Kertas Kebijakan Pusaka, Panduan PBB Prinsip Bisnis Dan HAM, Sept 2022
Kertas Kebijakan Pusaka, Panduan PBB Prinsip Bisnis Dan HAM, Sept 2022
Prinsip-Prinsip
Panduan PBB
untuk Bisnis & HAM:
Tinjauan &
Implementasinya
dalam Industri
Perkebunan
Kelapa Sawit
di Kalimantan Tengah,
Papua & Papua Barat
September 2022
02
1. Pendahuluan 1. Introduction
1 Meskipun bersifat lunak namun memberikan 1 Although soft in nature, it provides a normative
kekuatan normatif karena memberikan interpretasi force as it allows the interpretation to expand and
untuk memperluas dan membatasi perlindungan limit human rights protection in the context of the
HAM dalam konteks rezim yang ada. Stéphanie existing regime. Stéphanie Lagoutte, Thomas
Lagoutte, Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, John Gammeltoft-Hansen, John Cerone, Tracing the
Cerone, Tracing the Roles of Soft Law in Human Roles of Soft Law in Human Rights,(Oxford: Oxford
Rights,(Oxford: Oxford University Press, Year: 2017), University Press, Year: 2017), p.1.
hlm.1.
Upaya yang lebih luas menuju peningkatan More expansive efforts towards global
global pada isu bisnis dan HAM juga ditandai improvement in business and human rights
dengan penyusunan national action plan on issues are also indicated with the preparation
business and human rights atau rencana aksi of the national action plan on business and
nasional bisnis dan HAM (RAN BHAM). Office human rights or rencana aksi nasional bisnis
of the United Nations High Commissioner for dan HAM (RAN BHAM). The Office of the
Human Rights (OHCHR) mencatat bahwa United Nations High Commissioner for
hingga saat ini terdapat 26 negara telah Human Rights (OHCHR) recorded that to date
berstatus sebagai “states that have produced there are 26 countries that have the status as
a national action plan”.2 Salah satu fungsi “states that have produced a national action
utama RAN BHAM adalah untuk memperkuat plan”.2 One of the primary functions of RAN
koordinasi dan koherensi yang kuat dalam BHAM is to strengthen the solid coordination
pemerintah mengenai spektrum kebijakan and coherence in the government concerning
yang terkait dengan bisnis dan HAM. the policy spectrum related to business and
human rights.
2 https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/wg- 2 https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/wg-
business/national-action-plans-business-and- business/national-action-plans-business-and-
human-rights#:~:text=The%20UN%20Working human-rights#:~:text=The%20UN%20Working
%20Group%20strongly,on%20Business%20and%20 %20Group%20strongly,on%20Business%20and%20
Human%20Rights. Human%20Rights.
Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara anggota Indonesia as one of the member states of the
Dewan HAM PBB yang turut mendorong UN Human Rights Council which also
disahkannya resolusi A 17/4 mengenai encouraged the ratification of resolution A
UNGPs, memiliki ikatan moral yang kuat 17/4 regarding UNGPs, has a strong moral
untuk mengimplementasikan prinsip-prinsip commitment to implement such principles.
tersebut. Dengan demikian, Indonesia Therefore, Indonesia has the responsibility to
memiliki tanggung jawab untuk menetapkan establish the correct measures to prevent,
langkah-langkah yang tepat untuk mencegah, investigate, punish and remedy the various
menyelidiki, menghukum dan memulihkan human rights violations committed by the
berbagai pelanggaran HAM yang dilakukan private sector through a number of effective
sektor swasta melalui ragam regulasi, regulations, policies and judicial systems. The
kebijakan dan sistem peradilan yang efektif. Indonesian Government through its
Pemerintah Indonesia melalui ministries/agencies has endeavored to
kementerian/lembaga telah berupaya undertake a number of measures in adapting
melakukan sejumlah langkah dalam and integrating the UNGPs into the national
mengadaptasi dan mengintegrasikan UNGPs legal system. 3
ke dalam sistem hukum nasional. 3
The said policies among others include,
Beberapa kebijakan tersebut di antaranya, integration of business and human rights
pemerintah telah mengintegrasikan isu bisnis issues by the government into Presidential
dan HAM ke dalam Peraturan Presiden No. 53 Regulation No. 53 Year 2021 regarding
Tahun 2021 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional National Action Plan on Human Rights Year
Hak Asasi Manusia Tahun 2021-2025 2021-2025 (RANHAM Generation V). This
(RANHAM Generasi ke-V). Kebijakan ini policy is aimed at four target groups, among
menyasar pada empat kelompok sasaran,
3 Upaya Pemerintah Indonesia dalam mendorong 3 The Indonesian Government’s efforts in promoting
implementasi UNGPs di Indonesia telah dimulai the implementation of UNGPs in Indonesia have
cukup lama. Dalam memotret perkembangan been undertaken for quite some time. In capturing
tersebut, pada tahun 2019, penelitian Lembaga such development, in 2019, the research by the
Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (ELSAM) Institute for Policy Research and Advocacy (ELSAM)
mengidentifikasi setidaknya terdapat beberapa identified that at least there are several policies
kebijakan yang diterbitkan pemerintah, khususnya issued by the government, particularly the
kementerian/lembaga sebagai upaya dalam ministries/ agencies, as an effort of implementation
mengimplementasikan UNGPs dalam konteks of UNGPs in the national context. They said
nasional. Beberapa peraturan tersebut di antaranya: regulations include: Regulation of the Minister of
Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 35 Marine Affairs and Fisheries No. 35 Year 2015
Tahun 2015 tentang Sistem dan Sertifikasi HAM regarding Human Rights System and Certification in
pada Usaha Perikanan; Peraturan Presiden No. 33 Fishery Business; Presidential Regulation No. 33
Tahun 2018 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Year 2018 regarding Amendment to Presidential
Presiden No. 75 Tahun 2015 tentang Rencana Aksi Regulation No. 75 Year 2015 regarding National
Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Tahun 2015-2019; Action Plan on Human Rights Year 2015-2019;
Peraturan Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia No. Regulation of the National Commission on Human
001 Tahun 2017 tentang Pengesahan Rencana Aksi Rights No. 001 Year 2017 regarding Ratification of
Nasional Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Lihat the National Action Plans on Business and Human
Adzkar Ahsinin, Andi Muttaqien, Muhammad Rights. See Adzkar Ahsinin, Andi Muttaqien,
Busyrol Fuad, Ratu Durrotun Nafisah, Muhammad Busyrol Fuad, Ratu Durrotun Nafisah,
Perkembangan Bisnis dan HAM di Indonesia: Perkembangan Bisnis dan HAM di Indonesia:
Persepsi Negara, Korporasi dan Masyarakat Sipil, Persepsi Negara, Korporasi dan Masyarakat Sipil,
Jakarta: Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat, Jakarta: Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat,
2019. 2019.
05
Perkebunan kelapa sawit, merupakan salah Oil palm plantations constitute one of the
satu sektor industri yang sangat diandalkan industrial sectors that the government
pemerintah karena diklaim berkontribusi relies heavily on due to the claim that it
besar dalam menyokong perekonomian provides significant contributions in
nasional. Namun, faktanya sektor industri supporting the national economy.
tersebut terindikasi melakukan praktik- However, the fact is that this industrial
praktik pelanggaran HAM dan berkontribusi sector is indicated to commit practices of
terhadap pencemaran dan perusakan human rights violations and contribute to
lingkungan. Riset gabungan yang disusun environmental pollution and destruction.
oleh Yayasan PUSAKA bersama beberapa Joint research organized by Yayasan
organisasi masyarakat sipil lainnya PUSAKA with several other civil society
memperlihatkan, masih terjadi dugaan organizations indicated that there are still
pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan allegations of human rights violations and
kerusakan lingkungan pada rantai pasok environmental degradation in the oil palm
sawit. 4 supply chain. 4
4 Lihat laporan Yayasan PUSAKA et al, Demanding 4 See the report of Yayasan PUSAKA et al, Demanding
accountability: Strengthening corporate accountability: Strengthening corporate
accountability and supply chain due diligence to accountability and supply chain due diligence to
protect human rights and safeguard the protect human rights and safeguard the
environment, June 2021. Lihat juga di environment, June 2021. See also at
Mongabay.co.id, Mongabay.co.id,
https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/06/19/riset- https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/06/19/riset-
lacak-rantai-pasok-sawit-korporasi-apa- lacak-rantai-pasok-sawit-korporasi-apa-
temuannya/ temuannya/
07
Potret di atas memperlihatkan bahwa The portrait above shows that the
implementasi UNGPs di Indonesia terbilang implementation of UNGPs in Indonesia is
lambat. Hingga saat ini Pemerintah masih considered slow. To date, the Government is
disibukkan dengan mencari format kebijakan still busy with finding the right policy format
apa yang tepat untuk mentransformasikan to transform UNGPs into the national legal
UNGPs ke dalam sistem hukum nasional. system. At the same time, victims of human
Sementara pada saat yang bersamaan korban rights violations by corporations continue to
pelanggaran HAM oleh korporasi terus fall and are actually exacerbated by the
berjatuhan dan justru diperparah dengan existence of the Job Creation Law, which
keberadaan UU Cipta Kerja, yang menjadi becomes an instrument to accelerate and
instrumen untuk mempercepat dan membuka open up as much space as possible for
ruang sebesar‐besarnya bagi investasi di investment in the natural resources sector.
sektor sumber daya alam.
