>
C1DE
5<5;DB?>
E>DE;
=5>:149
CD129<
1D?=
9>9
35>45BE>7
=E418
=5>5B9=1
C1DE
5<5;DB?>
41B9
<E1B Mn Na

'5B81D9;1>
:E71
(4)(8


'141
1D?=
$>
;E<9D
D5B<E1B>I1
I19DE
;E<9D

D5B9C9

5<5;DB?>
"E<9D

D5B9C9
=1;C9=1<

5<5;DB?>
25B1BD9 e
D5B41@1D
;5;EB1>71>

5<5;DB?>
C589>771
1D?=
$>
35>45BE>7
=5>5B9=1 1 2
C1DE
5<5;DB?>
41B9
1D?=
<19>
CE@1I1
=5>:149
CD129<
D?=
%1
41>
$> Gambar 8.21
41@1D
25B712E>7
=5>:149
=?<5;E<
I1>7
CD129<
;1B5>1
@141
C5D91@
1D?= (a) Atom Mn menerima elektron
1;1>
=5=9<9;9
;E<9D
1D1E
CE2;E<9D
I1>7
D5B9C9
@5>E8
?<58
5<5;DB?> dari atom Na.
(b) Atom Na yang tidak stabil.

Fisika Atom 217

 1B9
EB191>
D5BC52ED
41@1D
491=29<
;5C9=@E<1>
218G1
1D?=1D?=
35>45BE>7
E>DE;
=5=9<9;9
;?>697EB1C9
C5@5BD9
71C
=E<91
I19DE
=5=9<9;9
;51411>
I1>7
CD129<
45>71>
31B1
=5<5@1C
1D1E
=5>5B9=1
5<5;DB?>

4. Sistem Periodik
Tantangan )9CD5=
@5B9?49;
E>CEBE>CEB
49CECE>
25B41C1B;1>
;5>19;1>
>?=?B
untuk Anda 1D?=
1D1E
25B41C1B;1>
:E=<18
5<5;DB?>
)9CD5=
@5B9?49;
25BDE:E1>
=5>:5<1C;1>
C961D
E>CEBE>CEB
@141
@5B9?49;
41>
7?<?>71>
D5BD5>DE
C5BD1
Jelaskan sifat-sifat yang dimiliki atom
berikut ini. =5>:5<1C;1>
=5>71@1
E>CEBE>CEB
41<1=
C1DE
@5B9?45
=5=9<9;9
C961D
I1>7
1. 40
Ca
25B2541
1>D1B1
7?<?>71>
I1>7
C1DE
41>
7?<?>71>
I1>7
<19>>I1
+>CEBE>CEB
7?<?>71>
1<;1<9
41>
1<;1<9
D1>18
;54E1>I1
D5B=1CE;
20

7?<?>71>
+
;1B5>1
41<1=
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
491;89B9
45>71>
CE2;E<9D
+

30
2. 31 Ga

3. 80
35 Br !1B9:1B9
1D?=
49
C525<18
;9B9
B5<1D96
<5298
25C1B
4921>49>7;1>
45>71>
E>CEB
E>CEB
C525<18
;1>1>>I1
41>I1
5<5;DB?>
D5B<E1B
9>9
=5=25B9;1>
C961D
;?>4E;D?B
<9CDB9;
I1>7
219;
"5B51;D961>>I1
3E;E@
D9>779
E>DE;
25B51;C9
45>71>
E>CEB
<19>
D5BED1=1
45>71>
E>CEB
7?<?>71>
81<?75>
;1B5>1
I1>7
C1DE
=E418
=5<5@1C;1>
5<5;DB?>
41>
I1>7
<19>
=5=9<9;9
;535>45BE>71>
25C1B
E>DE;
=5>5B9=1
5<5;DB?>
+>CEBE>CEB
7?<?>71>
(
I1>7
D941;
D5B9C9
@5>E8
?<58
5<5;DB?>
41<1=
;?>697EB1C9>I1
D5B<981D
;5;EB1>71>
5<5;DB?>
E>DE;
=5=9<9;9
;?>697EB1C9
C5@5BD9
71C
=E<91
!9;1
>41
@5B81D9;1>
7?<?>71>
81<?75>
E>CEBE>CEB
9>9
35>45BE>7
=E418
=5>1>7;1@
5<5;DB?>
E>DE;
=5=25>DE;
C5>I1G1
9;1D1;1>
E>CEBE>CEB
D5BC52ED
=5=9<9;9
;5B51;D961>
I1>7
D9>779
4921>49>7;1>
45>71>
E>CEB
7?<?>71>
(
<19>>I1
?<?>71>
71C
=E<91
=5=9<9;9
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
I1>7
CE418
@5>E8
@141
;E<9D
D5B<E1B>I1
"535>45BE>71>
=5>1>7;1@
1D1E
=5>5B9=1
5<5;DB?>
C1>71D
;539<
1<
9>9
=5>I5212;1>
E>CEB
71C
=E<91
D941;
=5=25>DE;
C5>I1G1
45>71>
E>CEB
<19>
'B9>C9@
'1E<9
1DEB1>
E621E
41>
;19418
E>4
C1>71D
=5=21>DE
E>DE;
=5=181=9
;5D5B1DEB1>
CECE>1>
5<5;DB?>
1D1E
CE2;E<9D
41<1=
416D1B
25B;1<1
"?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
41<1=
1D?=
141<18
CECE>1>
5<5;DB?>
41<1=
1D?=
C5CE19
45>71>
D9>7;1D
5>5B79>I1
1<1=
@5=2181C1>
9>9
1;1>
>41
D9>:1E
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
@5B
CE2;E<9D
5>71>
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
D5BC52ED
41@1D
49;5D18E9
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
I1>7
25B;19D1>
41>
C961DC961D>I1
41@1D
49;5D18E9
41B9
:E=<18
5<5;DB?>
D5B<E1B
DEB1>
@5>E<9C1>
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
25B41C1B;1>
81<81<
1s 25B9;ED
9>9
2p
a. Aturan Aufbau
2s
$5>EBED
1DEB1>
E621E
5<5;DB?>
41<1=
CE1DE
1D?=
1;1>
=E<19
3s 3p 3d =5>79C9
CE1DE
?B29D1<
41B9
D9>7;1D
I1>7
5>5B79>I1
@1<9>7
B5>418
C1=@19
4s 4p 4d 4f I1>7
@1<9>7
D9>779
*91@
D9>7;1D1>
5>5B79
499C9
5<5;DB?>
C521>I1;
=E>7;9>
C1=@19
@5>E8
*91@
;1<9
;51411>
&  
@5>E8
;51411>
25B9;ED>I1
=E<19
5p
5s 5d
499C9
45=9;91>
C5D5BEC>I1
'B9>C9@
@5>79C91>
9>9
41@1D
4971=21B;1>
41<1=
6s 6p 6d 25>DE;
4917B1=
@141
(4)(8



