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Sediment Transports in Open

Channel
P r o f . S u n t o y o , S . T. , M . E n g , P h . D

Lecture 2
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Sediment properties
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Sediment properties
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 Settling Velocity
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• Constant Velocity = Settling velocity (fall velocity

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9 9
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Threshold of Master title
Sediment style
Transport

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Threshold Master title style
of Sediment

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• Natural condition the critical Shields parameter : 0.03 -

0.06

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 Shields Diagram
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 Shields Diagram
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 Converted the Shields diagram by Madsen
(1976)
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 Bedforms
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Ripples: weak flow intensity; fine material with d50 <0.7
mm: Its sizes are controlled by grain size

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 Bedforms
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Dunes:Master title
Bentuknya samastyle
dengan ripples, namun lebih panjang,
ukurannya dikendalikan oleh kedalaman aliran; berkaitan
dengan coarse grains dengan d50>0.6 mm
• Peningkatan intensitas aliran, dunes berkembang dan kedalaman
air di puncak dunes menjadi lebih kecil. Ini berarti bahwa
kecepatan yg tinggi pada puncak, dune akan hilang dan high
stage flat bed terbentuk.

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 BEDFORMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD:
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DUNES
Dunes in a flume in Tsukuba Dunes on an exposed point bar in the
University, Japan: flow turned meandering Fly River, Papua New Guinea
off. Image courtesy H. Ikeda.

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 Antidunes
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• Antidune: Fr > title style
1; Tinggi gelombang pada permukaan air sama
dengan ketinggian antidunes; wave surface tdk stabil dan pecah
dlm arah upstream yang menggerakkan antidune upstream

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 Bed roughness
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• Bed roughness, ks biasa disebut sebagai Equivalent Nikuradse
grain roughness; diperkenalkan oleh Nikuradse dal percobaan
aliran pipa, dimana butiran dilem pada dasar halus dinding pipa
• Jika dasar datar terdiri dari butiran seragam, maka ks = diameter
butiran
• Harga kekasaran dasar diperoleh dari pengukuran dan fitting
kecepatan yang mencakup variasi daerah aliran dengan butiran
sedimen yg berbeda

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 Effective Shear Stress
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 Effective Shear Stress
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 When viscosity and velocity system becomes
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turbulent.

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 Transport Modes
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• How does the sediment move after exceeding the threshold ?
1. Wash load: very fine particles transported by the water and
which are normally not represented in the bed. Neglected
computing the total sediment .

2. Bedload: Almost continues contact with the bed carried

forward by rolling, sliding and siltation or hopping.

3. Suspended load: maintained in suspension by turbulence in

the flowing water for considerable periods of time without
contact with bed

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 Transport Regimes
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• Bedload regime: iftitle style
the Shields number exceed the critical value, sediment
particle start to roll, slide and jump over each other, but the bed remain flat
or covered with relict bedforms. The sediment is transported as a bedload in
a layer of a few grain sizes thick.
• Ripple regime: If the Shields parameter increase further, bedforms are
developed and transition bedload to ripple regime is occurred.
• Sheet-flow regime: for larger values of the Shields parameter (0.8 -1.0)
ripple are washed out and the bed become plane. A thin moving layer of
sand with high concentration occur (100-1000 kg/m3) and a thickness is
about 10-100 grain sizes.

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 Transport Regimes
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• Batas antara bed-load dan suspended-load masih dlm
perdebatan:
• Einstein (1950): boundary adalah beberapa diameter
butiran, 2 d50 di atas dasar, namun tidak realistis jika
terjadi ripples

• Bijker(1971) : bedload transport mengambil tempat

didalam layer dengan ketebalan sama dengan kekasaran
dasar (tinggi ripples)

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 Bed-load Transport Formulae
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• Bed-load title
transport styledirumuskan dalam bentuk
q sering
B
dimensionless:

• Kalinske-Frijlink (1992)

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 Bed-load Transport Formulae
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• Einstein-Brown formula

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