Surya Deva, a member of the United Nation
Surya Deva, salah satu anggota United Nation Working Group on Business and Human
Working Group on Business and Human Rights when interviewed by the Melbourne
Rights saat diwawancarai Melbourne Asia Asia Review said that there is a significant
Review menyatakan bahwa terdapat gap in the coherent actions on the part of the
kesenjangan besar dalam tindakan yang business sector and the government. Several
koheren di pihak bisnis dan pemerintah. governments that have committed to
Beberapa pemerintah yang telah adopting the RAN BHAM have not taken
berkomitmen untuk mengadopsi RAN BHAM concrete steps, and Indonesia is no
ternyata tidak mengambil langkah-langkah exception.5
konkret, tidak terkecuali Indonesia.5
5 Melbourne Asia Review, "INTERVIEW—COVID-19 and 5 Melbourne Asia Review, "INTERVIEW—COVID-19 and
Belt and Road: Some of the issues impacting Belt and Road: Some of the issues impacting
business and human rights", August 2020, business and human rights", August 2020,
https://melbourneasiareview.edu.au/interview- https://melbourneasiareview.edu.au/interview-
covid-19-and-belt-and-road-some-of-the-issues- covid-19-and-belt-and-road-some-of-the-issues-
impacting-business-and-human-rights/. impacting-business-and-human-rights/.
Berpijak pada realitas tersebut, tujuan Based on this reality, the objective of the
penyusunan kertas kebijakan ini adalah untuk preparation of this policy paper is to take a
melihat secara lebih dekat sejauh mana closer look at the extent of implementation of
implementasi UNGPs pada industri the UNGPs in the oil palm plantation industry,
perkebunan kelapa sawit, khususnya di particularly in Central Kalimantan, Papua and
Kalimantan Tengah, Papua dan Papua Barat. West Papua. These three areas were chosen
Ketiga wilayah ini dipilih karena merupakan because they are the areas with the largest oil
wilayah dengan perkebunan kelapa sawit palm plantations in Indonesia. To unravel this,
terbesar di Indonesia. Untuk mengurai hal this policy paper will provide a description of
tersebut, kertas kebijakan ini akan a number of policies issued by the
memberikan deskripsi mengenai sejumlah government regarding the oil palm plantation
kebijakan yang dikeluarkan pemerintah terkait companies’ respect for human rights. This
penghormatan perusahaan perkebunan policy paper will look at the compliance of a
kelapa sawit terhadap HAM. Kertas kebijakan number of oil palm plantation companies with
ini akan melihat bagaimana kepatuhan the UNGPs, especially because most of the
sejumlah perusahaan perkebunan kelapa companies included as case studies in this
sawit terhadap UNGPs, terlebih sebagian policy paper are companies that have a
besar perusahaan yang diletakkan sebagai commitment to respecting human rights.
studi kasus dalam kertas kebijakan ini
merupakan perusahaan yang memiliki
komitmen terhadap penghormatan HAM.
6 Sementara dalam konteks Indonesia, perkembangan 6 Meanwhile in the Indonesian context, this
ini dipotret secara apik oleh Lembaga Studi dan development is well portrayed by the Institute for
Advokasi Masyarakat (ELSAM), dalam Adzkar Policy Research and Advocacy (ELSAM), in Adzkar
Ahsinin, Andi Muttaqien, Muhammad Busyrol Fuad, Ahsinin, Andi Muttaqien, Muhammad Busyrol Fuad,
Ratu Durrotun Nafisah, Perkembangan Bisnis dan Ratu Durrotun Nafisah, Perkembangan Bisnis dan
HAM di Indonesia: Persepsi Negara, Korporasi dan HAM di Indonesia: Persepsi Negara, Korporasi dan
Masyarakat Sipil, Jakarta: Lembaga Studi dan Masyarakat Sipil, Jakarta: Lembaga Studi dan
Advokasi Masyarakat, 2019. Advokasi Masyarakat, 2019.