7s
'5B81D9;1>
8E2E>71>
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
ED1=1
&
41>
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
?B29D1<
1D1E
1J9=ED
  
C521719
25B9;ED
+BED1>
D9>7;1D
5>5B79
C5CE19
45>71>
EBED1>
1B18
@1>18
I19DE
Gambar 8.22
Pengisian elektron menurut
+
+
(
+
(
+

(
+

(
+

45>71>
aturan Aufbau. +


5<5;DB?>
(



5<5;DB?>

 


5<5;DB?>

 
5<5;DB?>

218 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 )521719
3?>D?8
@5B81D9;1>
31B1
@5>E<9C1>
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
25B9;ED
 D?=

=5=9<9;9
>?=?B
1D?=

25B1BD9
41<1=
@141
C5D91@
1D?=>I1
D5B41@1D
5>1=
5<5;DB?>
C589>771
;?>697EB1C9>I1


+
+
(
 D?=
"
=5=9<9;9
>?=?B
1D?=

25B1BD9
@141
C5D91@
1D?=>I1
D5B41@1D

5<5;DB?>
C589>771
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>>I1
"

+
+
(
+
(
+
 D?=
?
=5=9<9;9
>?=?B
1D?=

25B1BD9
@141
C5D91@
1D?=>I1
D5B41@1D

5<5;DB?>
C589>771
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>>I1
?

+
+
(
+
(
+

1B1
@5>E<9C1>
D5BC52ED
3E;E@
@1>:1>7
C589>771
81BEC
49<1;E;1>
@5>I9>7;1D1>
25B41C1B;1>
;?>697EB1C9
71C
=E<91
I19DE

5  +


%5  +
+
(

B  +
+
(
+
(

"B  +
+
(
+
(
+


(
5>71>
45=9;91>
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>
@141
3?>D?8
D5BC52ED
49C9>7;1D
C521719
25B9;ED

  +
+
( 49C9>7;1D
5
+
(

"  + +
(
+ (
+

  
 
49C9>7;1D
B
+

?  + +
(
+ (
+  49C9>7;1D
B

+

  
 


c. Aturan Hund
$5>EBED
;5+
41<1=
?B29D1<
I1>7
C5D9>7;1D
5<5;DB?>5<5;DB?>
D941;
2?<58
25B@1C1>71>
C525<E=
C5<EBE8
?B29D1<
C5D9>7;1D
D5B9C9
?<58
C52E18
5<5;DB?>
'5>5=@1D1>
5<5;DB?>
@141
?B29D1<
(


I1>7
=5=9<9;9
D9>7;1D
5>5B79
I1>7
C1=1
@141
CE2;E<9D
I1>7
C1=1
=1C9>7=1C9>7
499C9
45>71>
C1DE
5<5;DB?>
D5B<5298
418E<E
45>71>
1B18
C@9>
I1>7
C1=1
21BE
;5=E491>
499C9
45>71>
5<5;DB?>
25B9;ED>I1
45>71>
1B18
I1>7
25B<1G1>1>
1<
9>9
25B1BD9
C5=E1
5<5;DB?>
25B=E1D1>
C1=1
C589>771
5<5;DB?>
1;1>
=5>5=@1D9
?B29D1<
I1>7
=1C98
;?C?>7
C525<E=
25B@1C1>71>
$9C1<;1>
1D?=

45>71>
>?=?B
1D?=

41>
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>>I1
+
+
(

4917B1=
;?>697EB1C9
5<5;DB?>>I1
141<18
2E;1>
c. Asas Larangan Pauli
$5>EBED
&63-.(5.
!(;30
41<1=
CE1DE
1D?=
D941;
2?<58
141
5<5;DB?>
I1>7
=5=9<9;9
;55=@1D
29<1>71>
?B29D1<
41>
=17>5D9;
I1>7
C1=1
9<1>71>
;E1>DE=
C@9>>I1
81BEC
25B<1G1>1>
&
 
