An overview of

SEISMIC EXPLORATION
Part.1
Febriwan Mohamad
2022

Seismic profile, amplitude

enhancement

3D model
Velocity model

Frequency attribute
 SEISMIC WAVES

**Seismic waves carry energy from an earthquake away from

the focus, through Earth’s interior, and across the surface.
 APAKAH SEISMIK ITU ?
Seismik :
Gelombang atau getaran mekanis yang merambat dalam bumi. Baik berasal
dari alam atau buatan.
Misalnya : Gempa bumi, getaran mesin, getaran dinamit

Metode Seismik :
Penelitian geologi bawah permukaan dengan menggunakan gelombang
seismik buatan, dan memanfaatkan sifat-sifat rambatan gelombang
seismik pada batuan

OEN - SEISMIK 3
Jenis gelombang yang merambat pada tubuh batuan dapat dibagi
Menjadi gelombang P (primer) dan gelombang S (sekunder)
Keduanya kita kenal sebagai gelombang elastic.

Particle motions associated with the propagation of seismic

waves: (a) compressional; (b) shear
(vertically polarized, SV); (c) two types of surface waves.
Direction of propagation in all cases is to the right.
 Body Waves
Jenis gelombang yang merambat pada tubuh batuan dapat dibagi
Menjadi gelombang P (primer) dan gelombang S (sekunder)
Keduanya kita kenal sebagai gelombang badan (elastic).

P. Bormann, NMSOP

Bulk modulus
 = P / (V/ V) 

Shear modulus
 + 2  + 4 / 3 or „rigidity“
vp = =  = (F/A) / (L/L) 
 
Young´s or „stretch“
modulus E = (F/A)/ (L/L)
and Poisson ratio
 = (W/W) / (L/L) 

 Deformation of material
vs = vp samples for determining
 = 3 elastic moduli
vs
© Copyright 2004. L. Braile.
SH-wave (top) and P-wave (bottom) seismic profiles
in the New Madrid zone of contemporary seismicity
revealing reactivated Paleozoic bedrock normal
faults
P-wave reflection and refraction at an interface, including P-to-S conversion
Wavefront construction based on Huygens’ principle
RAY THEORY
Seismic waves can be represented as rays
Ray Paths in a Layered Medium

sin q1 / a1 = sin q2 / a2 = s1 sin q1 = s2 sin q2

a = velocity of seismic energy in the layer

a1 q1 a1 q1 Faster
slower

q2
Faster q2 Slower
a2 a2

a1 < a2 a1 > a 2

Courtesy J. Mori
Eksplorasi Seismik
bergantung kepada gelombang elastik
Asumsi
medium elastik tersebut bersifat homogen isotropik

GELOMBANG ELASTIK
Gelombang elastik terdiri atas dua jenis yaitu :
✓ Gelombang badan (body wave)
✓ Gelombang P (longitudinal)
 −4
Vp = 
3

✓ Gelombang S (transversal)
Vs = 

KECEPATAN GELOMBANG SEISMIK

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi :

✓Litologi
✓Bulk density
✓Porositas
✓Perbedaan tekanan
✓Fluida pori
*) Tiga Tahapan Pekerjaan Seismik :
1. Pengumpulan Data Lapangan/ Akuisisi
2. Pengolahan Data Lapangan / Prosesing
3. Interpretasi

*) Tujuan :
Mengetahui Struktural secara konvensional (lipatan, sesar)
Memetakan Stratigrafi
Mengetahui Sedimentasi
Kandungan Hidrokarbon
Porositas Batuan
Etc.

OEN - SEISMIK 14
 TAHAPAN METODE SEISMIK

Jenis Pekerjaan Sifat Latar Belakang

➢Pengumpulan ➢ Operasional ➢ Geofisika

data (survey) ➢ Manajemen

➢Pengolahan data ➢ Analisis ➢ Geofisika

Gelombang ➢ Matematika
➢Interpretasi Data ➢ Fisika
(Evaluasi) ➢ Analisis
Geologi > Geofisika
> Pemboran ➢ Geologi

OEN - SEISMIK 15
Pro VS Cons
AKUISISI DATA SEISMIK
In land acquisition

Geophones

Marine acquisition
AKUISISI DATA SEISMIK
SEISMIC REFLECTIONS Seismic Record
Shot Receiver - +
Trough Peak
0