7 John F. Sherman III, Op Cit, hal 2 7 John F. Sherman III, Op Cit, p. 2
10
Secara umum RAN BHAM menekankan In general, RAN BHAM emphasizes the
mengenai tanggung jawab perusahaan- responsibilities of companies originating
perusahaan yang berasal dari negara-negara from countries which have released RAN
yang telah merilis RAN BHAM untuk BHAM to respect human rights wherever
menghormati HAM di mana pun mereka they operate, conduct Human Rights Due
beroperasi, melakukan Uji Tuntas HAM untuk Diligence in order to identify, prevent and
mengidentifikasi, mencegah dan memitigasi mitigate human rights risks, ensure that all
risiko HAM, memastikan semua layanan company security services comply with
pengamanan perusahaan mematuhi HAM, human rights, the responsibility of the
tanggung jawab perusahaan induk untuk parent company to identify and prevent
mengidentifikasi dan mencegah dampak impacts on human rights and the
terhadap HAM dan lingkungan yang environment resulting from its business
dihasilkan dari operasional bisnisnya, baik operations, whether directly controlled or
yang dikendalikan langsung maupun yang carried out by subcontractors and
dilakukan oleh sub-kontraktor dan suppliers.11
pemasok.11
8 Rencana Aksi Nasional Bisnis dan Hak Asasi 8 The National Action Plans on Business and Human
Manusia adalah sebuah dokumen kebijakan yang Rights are policy documents which describe the
menguraikan mengenai strategi dan instrumen yang strategies and instruments use by states to fulfill
digunakan oleh negara-negara untuk memenuhi their duties in the prevention and remediation of
tugasnya dalam mencegah dan memulihkan human rights violations related to enterprises, as
pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang terkait dengan regulated in international human rights instruments
perusahaan, sebagaimana diatur dalam instrumen and laws, and re-affirmed in the first and third
dan hukum hak asasi manusia internasional dan pillars of the UNGPs. For the developments related
ditegaskan kembali di dalam pilar pertama dan to NAPs, see https://globalnaps.org/
ketiga UNGPs. Perkembangan terkait NAPs lihat 9 https://elsam.or.id/panduan-oecd-bagi-
https://globalnaps.org/ perusahaan-perusahaan-multinasional/
9 https://elsam.or.id/panduan-oecd-bagi- 10 https://rspo.org/library/lib_files/preview/1079
perusahaan-perusahaan-multinasional/
11 Adzkar Ahsinin, Andi Muttaqien, Muhammad Busyrol
10 https://rspo.org/library/lib_files/preview/1079 Fuad, Ratu Durotun Nafisah, Rencana Aksi Nasional
11 Adzkar Ahsinin, Andi Muttaqien, Muhammad Busyrol Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia: Pembelajaran
Fuad, Ratu Durotun Nafisah, Rencana Aksi Nasional Praktik Terbaik Negara-Negara dalam Melindungi
Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia:Pembelajaran Praktik Warga Negara dari Dampak Bisnis, ELSAM, 2020
Terbaik Negara-Negara dalam Melindungi Warga
Negara dari Dampak Bisnis, ELSAM, 2020
11
Langkah negara-negara yang telah merilis The measures by the countries which
RAN BHAM tersebut diikuti oleh Organisasi have released RAN BHAM were followed
untuk Kerjasama dan Pengembangan by OECD (Organization for Economic Co-
Ekonomi (OECD - Organisation for Economic operation and Development), an
Co-operation and Development), sebuah international organization established
organisasi internasional yang didirikan untuk for economic cooperation and
kerjasama ekonomi dan pembangunan. development. Members of OECD
Anggota OECD merupakan unsur pemerintah constitute governmental elements from
dari 38 negara-negara “kaya” yang dipimpin 38 “wealthy” countries led by the United
oleh Amerika Serikat dan Eropa. Pada 2013 States and Europe. In 2013, OECD issued
OECD mengeluarkan Pedoman bagi the Guidelines for Multinational
Perusahaan Multinasional untuk Investasi Enterprises for International Investments
Internasional dan Perusahaan Multinasional. and Multinational Enterprises. These
Pedoman ini berisi rekomendasi-rekomendasi guidelines include recommendations
yang memuat prinsip-prinsip (sukarela) dan which contain (voluntary) principles and
standar-standar perilaku bisnis yang standards of responsible business
bertanggung jawab bagi Perusahaan conduct for Multinational Enterprises
Multinasional yang beroperasi di atau berasal operating in or originating from OECD
dari Negara-negara anggota OECD. member countries.
