3.

FLUIDA DINAMIS

DASAR-DASAR
ALIRAN FLUIDA

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Laju aliran Volume Laju aliran Berat
(Kapasitas)
W γAv (N/s )
Q=A.v m3/S
Dimana :  g
Dimana :
Q = laju aliran Volume (kapasitas) = 62,4 lb/ft3
m3/s = 9,79 kN/m3
A = Luas penampang aliran , m2
v = kecepatan aliran, m/s

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Laju aliran Massa


m  Av (kg/s )

Contoh :
Air mengalir dalam pipa yang berdiameter 3 inci dan
kecepatan aliran 10 ft/s. Tentukan :
a. laju aliran volume (cfs) dan (gpm)
b. laju aliran berat
c. laju aliran mass

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Penyelesaian :

a. Q=Av b. W γAv
= ¼ π d2 10 ft/s = (62,4)(0,04909 ft2)(10
= ¼ (3,14) (3/12)2 10 ft/s)
= 0,491 cfs = 30,61 lb/s
Dimana :
1 gpm = 0,002228 cfs c. M  Av
Q = 220 gal/min = (1,94 slugs/ft3)
(0,04909 ft2)(10 ft/s)
= 0,952 slug/s

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
example

Given:
(1) Benzene flows through a 100-mm-diameter pipe.
(2) The mean velocity of flow is 3.00 m/s.

Required:
(1) Volume flow rate in both m3 /s and L/min.
(2) Weight flow rate.
(3) Mass flow rate.

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
SOLUTION

Dari persamaan Q=Av

( )(0,1 m) 2
A  0,007854 m 2
4

v = 3,00 m/s

Maka :
Q = (0,007854 m2)(3 m/s) = 0,0236 m3/s

Dan 1 L/min = 1,667 x 10-5 m3/s,

Q = 1416 L/min
23 June 2022 Mekanika
Fluida
dari persamaan : W γAv
γbenzene  8,62 kN/m 3
(dari Table A-4)

Maka :
W = (8,62 kN/m3)(0,007854 m2) (3) m/s
= 0.203 kN/s

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
dari persamaan : M  AV
benzene  879 kg/m 3
(dari Table A-4)

Maka :
M = (879 kg/m3)(0,007854 m2) (3) m/s
= 20,7 kg/s

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Hukum Kontinitas

Hukum kontinitas adalah dimana jumlah cairan masuk

sama dengan jumlah cairan yang keluar.
2
1
2 V2
V2 1 Aliran Fluida

A1
A2

Dimana hal ini berlaku untuk aliran beraturan dan

stasioner

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Dari hukum kekelaan mass :

ρ1 A1 v1 = ρ2 A2 v2

Dan untuk aliran incompresibel harga

ρ1 = ρ 2
Maka persamaan diatas menjadi :

A1 v1 = A2 v2
Atau
Q1 = Q 2

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Example

Given:
(1) Assume the conduit shown in Fig. 5-4 has (inside)
diameters of 12 and 18 in at sections 1 and 2,
respectively.
(2) Water is flowing in the conduit at a velocity of 16,6 ft/s
at section 2.

Required:
(1) Velocity at section 1. (2) Volume flow rate at section
1. (3) Volume flow rate at section 2. (4) Weight flow
rate. (5) Mass flow rate.

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
SOLUTION:
Dari hukum kontinitas :
A1 v1 = A2 v2

 d 2  (12 / 12) 2
A1    0,7854 ft 2
4 4
 d  (18 / 12)
2 2
A2   1,767 ft 2

4 4
v2 = 16,6 ft/s

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Therefore,
(1) (0,7854 ft2)(v1) = (1,767 ft2)(16,6 ft/s)
v1 = 37,3 ft/s

(2) Dengan persamaan kapasitas pada section 1

Q1 = A1 v1

= (0,7854 ft2)(37,3 ft/s) = 29.3 ft3/s

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
(3) Dengan persamaan kapasitas pada section 2,
Q2 = (1,767 ft2)(16,6 ft/s) = 29,3 ft3/s

(Since the flow is incompressible, the flow rate is the same

at sections 1 and 2.)

(4) Dengan persamaan laju aliran berat pada section 1

W =  A1 v1
Dimana  = 62,4 lb/ft3 diberikan

W = (62,4 lb/ft3)(0,7854 ft2)(37,3 ft/s)

= 1828 lb/s

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
(5) Dengan persamaan laju aliran massa pada
section 1

M = ρ A1 v1
Dimana
ρ = 1,94 slugs/ft3, diberikan :
Maka :
M = (1,94 slugs/ft3)(0,7854 ft2)(37,3 ft/s)
= 56,8 slugs/s

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Energi dan head

Energi potensial :
Ep = m g z v

=wz
Energi kinetik : Z d

Ek = ½ m v2 Reference datum
= ½ w/g v2

Energi tekan :
Etekan = p V
= p w/ 

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Energi = Ep + Ek + Etek

W v2 W
Energi  Wz  p
2g 
 v 2
p
E  W  z   
 2g  
Dimana
 v2 p 
Head, H   z   
 2g  
23 June 2022 Mekanika
Fluida
Maka Head adalah
E
H
W
Head dalam mekflu dan hydraulik adalah energi
yang dikandung persatuan berat fluida.