%  
41>
%C
2E;1>
C1C
9>9
C1>71D
@5>D9>7
E>DE;
=5=181=9
CDBE;DEB
1D?=
1@1<179
E>DE;
=5>7;1:9
C961DC961D
1D?=
25B5<5;DB?>
21>I1;
)5;1B1>7
D9>:1E
85<9E=
45>71>
>?=?B
1D?=

<5;DB?>
@5BD1=1
1D?=
85<9E=
@141
;51411>
41C1B
=5=9<9;9
89=@E>1>
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=

&

 



%  


41>
%C

  
<5;DB?>
;54E1
29C1
=5=9<9;9
;5D971
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
&
 
41>
% 
C1=1
D5D1@9
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=

;55=@1D
%C
81BEC
25B2541
&<58
;1B5>1
5<5;DB?>
@5BD1=1
%C

  

5<5;DB?>
;54E1
81BEC<18
%C

M  

Fisika Atom 219

 Gambar 8.23
Berdasarkan asas larangan Pauli,
satu orbital maksimum ditempati
dua elektron dengan spin yang
benar salah
berlawanan.
C1C
<1B1>71>
'1E<9
:E71
=5=21D1C9
C5D91@
?B29D1<
81>I1
=1=@E
=5>1=@E>7
=1;C9=E=

5<5;DB?>
41>
41<1=
C1DE
?B29D1<
81BEC
=5=9<9;9
C@9>
45>71>
1B18
25B<1G1>1>
@129<1
41<1=
?B29D1<
141
5<5;DB?>
;5D971
=9C1<>I1
C@9>
C51B18
45>71>
C@9>
5<5;DB?>
@5BD1=1
(4)(8


;E=@E<1>
;55=@1D
29<1>71>
;E1>DE=
5<5;DB?>
;5D971
@5BC9C
C1=1
45>71>
5<5;DB?>
@5BD1=1
>9
:5<1C
=5<1>7771B
1C1C
<1B1>71>
'1E<9

5. Spektrum Emisi dan Spektrum Absorpsi

01D
@141D
=1E@E>
J1D
319B
@141
CE8E
D5BD5>DE
41@1D
=5=1>31B;1>
B1491C9
45>71>
@1>:1>7
75<?=21>7
I1>7
25B25412541
@141
D9>7;1D
5>5B79
I1>7
25B2541
1B9
25B21719
C579
I1>7
41@1D
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220 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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<19>
periodik

222 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber: General Chemistry, 1990
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Fisika Atom 223

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224 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

Peta Konsep

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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda telah
memahami bagaimana perkembangan model atom
sampai terakhir digunakan model atom Bohr. Anda juga
tentu telah paham bagaimana kedudukan dan sifat
elektron dalam bab inti. Dari semua materi yang ada
dalam bab ini, bagian manakah yang menurut Anda sulit
dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan bersama teman atau
guru Fisika Anda.
Sekarang Anda menjadi tahu bahwa rekayasa atom
untuk dimanfaatkan dalam kehidupan bergantung sekali
pada elektron valensi atom. Coba Anda cari manfaat lain
yang diperoleh setelah mempelajari bab ini, kemudian
diskusikan konsep Fisika apa yang terkandung di dalamnya
bersama teman Anda.

Fisika Atom 225

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228 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

9
Sumber: Jendela IPTEK, Energi
Pesawat ruang angkasa Starship Enterprise dalam serial televisi Star Trek
seringkali berjalan dengan kecepatan cahaya.

Teori Relativitas Khusus

Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menganalisis berbagai besaran fisis pada gejala kuantum dan batas-batas

berlakunya relativitas Einstein dalam paradigma Fisika Modern.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

memformulasikan teori relativitas khusus untuk waktu, panjang, dan massa, serta
kesetaraan massa dengan energi yang diterapkan dalam teknologi

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H:H6E
+

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@:F6C<@6
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7:FA6@I
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(a) Kerangka acuan S dalam !""#
,)$#

&:F6C<@6
68I6C
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H>96@
B:C<6A6B>
E:F8:E6H6C

keadaan diam;
(b) Kerangka acuan S' dalam
(>G6A@6C
9I6
DF6C<
E:C<6B6H

96C

B6G>C< B6G>C<
7:F696
96A6B
kecepatan konstan v; @:F6C<@6
68I6C
.
96C


+:C<6B6H

M6C<
7:F696
9>
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E696
@:F6C<@6
68I6C

M6C<
9>6B

96EIC
E:C<6B6H

7:F696
jauh vt dari titik koordinat S'.

230 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Galileo yang ada di sekitar Anda.
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0
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Teori Relativitas Khusus 231

 :F96G6F@6C
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2. Percobaan Michelson–Morley
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Gambar 9.3
Gerak perahu bolak-balik yang +696


'"&$*0-,
96C

-/*$5
B:A6@I@6C
:@GE:F>B:C
tegak lurus aliran sungai. ICHI@
B:B7I@H>@6C
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Diagram arah kecepatan perahu
E696
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:G6F
F:GIAH6C
96F>
@:8:E6H6C
E:F6=I

96C
@:8:E6H6C
dan aliran sungai. 6A>F6C
GIC<6>
+
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9>HIA>G@6C
G:76<6>
7:F>@IH

232 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 v’  c 2  v 2 O

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Gerak perahu yang searah dan
E:F6=I

EIA6C<
E:F<>
B:B:FAI@6C
K6@HI berlawanan dengan aliran sungai.