Travel Time (2 way) in msec

Layer 1 Layer 1
Impedance
Layer 2 Increase

Layer 2
Layer 2 Impedance
Layer 3 Decrease

Layer 3

Layer 3 Impedance
Layer 4 Increase Peak over Trough is an
Increase in Impedance
Layer 4

Impedance (Z) = Velocity * Density

Impedansi akustik didefinisikan Reflektivitas adalah kontras Impedansi

sebagai kemampuan batuan untuk Akustik (AI) pada batas lapisan batuan
melewatkan gelombang seismik sediment yang satu dengan batuan sediment
yang melaluinya yang lain
THE IDEAL SEISMIC RESPONSE
Able to resolve boundaries of beds a few meters thick

1 meter

Increase in Impedance Decrease in Impedance

COURTE SY OF E X X ON MOBIL
SCALE FOR SEISMIC DATA
Lamina
Although seismic data can not
Lamina Sets
image small-scale stratal units,
Beds it can image mid- to large-scale
Bed Sets units
Parasequences

Parasequence Sets The big advantage of

Sequences seismic data is areal
Sequence Sets
coverage
TERMINOLOGI
Wave Equation Lingo
Rarefaction Compression

A A = Amplitude
λ
λ = Wavelength
length, ft or m

P = Period
time

Dp = Pulse
Period = Time for the waveform Duration
to travel 1 wavelength time

F W Schroeder L 6 – Seismic Reflections

Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘ 04
Back to Basics
Seismic energy travels down and
is reflected off acoustic boundaries
Shot Receiver Seismic
Record
0.0
0.1

0.2
0.3

0.4
0.5

Increase in 0.6

impedance 0.7

0.8
0.9

1.0
1.1

1.2
1.3
Increase in
1.4
impedance

F W Schroeder L 6 – Seismic Reflections

Courtesy of ExxonMobil
‘ 04
 Acoustic Structure of the Earth

Shot Receiver
Imped Reflection Pulse Seismic
Low High Coefficients Trace

C
I1 = 1 * V1 O
N
I2 =  2 * V2 V
O
L
I3 =  3 * V3 U
T
I
I4 =  4 * V4 O
N

F W Schroeder L 6 – Seismic Reflections

Courtesy of ExxonMobil
‘ 04
Types of Pulses
Reflection Zero Phase
Coefficients

• Not Causal (not real, since

there is motion before the
wave arrives)
• Symmetric about RC
• Peak arrival time is not
frequency dependant
• Maximum peak-to-side
lobe ratio
• RC is at the maximum
displacement (peak or
trough)
F W Schroeder L 6 – Seismic Reflections
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
‘ 04
Seismic Interface

Velocity = 2000 m/s

Shale Density = 1.7 gm/cc
I = 2000 * 1.7 = 3400

Velocity = 2400 m/s

Sand Density = 1.8 gm/cc
I = 2400 * 1.8 = 4320

Reflection I below – I above 4320 - 3400

Coefficient
= = = 0.119
I below + I above 4300 + 3400

Of the incident energy, 12% is reflected, 88% is transmitted

F W Schroeder L 6 – Seismic Reflections
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
‘ 04
Seismic Interface

Velocity = 2000 m/s

Shale Density = 1.7 gm/cc
I = 2000 * 1.7 = 3400

Velocity = 2600 m/s

Carbonate Density = 2.1 gm/cc
I = 2600 * 2.1 = 5460

Reflection I below – I above 5460 - 3400

Coefficient
= = = 0.232
I below + I above 5460 + 3400

Of the incident energy, 23% is reflected, 77% is transmitted

F W Schroeder L 6 – Seismic Reflections
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
‘ 04
That ‘Pesky’ Pulse
If the frequency content (Bandwidth)
is very large, then the pulse
approaches a spike and we can
resolve fine-scale stratigraphy
Typically the frequency
content is limited to about
10 to 50 Hz (BW = 40),
which limits our resolution

Reflection Ideal Seismic Typical Seismic

Coefficients Pulse Trace Pulse Trace

F W Schroeder L 6 – Seismic Reflections

Courtesy of ExxonMobil
‘ 04
 Exercise 11
SEISMIC SECTION 0 km 10

Line Line Line Line

2 3 4 5
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800

0.0 0.0

500 500

1000 1000

1500 1500

1800 1800

Seismic Basemap
3 D SEISMIC
Terima kasih