Bagian IV, V dan V Pedoman OECD secara Sections IV, V and V of the OECD Guidelines
khusus merefleksikan tanggung jawab specifically reflect the responsibilities of
perusahaan-perusahaan transnasional dan transnational and multinational enterprises
multinasional yang berasal dari 38 Negara from the 38 OECD Member Countries to: First,
Anggota OECD memiliki tanggung jawab respect human rights, both in practice and
untuk: Pertama, menghormati hak asasi through policy commitments. Enterprises
manusia, baik dalam praktek dan melalui must undertake comprehensive investigations
komitmen kebijakan. Perusahaan harus on human rights in accordance with the
melaksanakan penyelidikan menyeluruh atas provisions, in order to estimate and declare
hak asasi manusia sesuai ketentuan untuk the actual and potential human rights
memperkirakan dan menyatakan dampak hak impacts, and have processes in place to
asasi manusia yang aktual dan potensial, dan enable remediation. Second, respect the basic
memiliki proses-proses yang memungkinkan standards of workers' rights and provide
terjadinya remediasi. Kedua, menghormati decent working conditions as well as wages
standar dasar hak pekerja dan menyediakan sufficient to meet the basic needs of workers
kondisi kerja yang layak serta upah yang and their families. Third, contribute to the
cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar effective abolition of child labor, and take
pekerja dan keluarganya. Ketiga, immediate and effective measures to
berkontribusi terhadap penghapusan yang eliminate the worst forms of child labor.
efektif atas buruh anak, serta mengambil Fourth, contribute to the elimination of all
langkah-langkah segera dan efektif dalam forms of forced or compulsory labor, as well
menghapus bentuk-bentuk terburuk dari as take the necessary steps to ensure that
buruh anak. Keempat, berkontribusi terhadap such forced and compulsory labor does not
penghapusan segala bentuk kerja paksa atau exist in their operations. Fifth, identify,
kerja wajib serta mengambil langkah-langkah prevent, and mitigate the impacts that are
yang perlu untuk memastikan bahwa kerja harmful to the environment, public health and
paksa dan kerja wajib tersebut tidak ada security. The establishment of an
dalam kegiatan operasional mereka. Kelima, environmental management system must be
mengidentifikasi, mencegah, dan memitigasi implemented and continuously improve
dampak yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan, environmental performance, including
kesehatan masyarakat dan keamanan. reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Penetapan sistem manajemen lingkungan
hidup harus dilaksanakan dan secara
berkesinambungan meningkatkan performa
lingkungan, termasuk mengurangi emisi gas
rumah kaca.
Perkembangan yang terjadi pada level global The developments that occur at the global
tersebut turut mempengaruhi proses adaptasi level also affect the process of adapting the
nilai-nilai dan prinsip UNGPs ke dalam values and principles of the UNGPs into the
kebijakan dan regulasi di Indonesia. Hal ini policies and regulations in Indonesia. This is
selaras dengan masuknya isu-isu bisnis dan in line with the inclusion of business and
HAM ke dalam Perpres Nomor 53 Tahun 2021 human rights issues in Presidential
tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Hak Asasi Regulation Number 53 Year 2021 regarding
Manusia (RANHAM) 2021-2025 yang National Action Plan for Human Rights
memuat, antara lain: (RANHAM) 2021-2025 which includes,
among other things:
• Pada setiap kelompok sasaran tercantum
isu-isu yang terkait dengan bisnis dan hak • Each target group contains issues related
asasi manusia. Misalnya kelompok to business and human rights. For
sasaran perempuan, ada mandat untuk example, the women target group, there is
menjalankan aksi HAM berupa a mandate to undertake human rights
penyusunan peraturan oleh pelaku usaha actions in the form of drafting regulations
untuk melindungi hak perempuan di by business actors to protect women's
bidang ketenagakerjaan. rights in the field of employment.