) 


+ +
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Teori Relativitas Khusus 233

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untuk Anda


-#




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#  -


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##  -#
Agar Anda lebih memahami tentang 96C
deret binomial. Kerjakan contoh-
contoh berikut.
1. (1 – x2)3


#
#  
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kaca
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cermin layar
B 
P  BG 
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Gambar 9.6 P   BG
P  
BG 


Skema percobaan Michelson-

Morley. 

P
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234 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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• transformasi Galileo
• kerangka acuan
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DA:=
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Teori Relativitas Khusus 235

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236 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998

     
-       
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 +) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–
 +   1928) adalah seorang fisikawan
Belanda yang kali pertama me-
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-





)
   ini dikembangkan oleh James Clerk
   
    
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 + 

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sudut yang berbeda. Lorentz juga
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tahun 1902 dalam bidang fisika atas
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-

)
  

)
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Teori Relativitas Khusus 237

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238 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Teori Relativitas Khusus 239

 Contoh 9.2
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240 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Teori Relativitas Khusus 241

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242 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Teori Relativitas Khusus 243

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244 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Teori Relativitas Khusus 245

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248 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda telah
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telah memahami teori relativitas Einstein dan pengaruh-
nya terhadap besaran panjang, waktu, kecepatan dan
massa benda. Dari keseluruhan materi yang ada pada
bab ini, bagian manakah yang menurut Anda sulit
dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan bersama teman atau
guru Fisika Anda.
Selain Anda mengetahui teori relativitas khusus,
coba Anda cari manfaat lain mempelajari materi bab ini.
Kemudian, diskusikan hasilnya bersama teman Anda.
Teori Relativitas Khusus 253
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256 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Bab

10
Sumber: Energy: Technology and Development, 1995
Pembangunan PLTN merupakan salah satu solusi timbulnya krisis energi yang
suatu saat akan dialami penduduk Bumi.

Fisika Inti dan

Radioaktivitas
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menunjukkan penerapan konsep Fisika inti dan radioaktivitas dalam teknologi dan
kehidupan sehari-hari.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

• menganalisis karakteristik inti atom dan radioaktivitas;

• mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan radiokativitas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
dan teknologi untuk kesejahteraan manusia.

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 257

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258 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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2. Hipotesis Proton-Neutron sekitar 10–15 sampai 10–14 m. Dari
teori kinetik dan khususnya analisis
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kota yang berdiameter beberapa
=7CC7
(7CKD
J;H:7F7J
F;H8;:77D
7DJ7H7
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:7N7
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I?D7H
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Information for You
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7:7B7>
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D;JH7B Rutherford’s experiments suggested
N7D=
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D;KJHED
I;HJ7
C7CFK
C;D;C8KI
87>7D87>7D
:;D=7D that the nucleus must have a radius
of about 10–5 to 10–14 m. From kinetic
CK:7>
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C;C?B?A?
C7II7
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>7CF?H
I7C7
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C;C;HBKA7D
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I;8;I7H

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KDJKA
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D;KJHED analysis of Browman movement, the
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8;H?B?KC
-?D7H
=7CC7
C;C;HBKA7D
;D;H=?
I;8;I7H

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about 10–10 m. Thus the electrons
KDJKA
C;D?C8KBA7D
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I7C7
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D;KJHED would seem to be at a distance from
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(if the nucleus were the size of a
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7JEC
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3. Partikel Penyusun Inti

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 259

 *7:7
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hidrogen
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A;IJ78?B7DDN7
DKAB?:7
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DKAB?:7
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:7D
neutron H7:?EDKAB?:7
elektron 7 (KAB?:7
IJ78?B
N7?JK
DKAB?:7
N7D=
C;C?B?A?

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J;J7F
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Gambar 10.1  

Isotop hidrogen 8 ,7:?EDKAB?:7
N7?JK
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0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
C;C?B?A?
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C -8

Nomor proton (Z) *;H>7J?A7D
'3('8

/DJKA
7JEC
>?:HE=;D
8?7I7
:?JKB?I
 "
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983 ?
I?D?
DECEH
7JEC
:7D
DECEH
C7II7
I7C7
A7H;D7
J?:7A
J;H:7F7J
D;KJHED
Gambar 10.2 #DJ?
7JEC
N7D=
J;H:?H?
7J7I
FHEJED
:7D
D;KJHED
:7F7J
C;D;H7D=A7D
Diagram kestabilan inti (N-Z) A;7:77D
?IEJEF

4. Stabilitas Inti
-J78?B?J7I
?DJ?
7JEC
8;H=7DJKD=
A;F7:7
@KCB7>
FHEJED
:7D
@KCB7>
D;KJHED
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7DJ7H7
@KCB7>
D;KJHED


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J;H>7:7F
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:;D=7D

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7JEC
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8;HB7AK
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N7D=
I7D=7J
IJ78?B

260 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 /DJKA
?DJ?
7JEC
N7D=
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9;D:;HKD=
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N7D=
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A;
=7H?I
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7J7I
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5. Energi Ikat Inti

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N7D=
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EDJE>DN7
7:7B7>
?DJ?
>;B?KC proton

#DJ?
>;B?KC
J;H:?H?
7J7I

FHEJED
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D;KJHED 

Q

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6 C 13
6 C
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Gambar 10.3


$KCB7>
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IC7 Tingkat energi beberapa isotop

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 261

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Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000

 
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@?A7
C7II7
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Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998  " 
 
IC7
:7D
C7II7
D;KJHED


IC7

262 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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per nukleon
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6. Gaya Inti nomor massa A
Gambar 10.4
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 263