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Given :
(1). A fluid is flowing in a 6 in diameter pipe with a
velocity of 8 ft/s. (2). The fluid pressure is 4 lb/in2. (3)
the elevation of the center of the pipe above a given
datum is 10 ft (see fig)

Required:
Total energi head if the fluid is (1) water, (2) oil with a
s.g of 0,82 (3) gas with specific weight of 0,042 lb/ft3

6 in
diameter

10 ft

23 June 2022 Datum Mekanika

Fluida
Solution

2
v p
H z 
1. For water 2g 
z = 10 ft

v2 (8 ft/s ) 2
 2
 0,99 ft
2 g (2)(32,2 ft/s )

p (4 lb/in 2 )(144 in 2 /1ft 2 )

  9,23 ft
 62,4 lb/ft 3

Maka H = 10 + 0,99 + 9,23 = 20,22 ft

23 June 2022 Mekanika
Fluida
2. For oil :
The elevation head and velocity head are the same
as for water
2 2 2
p (4 lb/in )(144 in /1ft )
  11,26 ft
 (0,82) (62,4) lb/ft 3

Maka :
H = 10 + 0,99 + 11,26 = 22,25 ft

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
3. For gas
Again, the elevation head and velocity head are the
same as for water

2 2 2
p (4 lb/in )(144 in /1ft )
  13714 ft
 (0,042) lb/ft 3

Maka :
H = 10 + 0,99 + 13714 = 13725 ft

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Given:
(1) A 100 mm diameter
suction pipe leading to a
Oil
pump, as show in fig. (2) (s.g = 0,85)
The pressure at point A in
the suction pipe is a Suction pipe Discharge pipe
vacuum of 180 mm of
Datum
mercury. (3) The Pump

discharge is 0,03 m3/s of 1,2 m

oil (s.g = 0,85) A

Required :
The total energy head at Oil
point A with respect to a (s.g = 0,85)
datum at the pump.
23 June 2022 Mekanika
Fluida
solution
v2 p
H z 
2g 
Z = – 1,2 m
Q 0,03 m3 /s
v   3,82 m/s
A ( )[( 0,1 m) / 4]
2

p =h
= (13,6)(9,79 kN/m3)(– 0,18 m) = – 23,97 kN/m2

p  23,97 kN/m 2
   2,88 m
 (0,85) (9,79) kN/m 3

Maka :
H = – 1,2 m + 0,744 m – 2,88 m = – 3,336 m

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Daya
P=QH
Dimana
Jika Q (ft3/s) dan  (lb/ft3) dan H (ft) maka satuan P
adalah ft-lb/s

Jika Q (m3/s) dan  (N/m3) dan H (m) maka satuan P

adalah Nm/s atau (Watts)

1 ft-lb/s = 1,356 W atau 1 W = 0,7376 ft-lb/s

1 hp = 745,7 W atau 1 W = 0,001341 hp

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Given :
(1) A stream flows at a rate of 300 ft3/s. (2) The total
available head of the stream is 25 ft

Required :
The theoretical horsepower available.

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 solution

P=QγH
Q = 300 ft3/s
 = 62,4 lb/ft3
H = 25 ft

Sehingga daya :
P = (300 ft3/s)(62,4 lb/ft3)(25 ft)
= 468000 ft-lb/s

Dimana : 1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s

Maka:

P = 468000/550 = 851 hp

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Persamaan Energi
Persamaan energi dihasilkan dari penerapan prinsip
kekekalan energi pada aliran fluida. Energi yang
dimiliki suatu fluida yang mengalir terdiri dari energi-
energi akibat tekanan, kecepatan dan kedudukan.
Dalam arah aliran prinsip energi dapat dilihat
sebagai berikut.
hL Head loss
v12
v 22
2g
2g
Direction
of flow

Total energy p2
at poit 1 p1
 Total energy
 at poit 2

z1
z2
23 June 2022 Mekanika
Fluida
 2 2
p1 v p2 v
  z1 
1
  z2  hL
2
 2g  2g

Persamaan ini dikenal sebagai teorema

Bernoulli, persamaan ini untuk aliran mantap
fluida tak kompresibel.

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Given : (1) oil (s.g=0,84) flowing in a pipe under the
conditions show in fig. (2) the Total head loss from
point 1 to point 2 is 3 ft.
Required: Pressure at point 2
Point 1
D1 = 6 in
p1 = 65 psi

Q = 2,08 cfs 1

10, 7 ft
2
Q = 2,08 cfs
Point 2
D2 = 9 in
p2 = ?