• Kelompok sasaran anak dan disabilitas, • The target group of children and people
ada rencana aksi HAM untuk bebas dari with disabilities, there is a human rights
pekerja anak, dan kelompok disabilitas action plan to be free from child labors,
ada aksi untuk mendorong rekrutmen dari and in the people with disabilities group
kalangan penyandang disabilitas yang there are actions to encourage the
dilakukan lembaga pemerintah dan badan recruitment of persons with disabilities by
usaha. Untuk kelompok masyarakat adat, government agencies and business
rencana aksi yang didorong diantaranya entities. For the indigenous people group,
meningkatkan partisipasi dalam proses the action plans encouraged include
perizinan perusahaan yang berpotensi among other things increasing
bersinggungan dengan hak masyarakat participation in the company licensing
adat, misalnya pembukaan lahan baru process that has the potential of
BHR Institute, Menilik Isu Bisnis dan Hak interfering the indigenous peoples' rights,
Asasi Manusia Dalam Rencana Aksi for example, the clearing of new land of
Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (RANHAM) BHR Institute, Reviewing Business and
2020 – 2025. Human Rights Issues in the National
Human Rights Action Plan (RANHAM) of
2020 – 2025.
12 Pernyataan Pers, “Pengesahan UU Cipta Kerja: Masa 12 Press Release, “Pengesahan UU Cipta Kerja: Masa
Kelam Perlindungan Hak Asasi Warga Negara”, 6 Kelam Perlindungan Hak Asasi Warga Negara”, 6
Oktober 2020, https://elsam.or.id/pengesahan-uu- October 2020, https://elsam.or.id/pengesahan-uu-
cipta-kerja-masa-kelam-perlindungan-hak-asasi- cipta-kerja-masa-kelam-perlindungan-hak-asasi-
warga-negara/ warga-negara/
PT. Bio Inti Agroindo (PT BIA) adalah PT Bio Inti Agroindo (PT BIA) is an oil palm
perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang plantation company operating in the Merauke
beroperasi di wilayah Merauke. PT BIA region. PT BIA is a subsidiary of POSCO
merupakan anak perusahaan POSCO International, South Korea. Various reports
International, Korea Selatan. Berbagai state that, since operating in 2012, PT BIA in
laporan menyebutkan, sejak beroperasi pada its operations has committed violations of the
2012, dalam operasionalnya PT BIA telah rights of indigenous peoples, evictions and
melakukan pelanggaran terhadap hak-hak the disappearance of indigenous peoples'
masyarakat adat, penggusuran dan management areas, such as the destruction
penghilangan wilayah kelola masyarakat of the "Yawontop" sacred site of the Malind
adat, seperti penghancuran tempat keramat and Wambon Tekamerop Indigenous Peoples.
“Yawontop” Masyarakat Adat Malind dan The acquisition of ulayat lands was carried
Wambon Tekamerop. Pengambilalihan tanah- out without clear and complete explanation,
tanah ulayat dilakukan tanpa adanya and detailed information and impacts of
penjelasan yang jelas dan lengkap, dan company activities, transfer of land rights
rincian informasi dan dampak aktivitas that are still in conflict with community
perusahaan, pengalihan hak atas tanah yang claims without being resolved, unfair
masih berkonflik dengan klaim masyarakat compensation values, security approach and
tanpa terselesaikan, nilai kompensasi yang use of security apparatus in handling
tidak adil, pendekatan keamanan dan complaints, information and handling of
penggunaan aparat keamanan dalam environmental impacts that are not yet
penanganan keluhan, informasi dan complementary. The policies and actions
penanganan dampak lingkungan yang belum taken by PT BIA have allegedly resulted in the
komplementer. Kebijakan dan tindakan yang loss of indigenous peoples' rights to their
dilakukan PT. BIA diduga telah ulayat lands, deforestation, pollution and
mengakibatkan hilangnya hak-hak environmental degradation.
masyarakat adat atas tanah ulayatnya,
deforestasi, pencemaran dan kerusakan
lingkungan.
Langkah dan tindakan PT. BIA tersebut PT BIA’s measures and actions are in
berbanding terbalik dengan klaim POSCO contradiction to POSCO International's
International sebagai pemegang saham claim as the largest shareholder of PT
terbesar PT. BIA yang menyatakan PT. BIA BIA, which states that PT BIA has taken
telah mengambil langkah-langkah proaktif proactive measures to improve the
untuk meningkatkan standar sawit standards for sustainable palm oil as
berkelanjutan dan juga kredibilitas dalam well as the credibility in managing its
mengelola operasional perusahaannya. company operations. Whereas as a
Padahal sebagai anggota RSPO, ISPO dan member of RSPO, ISPO and already has
telah memiliki kebijakan NDPE, seharusnya in place an NDPE policy, PT BIA should
PT. BIA mengkaji ulang seluruh kebijakan dan have reviewed all of its company policies
operasional perusahaannya secara and operations thoroughly. This is
menyeluruh. Hal ini berkaitan dengan dugaan related to alleged violations of human
pelanggaran terhadap prinsip HAM dan rights and sustainable oil palm
perkebunan kelapa sawit berkelanjutan. plantation principles.