 B. Radioaktivitas
1. Sejarah Penemuan Radioaktif
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2. Jenis-Jenis Radioaktif
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N7D=
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J;H@7:?DN7
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H7:?E7AJ?<
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N7D=
J;H@7:?
ratemeter I;97H7
IFEDJ7D
7A?87J
J?:7A
IJ78?BDN7
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Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
8 H7:?E7AJ?<
8K7J7D
N7?JK
F;C7D97H7D
I?D7H
H7:?E7AJ?<
N7D=
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:7H?
?DJ??DJ?
IJ78?B
N7D=
:?=7D==K
A;IJ78?B7DDN7
:;D=7D
97H797H7
Gambar 10.5
Pengujian pembiasan sinar 
J;HJ;DJK
>?D==7
C;D@7:?
?DJ?
N7D=
J?:7A
IJ78?B
dalam medan magnet. -7B7>
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N7D=
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sumber ;H?AKJ
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7A7D
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F;C7D97H7D
I?D7H
7B<7
  
I?D7H
8;J7
radium radioaktif
  
:7D
I?D7H
=7CC7
  
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
a. Pemancaran Sinar Alfa (  )
Gambar 10.6
Dalam medan magnet, hanya sinar '7II7
C7KFKD
CK7J7D
I?D7H
7B<7
?:;DJ?A
:;D=7D
?DJ?
>;B?KC
";
 yang tidak dibelokkan. $?A7
IK7JK
O7J
H7:?E7AJ?<
C;C7D97HA7D
I?D7H
7B<7
DECEH
7JEC
O7J
?JK

264 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

7A7D
8;HAKH7D=

:7H?
DECEH
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7A7D
8;HAKH7D=

-;97H7

KCKC
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F;C7D97H7D
7B<7
  
:7F7J
:?JKB?IA7D
– –
I;87=7?
8;H?AKJ
 1,015 MeV
 2   2  
27

/    Al* 
EDJE>  2  
12

0,834 MeV
b. Pemancaran Sinar Beta (  )
'K7J7D
:7D
C7II7
I?D7H

I7C7
:;D=7D
;B;AJHED
"7B
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12 Al*
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C;D=>7I?BA7D Gambar 10.7
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7D7A
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-;97H7
KCKC
H;7AI?
F;C7D97H7D

:?JKB?I
I;87=7?
8;H?AKJ peluruhan 27
12 Mg dan 27
13 Al .
  
 2 3  ,
  

EDJE>
    (    ,
:;D=7D
,
7:7B7>
D;KJH?DE Tugas Anda 10.1
c. Pemancaran Sinar Gamma (  ) Carilah informasi mengenai
pemanfaatan sinar  ,  , dan .
;H8;:7
>7BDN7
:;D=7D
F;C7D97H7D
I?D7H

:7D
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C;C7D97HA7D
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N7D=
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F;HK87>7D
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8?7I7DN7
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8;H?AKJ
 timbal
 2   3    
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
EDJE>           
Gambar 10.8
%;I?CFKB7D
:7H?
A7H7AJ;H?IJ?A
I?D7H
H7:?E7AJ?<
N7?JK
I?D7H  
I?D7H  
:7D Daya tembus partikel  ,  , dan  .
I?D7H

:?JKD@KAA7D
F7:7
#'(+2
 
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I?D7H  
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#'(+2

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+4/9
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!+'19/
2'3/'. ;':'4 '99'
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CC
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8;HCK7J7D .?:7A
8;HC7II7 .?:7A
:?8?7IA7D .?C87B
J?F?I
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 265

 3. Pelemahan Intensitas Sinar Radioaktif
$?A7
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F;HI7C77D
X      . P
Gambar 10.9 %;J;H7D=7D
Pelemahan intensitas oleh bahan
dengan ketebalan X.  
AE;<?I?;D
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C
 
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D7JKH7B

 
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Marie Curie dilahirkan di Warsawa, C;B;M7J?
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Polandia. Nama aslinya adalah Marie '='(
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Fisika, dan Kimia di Paris. Marie . 

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bersuamikan Pierre Curie seorang ahli
fisika juga. Mereka bekerja sama dalam  
meneliti radiasi yang dihasilkan oleh "0&

  

C
bahan radioaktif dan mereka berhasil     
C
menemukan unsur thorium yang 
 
bersifat radioaktif. Pada 1898, mereka      .    
 

C   C      
menemukan dua unsur radioaktif baru, 
yaitu polonium dan radium. Untuk
keberhasilan ini, Marie dan Pierre Curie
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serta Henri Becquerel mendapat
hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisika pada
1903. Pada 1910, Marie berhasil
4. Peluruhan Radioaktif (Desintegrasi)
memisahkan radium murni dan *;BKHK>7D
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yang mungkin disebabkan ia terlalu I;CK7
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266 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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2

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 267

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268 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Contoh 10.5

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 269

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5. Pengertian Dosis Serapan

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270 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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:?
:7B7C
J78KD=
-?D7H
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N7D=
C7IKA
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I7JK
K@KD=
J78KD=
7A7D +
C;D=?EDA7D
=7I
N7D=
8;H7:7
:?
:7B7C
J78KD=
HKI
B?IJH?A
N7D=
:?>7I?BA7D + –
EB;>
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N7D=
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I7D=7J
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A7D
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8;:7
J;=7D=7D 103 V

