MK Toksikologi Lingkungan
29/10/2012
“Present anthropogenic wastes
(output) might not cause biospheric
disequilibrium if the human
population were only 1 billion and
per capita consumption of natural
resources did not reduce natural
capital”
CHEMICAL ENTERS CHEMICAL ENTERS THE
THE ENVIRONMENT ORGANISM
biomonitoring
LEVELS, FATE,
PROCESSES
Toxikokinetics
biotransformation
bioactivation
excretion / sequestration
Bioavailable fraction
Target site
“EFFECT”
“EXPOSURE”
acute
chronic
Apakah Anda yakin bahan kimia dalam produk
yang dijual ke konsumen terbukti aman?
Pikirkan lagi
Pada tingkat paparan dalam kisaran yang dialami oleh masyarakat umum, DBP
ftalat mengurangi ekspresi gen yang diperlukan untuk sintesis testosteron pada
janin tikus…
Eutrofikasi kolam katak terkait dengan epidemi kelainan bentuk katak, karena hal
itu menciptakan kondisi yang menyebabkan tingkat infeksi parasit berudu yang lebih
tinggi. Infeksi parasit pada gilirannya mengganggu perkembangan normal tunas
anggota tubuh berudu selama metamorfosis.
Ekotoksikologi
Toksikologi Ekotoksikologi
● Absorption ● Release into
● Distribution environment
● Metabolism ● Fate and disposition
● Elimination ● Metabolism
● No counterpart
Toksikologi Ekotoksikologi
● Mekanisme ● Bioakumulasi
pertahanan host ● Biokonsentrasi (dalam
● Status kerentanan air)
individu ● Biomagnifikasi
● Efek tunggal ● Tidak pernah efek
● Eksposur kumulatif tunggal
● Gerakan antar media
(udara, air)
Dg Toksikologi Manusia
● Toksikologi diperluas ke
toksikologi lingkungan,
● Kemudian ke ekotoksikologi
● Dikatalisasi oleh publikasi "Silent Spring" pada
tahun 1962 oleh Rachel Carson:
● ekstrapolasi dari efek organisme tunggal ke efek
di seluruh ekosistem dan "keseimbangan alam"
Problems & Approach
Time: NOW !
PROSPECTIVE
MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS
/
CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENT
INDIVIDUAL
TOXICANTS
Problems & Approach
Time: NOW !
PROSPECTIVE
Bioassessment Bioassessment
Field assessment Field assessment
Monitoring Monitoring
Simulated small
ecosystems
Ecotoxicology – methods 1: Laboratory studies
Bioassays
- single / multiple species
- acute / chronic effects
- standardized (practical)
vs. experimental (research)
Cu addition
Extrapolation =
PNECs or EQCs expressed in total /
dissolved Cu
Laboratory ecotoxicology – data and results
10
0
Threshold:
50
No Observed Effect
Concentration
(NOEC)
LC50 [concentration]
in mg/L or %
effluent
Ecotoxicology – methods 2: Micro & Mesocosms
Expensive & time consuming (e.g. Pesticide testing)
Variable results (natural variability …)
Higher ecological relevancy
Ecotoxicology – methods 3: Field assessment / biomonitoring
… fairly complex issue (geology, climate, chemistry, biology ..)
Ecotoxicology mixes with Ecology
Notes on practical testing
100
Threshold:
50
No Observed Effect
Concentration (NOEC)
LC50 [concentration]
in mg/L or % effluent
How to extrapolate ecotox data to real ecosystems ? Air
Insectivore 4
2
4
4 4 Water birds
1 Insect
4
Water
Piscivore
9
3 Benthic feeder
4 5
Planktivore 4
MeLx MeZ+ 3 MeZ+ 4
3 4 3 8
3
4
Zooplankton 3 Phytoplankton Benthos
Grazer
4
6 Phytoplankton 5 5 5 4
5
5 8
Filter feeders Me in sediment:
Me in sediment: Me in porewater 7 S-OMe
S-OMe 6 6 6
MeZ+ MeLx MeS
MeS
Thank You
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