Tindakan dan operasional PT. BIA diduga PT BIA’s actions and operations have
telah melanggar P&C RSPO, khususnya allegedly violated the RSPO P&C,
Prinsip 1, Prinsip 2, dan Prinsip 4 yang secara particularly Principle 1, Principle 2 and
mendasar menegaskan tanggung jawab Principle 4 which fundamentally affirm
setiap perkebunan kelapa sawit untuk: the responsibility of every oil palm
berperilaku etis dan transparan dalam plantation to: behave ethically and
menjalankan operasional perusahaannya transparently in the conduct of its
guna memastikan hubungan yang kuat dan company operations in order to ensure
sehat dengan pemangku kepentingan; strong and healthy relationships with the
beroperasi secara legal dan menghormati hak stakeholders; operate legally and respect
(asasi manusia) dengan mematuhi semua (human) rights by complying with all
peraturan perundangan yang berlaku pada applicable laws and regulations at the
tingkat daerah dan nasional, serta regional and national, as well as
internasional yang diratifikasi menjadi international levels which are ratified into
undang-undang; mengoptimalkan laws; optimize productivity, efficiency,
produktivitas, efisiensi, dampak positif dan positive impact and resilience by
ketahanan dengan melakukan Kajian Dampak conducting a comprehensive Social and
Sosial dan Lingkungan (Social and Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment/ “SEIA”) ("SEIA") prior to commencing new
yang menyeluruh sebelum memulai plantings or operations, and the social
penanaman atau operasi baru, serta rencana and environmental management and
kelola dan pemantauan sosial dan lingkungan monitoring plans are implemented and
dilaksanakan dan diperbaharui secara berkala updated regularly in its company
dalam operasi-operasi perusahaannya; operations; Respect the community
Menghormati hak masyarakat dan HAM, rights and human rights, generate
menghasilkan manfaat (bagi masyarakat benefits (for the surrounding
sekitar) dengan memastikan operasional communities) by ensuring that the
perusahaan tidak mengurangi hak legal, adat company’s operations do not impair the
atau pemanfaatan yang dimiliki masyarakat legal, customary or utilization rights of
dan pengguna lainnya, kecuali dengan the communities and other users, except
persetujuan mereka atas dasar informasi di with their free, prior and informed
awal dan tanpa paksaan. consent.
21
dan/atau kerugian yang telah dilakukan pada and/or losses which resulted during the
saat-saat operasional perusahaan, dan sesaat company's operations, and shortly before
sebelum mendeklarasikan sebagai declaring as a company which is
perusahaan yang memiliki komitmen committed to Environmental Protection;
terhadap Perlindungan Lingkungan; Protection and Respect for Human
Perlindungan dan Penghormatan Terhadap Rights; Social Inclusion and NDPE. This
Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM); Inklusi Sosial dan is important to affirm that the gradual
NDPE. Hal ini penting untuk menegaskan changes made by the company are
bahwa perubahan gradual yang dilakukan carried out without “leaving” social
perusahaan dilakukan tanpa “menyisakan” problems and “debts” in the past.
permasalahan dan “utang” sosial di masa
lalu. Studies, reviews and policies on dealing
with human rights violations that have
Kajian, review dan kebijakan penanganan been carried out should be widely
pelanggaran HAM yang dilakukan semestinya publicized, including using a language
dipublikasikan secara luas, termasuk which is understood by the affected
menggunakan bahasa yang dimengerti indigenous peoples, and be open to
masyarakat adat terdampak, dan membuka receive inputs from the community and
diri untuk mendapatkan masukkan dari civil society organizations.
masyarakat dan organisasi masyarakat sipil.
3.2. Studi Kasus Korindo Group, di Merauke 3.1. Case Study of Korindo Group, in Merauke
dan Boven Digoel, Provinsi Papua. and Boven Digoel, Papua Province.
Korindo Group merupakan salah satu Korindo Group is one of the oil palm
perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang plantation companies which controls
menguasai lahan perkebunan di wilayah plantation fields in the Merauke and Boven
Merauke dan Boven Digoel. Laporan-laporan Digoel areas. Human rights reports and
hak asasi manusia dan laporan investigasi investigative reports of Institutions
Lembaga-lembaga yang bergerak di isu working on environmental issues have
lingkungan hidup menemukan kebakaran dan discovered fires and environmental
kerusakan lingkungan di lokasi perkebunan degradation in the locations of oil palm
kelapa sawit yang dikuasai Korindo Group plantations controlled by Korindo Group
(BBC, 2021). (BBC, 2021).