 
LEBJ
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?ED
?JK
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?JK
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7JEC7JEC
=7I
N7D=
B7?D
I;>?D==7
7HKI
B?IJH?A
N7D=
J;H@7:?
9KAKF Sumber: Physics for Scientist and
Engineers, 2000
8;I7H
7B7C
M7AJK
N7D=
I?D=A7J
7HKI
J;HFKJKI
J;J7F?
I;J?7F
A7B?
F7HJ?A;B
Gambar 10.16
H7:?E7AJ?<
C7IKA
A;
:7B7C
J78KD=
J?C8KB
FKBI7
7HKI
B?IJH?A
:7B7C Bagian-bagian alat
H7D=A7?7D
*KBI7
?D?
:?F;HAK7J
I;>?D==7
:7F7J
:?F7A7?
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C;DN7B7A7D pencacah Geiger-Muller
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F;D9797>
;B;AJHED?A
c. Kamar Kabut Wilson
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A78KJ
1?BIED
7:7B7>
7B7J
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7J7I
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8;H?I?
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D?JHE=;D sumber
jejak ion radioaktif (R)
*;H>7J?A7D
'3('8
 
*7:7
:?D:?D=
87=?7D
:7B7C
:?B;J7AA7D keping
KDIKH
H7:?E7AJ?<

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7B<7
N7D=
:?F7D97HA7D
EB;>
KDIKH
?JK
7A7D gelas
cahaya
C;D=?EDA7D
CEB;AKBCEB;AKB
=7I
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:7B7C
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K7F
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7A7D
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:7B7C
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@;DK>
#ED?ED pengisap (P)
N7D=
J;H8;DJKA
I;F7D@7D=
B?DJ7I7D
F7HJ?A;B
7B<7
C;D7H?A
8KJ?H8KJ?H
K7F Gambar 10.17
7?H
:7D
:7F7J
:?B?>7J
7J7K
:?FEJH;J
@?A7
=7I
:?
:7B7C
I?B?D:;H
:?IEHEJ
:;D=7D Kamar kabut Wilson
97>7N7
B7CFK

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 271

 partikel datang kristal sintilasi d. Sintilator (Detektor Sintilasi)
fotokatode *H?DI?F
A;H@7
I?DJ?B7JEH
) %* ##* &%
&+%*(
8;H:7I7HA7D
<BKEH;I;DI?
foton
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7>7N7
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B7N7H
+200 V
+400 V
<BKEH;I;DI?
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A;
7J7I
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BE=7C
I;>?D==7
F;HCKA77D
+600 V BE=7C
J;HI;8KJ
C;D=;BK7HA7D
;B;AJHED
%;CK:?7D
;B;AJHED
J;HI;8KJ
+800 V :?@7JK>A7D
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7J7I
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+1400 V
F;HCKA77D
BE=7C
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+1600 V %;F?D=A;F?D=
BE=7C
N7D=
:7F7J
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fotomultiplier EJECKBJ?FB?;H
7:7B7>
7B7J
KDJKA
C;CF;HAK7J
FKBI7
7HKI
B?IJH?A
HKI
B?IJH?A
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8;H7I7B
:7H?
J;C87A7D
I?D7H
H7:?E7AJ?<
:?
7J7I
B7N7H
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Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
*KBI7
7HKI
B?IJH?A
A;CK:?7D
:?I7BKHA7D
A;
7B7J
F;D97J7J
I;F;HJ?
F;D=;H7I
Gambar 10.18
Diagram sintilator yang dilengkapi IK7H7
C;J;H
IA7B7
:7D
B7?DB7?D
dengan fotomultiplier

Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

+80'1'42'.
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272 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 Pada setiap reaksi inti selalu berlaku hukum kekekalan berikut ini. Tokoh
 "KAKC
%;A;A7B7D
'EC;DJKC
N7?JK
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CEC;DJKC
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7:7B7>
I7C7
"KAKC
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(ECEH
JEC
N7?JK
@KCB7>
DECEH
7JEC
I;8;BKC Enrico Fermi
:7D
I;IK:7>
H;7AI?
I7C7 (1901–1954)
 "KAKC
%;A;A7B7D
(ECEH
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:7D
I;IK:7>
H;7AI?
I7C7
 "KAKC
%;A;A7B7D
D;H=?
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N7?JK
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I7C7
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FHEJED
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:7D
:;KJHED
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@K=7
:?=KD7A7D
KDJKA
C;D==7D==K
A;IJ78?B7D
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 "

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";

1. Energi yang Dihasilkan dari Reaksi Inti Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
Fermi adalah seorang fisikawan
,;7AI?
?DJ?
:7F7J
:?JKB?IA7D
:7B7C
IK7JK
F;HI7C77D kelahiran Itali. Setelah tahun 1939, ia










7J7K



 P pergi ke Amerika Serikat untuk
bekerja dan hidup disana. Ia dikenal
%;J;H7D=7D karena menggunakan neutron untuk
menembak atom yang dapat
 
?DJ?
I7I7H7D  
F7HJ?A;B
N7D=
:?>7I?BA7D menghasilkan isotop. Enrico Fermi
 
?DJ?
87HK
N7D=
:?>7I?BA7D  
;D;H=?
N7D=
:?>7I?BA7D mendapat hadiah Nobel pada 1938.
Pada 2 Desember 1942, reaksi rantai
 
F7HJ?A;B
F;D;C87A nuklir pertama dihasilkan oleh
"7H=7

IK7JK
H;7AI?
?DJ?
:?:;<?D?I?A7D
I;87=7?
F;H8;:77D
7DJ7H7 sebuah tim ilmuwan yang
;D;H=?
:?7C




:7D
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:?7C


 dipimpinnya. Percobaan yang sukses
ini bertempat di lapangan Squash


5$.