4 ft

Reference Datum
23 June 2022 Mekanika
Fluida
 Solution
p1 v12 p2 v22
  z1    z2  hL
 2g  2g

p1 (65 lb/in 2 ) (144 in 2 /ft 2 )

  178,57 ft
 (0,84) (62,4) lb/ft 3

Q 2,08 ft 3 /s
v1    10,59 ft/s
A1 ( )[( 0,5 ft ) / 4]
2

v12 (10,59 ft/s) 2

 2
 1,74 ft
2 g (2)(32,2 ft/s )

Z1 = 10,70 ft

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 Q 2,08 ft 3 /s
v2   2
 4,71 ft/s
A2 (ππ)[(0,7 ft) /4]

v22 (4,71 ft/s) 2

 2
 0,34 ft
2 g (2)(32,2 ft/s )

Z2 = 4 ft
hL = 3 ft

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Maka :
178,57 + 1,74 + 10,7 = p2/  + 0,34 + 4 + 3

p2/  = 183,67 ft

p2 = (0,84)(62,4 lb/ft3)(183,67 ft)

= 9627 lb/ft2 atau 66,9 psi

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
Given : (1) An 8 in Required:
diameter horizontal pipe Velocity and flow rate of
attached to a reservoir, as the water being
shown in fig. (2) the water discharged from the pipe.
surface in the reservoir is
15 ft above the horizontal 1
pipe, as show in fig. (3)
the total head loss
between the water surface
15 ft
in the reservoir and the Water jet
water jet at the end of the
pipe is 6 ft. Water

23 June 2022 8 in diameter Mekanika

Fluida
 solution
p1 v12 p2 v22
  z1    z2  hL
 2g  2g
Let the water surface in the reservoir be point 1 and
the water jet at the end of the pipe be point 2.
p1/= 0 (since the water surface in the reservoir is
open to the atmosphere)

v1 = 0 (v1 is the downward velocity of the water

at the reservoir's surface; it is virtually
zero if the reservoir surface is large.)

z1 = 15 ft (letting the reference datum be at thewater

jet)

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
 p2/  = 0 (since the jet is discharging into the
atmosphere)
z2 = 0 hL = 6,0 ft
Maka : v22
0 + 0 + 15 ft = 0 + (2)(32,2 ft/s 2 ) + 0 + 6 ft

v2 = 24,1 ft/s
Dan
Q = A2 v2
 8 2
 ( )( 12 ft )  ft  ft 3
Q  24,1   8,41
 4  s s
 
23 June 2022 Mekanika
Fluida
 Tugas
No. 1 Required: (1) The discharge
Given: (1) A 50 mm of oil from the siphon. (2)
diameter siphon drawing The oil pressure at point 2.
oil (s.g. = 0,82) from an 2
oil reservoir, as shown
in Fig. (2) The head loss
2m
from point 1 (see Fig) to
1
point 2 is 1,50 m and 50 mm
Diameter siphon
from point 2 to point 3 is
2,40 m. Oil (s.g = 0,82)

5m

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
No. 2
The diameter of a 12 ft length of pipe increases
uniformly from 12 to 36 in (see Fig). Kerosene ( =
51,1 lb/ft3,  = 1,59 slugs/ft3) is flowing through the
pipe with a velocity of 6 ft/s at the 12 in end of the
pipe. Determine the (a) velocity at the midlength of
the pipe, (b) velocity at the 36 in end of the pipe, (c)
volume flow rate, (d) weight flow rate, and (e) mass
flow rate.
12 ft

6 ft 6 ft

Ø=12 in Ø=36 in

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
No. 3
Gas flows through a conduit as shown in Fig. At
section 1, the velocity of the gas is 10,5 m/s and its
mass density (at its particular temperature and
pressure) is 1,21 kg/m3. At section 2, the velocity of
the gas is 3,2 m/s. Determine the mass flow rate of
the gas and its mass density at section 2.

2
1

Ø=200 mm Ø=300 mm

v2 = 3,2 m/s
v1 = 10,5 m/s
M=?
ρ1 = 1,21 kg/m3
ρ2 = ?

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
No. 4

Figure shows a pump

B
drawing water from a
reservoir and discharging
it into the air at point B. Ø= 10 in
Ø= 8 in
Discharge pipe
Suction pipe
The pressure at point A in 40 ft

the suction pipe is a

vacuum of 10 in of
mercury. The discharge is pump 15 ft

3,00 ft3/s. Determine the A

total head at point A and

at point B with respect to 25 ft
a datum at the base of the
reservoir

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida
No. 5
Water flows from section 1 to
section 2 in the pipe shown in
Fig. At section 1, the pipe
diameter is 100 mm, fluid Ø
=
10
0 1
pressure is 300 kPa, and velocity m
m

of flow is 2,0 m/s. At section 2,

which is 2 m below section 1, the
pipe diameter is 50 mm. v1 = 2 m/s
p1 = 300 kPa
Determine the velocity of flow W
at
er
2m

and the fluid pressure at section 2

2. Assume the total head loss

from section 1 to section 2 is 3 m
v2 = ? Ø
p2 = ? =
50
hL(1-2) = 3 m m
m

23 June 2022 Mekanika

Fluida