$
P
$/

$6
Q

';0
IC7 P Universitas Chicago, Amerika Serikat.
Reaksi rantai bekerja menyerupai
%;J;H7D=7D penyalaan korek api. Panas yang
dihasilkan oleh gesekan pada waktu



H;7AI?
;AIEJ;HC?A
J;H:7F7J
;D;H=?
N7D=
:?8;87IA7D mematik korek api menyebabkan



H;7AI?
;D:EJ;HC?A
J;H:7F7J
;D;H=?
N7D=
:?I;H7F sebagian atom terbakar dan
melepaskan lebih banyak panas
sehingga menyebabkan reaksi terus-
Contoh 10.7 menerus berlangsung.

"?JKD=B7>
>7H=7

KDJKA
H;7AI?
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IC7
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Kata Kunci
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 "  ";

 D
'='( • energi reaksi inti
D;H=?
H;7AI?
I7C7
:;D=7D
;D;H=?
H;7AJ7D
:?AKH7D=?
;D;H=?
FHE:KA • reaksi eksotermik
• reaksi endotermik
D;H=?
H;7AJ7D

 



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FHE:KA






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D;H=?
H;7AI?


 
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 273

 2. Pembuatan Isotop Radioaktif dari Reaksi Inti
,7:?E7AJ?<
:7F7J
:?FHE:KAI?
C;B7BK?
IK7JK
H;7AI?
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FHEI;I
F;C8;DJKA7D
?IEJEF
87HK
N7D=
H7:?E7AJ?<
?JK
:?B7AKA7D
:;D=7D
F;D;C87A7D
?IEJEF
N7D=
IJ78?B
:;D=7D
IK7JK
F7HJ?A;B
-;87=7?
9EDJE>
?IEJEF
H7:?E7AJ?<
 
 K :?F;HEB;>
:7H?
F;D;C87A7D
?IEJEF
IJ78?B
 K
EB;>
D;KJHED
:;D=7D
H;7AI?
 D

 
 K   K

3. Reaksi Berantai
*;D;C87A7D
D;KJHED
F7:7
KH7D?KC 
?DJ?
N7D=
J;H8;DJKA
:7H?
inti bulatan F;D7D=A7F7D
D;KJHED
J;HI;8KJ
J?:7A
IJ78?B
I;>?D==7
I;=;H7
J;H8;B7>
n
C;D@7:?
?DJ??DJ?
N7D=
B;8?>
H?D=7D
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Gambar 10.19
Diagram reaksi berantai
N7D=
:;C?A?7D
:?I;8KJ
(")
(%*

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;D;H=?
N7D=
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I;>?D==7
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N7D=
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:7>IN7J

4. Reaksi Fisi
reaksi fisi kedua
menghasilkan 4 neutron
*;D;CK7D
H;7AI?
<?I?
DKAB?H
8;H7M7B
:7H?
;AIF;H?C;D
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A;BECFEA
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inti U-235 7:7B7>
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neutron ?DJ?
KH7D?KC
7A7D
C;C8;H?A7D
=7N7
F7:7
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F;HCKA77D
I;>?D==7
pertama
?DJ?
7A7D
J;H8;B7>
:K7
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B7?D
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J;H;AI?J7I?
:7D
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F;BKHK>7D
=7CC7
"7B
?D?
:?I;8KJ
(")
reaksi fisi U-235  )
*;H>7J?A7D
'3('8


memunculkan
2 neutron '3('8


C;CF;HB?>7JA7D
?DJ?
N7D=
J;H8;DJKA

  / 
J?:7A
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
IJ78?B
:7D
I;=;H7
J;H8;B7>
C;D@7:?
?DJ??DJ?
B;8?>
H?D=7D
N7D=
IJ78?B
Gambar 10.20 *7I7D=7DF7I7D=7D
N7D=
J;H@7:?
F7:7
<?I?
  /
J?:7A
C;DKD@KAA7D
Pada reaksi pembelahan inti,
jumlah neutron bertambah F7I7D=7D
N7D=
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274 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

 
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FB7IC7
H;7AJ?< Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000

:7B7C
C;:7D
C7=D;J?A
:?H7D97D=
EB;>
,KI?7
N7D=
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:;D=7D
C;:7D
C7=D;J?A
8;H8;DJKA
AK;
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JEHKI Tokamak

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 275

 Contoh 10.9
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276 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan Radioisotop Informasi
untuk Anda
1. Reaktor nuklir
+:6@IDG
CJ@A>G
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hasilkan radiasi nuklir mematikan
:C:G<>
H6C<6I
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C:G<>
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96E6I
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B:C<6A>G@6C
O6I
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H:76<6>
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B:A6AJ>
76<>6C76<>6C
96A6B
G:6@IDG
>IJ bertahan ribuan tahun. Oleh karena
itu, limbah yang disimpan rapat
-67JC<
N6C<
7>6H6
9>E6@6>
I>C<<>CN6


B
7:G9>6B:I:G
96A6B

B dalam peti kemas tertutup harus
96C
I:76A
9>C9>C<CN6


8B
+ /

696A6=
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7:GA6@J
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6>G
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I67JC<
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96C
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9>E6@6>
JCIJ@
B:C<<:G6@@6C
IJG7>C
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7:GI:@6C6C
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6IB
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Q
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last for thousand years. So, nuclear
reactor waste placed in shielded box
sistem utama sistem kedua must be buried underground.
Overcoming nuclear waste, people
air panas must wear suit like you have seen this
bahan bakar dan turbin uap
uap air picture.
moderator

generator

kondensor

batang
pengendali

pelindung pompa Gambar 10.24

Perancangan dasar reaktor Nuklir
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000 air-tekan.

6=6C
76@6G
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Gambar 10.25
I:GH:7JI
B:B>A>@>
7:7:G6E6
@DBEDC:C
96H6G
9>
6CI6G6CN6
:A:B:C:A:B:C Reaktor nuklir dengan
76=6C
76@6G
76I6C<
@:C96A>
BD9:G6IDG
96C
E:G>H6>
' "
A:B:C moderator air

Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 277

 76=6C
76@6G
96C
76I6C<
@:C96A>
I:GA:I6@
9>
96A6B
HJ6IJ
I:BE6I
N6C<
9>C6B6@6C
I:G6H
G:6@IDG
$DBEDC:C@DBEDC:C
I:GH:7JI
9>IJC?J@@6C
E696
+ /


aliran panas

(4)
(5) uap ke turbin
(3)

(6)
Gambar 10.26 (1) (2)
Komponen-komponen dasar
sebuah reaktor atom: (1) teras aliran dingin air dingin
reaktor; (2) elemen bahan bakar;
(3) moderator; (4) batang kendali;
(5) shielding; (6) pendingin.

pompa Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990

A:B:C:A:B:C
76=6C
76@6G
G:6@IDG
CJ@A>G
7:G7:CIJ@
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Informasi
untuk Anda
Sebuah reaktor nuklir tidak dapat
meledak seperti bom atom. Akan
tetapi, suatu kecelakaan pada pusat
tenaga nuklir dapat menimbulkan
akibat yang merusak sejumlah besar
wilayah sekitarnya. Pada 1986, terjadi
kecelakaan nuklir terbesar di pusat
tenaga nuklir Chernobyl di Ukraina.
Kecelakaan ini melepaskan zat
radioaktif ke dalam atmosfer dan
mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan
yang hebat pada penduduk di sekitar
Chernobyl. Penduduk di Eropa pun
mendapatkan dampak yang tidak
kecil.
Information for You
A nuclear reactor can not explode like
atom bomb. But, an accident in centre
of the nuclear power can cause a
large destruction. In 1986, the biggest
nuclear accident happened in the
Chernobyl nuclear power plant,
Ukraine. This accident released
radioactive material to the
atmosphere and caused severe health
disorder to civilians near by some
European also got the serious effect.
278 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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@:B76A> Bagan PLTN dengan sistem PWR

b. PLTN dengan Sistem BWR

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 279

 9>=6H>A@6C
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untuk Anda @:BJ9>6C
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Mengapa molekul dari uranium
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+ /

(U–235) lebih cepat bergerak jaringan distribusi
daripada molekul U–238 pada tenaga listrik
suhu yang sama?

air mendidih uap

reaktor transformator

pemindah
panas turbin generator

Gambar 10.28
Bagan PLTN dengan sistem BWR
pompa

kondensator
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998

2. Bom Nuklir
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Tugas Anda 10.2
Apakah Anda pernah mendengar
tragedi Chernobyl? Chernobyl
merupakan pembangkit listrik
tenaga nuklir di Ukraina yang
mengalami kebocoran. Carilah
informasi dari berbagai sumber,
mengapa kebocoran ini bisa terjadi?
280 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 281

 Gambar 10.29
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000

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Gambar 10.30
Karbon dapat digunakan
untuk menentukan usia
sebuah gulungan perkamen
yang ditemukan di sebuah
gua di Laut Mati. Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001

Mari Mencari Tahu

Tantangan ):GC6=@6=
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282 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 283

 Peta Konsep
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda telah
memahami bagian-bagian penyusunan inti dan
bagaimana pengaruh rekayasa penyusun inti tersebut.
Anda juga tentu telah memahami mengenai
radioaktivitas dan peluruhan serta perhitungan-
perhitungan yang ada di dalamnya. Dari keseluruhan
materi yang ada pada bab ini, bagian mana yang menurut
284 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
@:7D8DG6C
E>E6
R +69>DAD<>
Anda sulit dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan dengan
teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
Banyak sekali manfaat mempelajari Fisika Inti dan
Radioaktivitas. Salah satunya adalah dibangunnya PLTN
yang hemat bahan bakar. Coba Anda cari manfaat lain
mempelajari bab ini. Diskusikan hasilnya bersama teman-
teman Anda.
 Tes Kompetensi Bab 10
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Indeks 305
Daftar Pustaka

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Hermawan Edi. 2004. Radar Atmosfer Khatulistiwa. Surakarta: Pabelan.

Hewwit, Paul G. 1993. Conceptual Physics, 6th Edition. USA: Harper Collins College Publisher.

Hewwit, Paul G. 1998. Conceptual Physics, 8th Edition. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc.

Jones, Edwin R. dan Richard L. Childers. 1993. Contemporary College Physics. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing

Company, Inc.

Sears, F.W. et.al. 1993. University Physics. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc.

Tipler, Paul. 1998. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik, Jilid 1 (alih bahasa: Prasetyo dan Rahmad W. Adi). Jakarta: Erlangga.

Tipler, Paul. 2001. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik, Jilid 2 (alih bahasa: Bambang Soegijono). Jakarta: Erlangga.

Warlijo, Liek. 2003. Kamus Fisika, Cetakan Kedua. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

306 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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