Fakta-fakta mengenai dugaan pembabatan The facts regarding alleged forest clearing
hutan dan pelanggaran hak-hak masyarakat and violations of indigenous peoples'
adat dikuatkan dengan hilangnya hutan- rights are corroborated by the loss of
hutan adat milik masyarakat. Hutan adat customary forests which belonged to the
sudah tak berpohon, tanaman hutan berubah community. Customary forests no longer
menjadi tanaman kelapa sawit. Masyarakat have trees, forest plants have turned into
sudah tidak bisa mengakses dan oil palm crops. The community is no longer
mendapatkan sumber-sumber penghidupan able to access and obtain the sources of
yang ada di hutan. Masyarakat tidak livelihood in the forest. The community
mengetahui dan tidak dilibatkan bagaimana does not know about and is not engaged in
lahan-lahan dan hutan tempat mereka how the business licenses for the lands
24
menggantungkan hidupnya telah diberikan and forests on which they depend have
izin usaha dan dialihkan menjadi milik been granted and transferred to Korindo. In
Korindo. Tahun 2020, terjadi kekerasan 2020, there was violence against local
terhadap orang asli setempat melibatkan indigenous people involving members of
anggota kepolisian yang bertugas di areal the police force who served in the
perusahaan PT. Tunas Sawa Erma POP A. company area of PT Tunas Sawa Erma
Kekerasan berlangsung di halaman kantor POP A. The violence took place in the
perusahaan dan disaksikan manager company's office yard and was witnessed
perusahaan. by the company manager.
Proses perizinan yang diperoleh Korindo The licensing process obtained by Korindo
dilakukan dengan banyak kecurangan dan was carried out with a lot of fraud and
janji-janji. Terlebih proses pemberian konsesi promises. What is more, the process of
bagi Korindo dilakukan pada saat-saat akhir granting concessions to Korindo was
masa jabatan Menteri Kehutanan periode carried out at the end of the 2009-2014
2009-2014 yang luas. Prinsip yang term of office of the Minister of Forestry.
menegaskan hak masyarakat adat untuk The principle that affirms the right of
mengetahui dan menentukan bentuk-bentuk indigenous peoples to know and determine
kegiatan apa yang diinginkan pada wilayah what forms of activity they desire in their
mereka tidak pernah dijelaskan secara detail territory has never been explained in detail
oleh Korindo. Sehingga, hilangnya lahan dan by Korindo. Therefore, the loss of land and
hutan milik masyarakat adat berpotensi forests belonging to the indigenous
mempengaruhi ruang hidup dan populasi peoples is potentially affecting the living
warga Papua di Merauke dan Boven Digoel. space and population of Papuans in
Dalam filosofi Papua, kala tanah dan hutan Merauke and Boven Digoel. In Papuan
hilang, maka orang asli Papua (bisa) habis. philosophy, when land and forests are lost,
the native Papuans (could be) lost.
Sebagian besar operasional perusahaan
perkebunan yang berada di bawah Korindo Most of the operations of plantation
Group diduga telah mengakibatkan dampak companies under Korindo Group have
buruk terhadap kelangsungan hidup allegedly resulted in negative impact on
masyarakat adat dan lingkungan. Dampak- the sustainability of indigenous peoples
dampak ini tentunya tidak dapat dilepaskan and the environment. These impacts
dari klaim dan kebijakan Korindo Group yang certainly cannot be separated from the
pada 2020-2021 “bertransformasi” dengan claims and policies of Korindo Group,
menjadikan hak asasi manusia dan which in 2020-2021 "transformed" by
environmental, social and governance (ESG) making human rights and environmental,
sebagai pijakan dalam operasional social and governance (ESG) the basis for
perusahaannya. Kemajuan Korindo Group its company operations. Korindo Group's
dalam komitmen cukup berarti, namun progress in the commitment is quite
transformasi tersebut tidak dapat mengurangi meaningful, but such transformation
dan/atau menghalangi tanggung jawab cannot reduce and/or prevent its social,
sosial, hak asasi manusia dan lingkungan human rights and environmental
atas tindakan-tindakannya di masa lalu yang responsibilities for its past actions which
diduga melanggar berbagai nilai dan prinsip allegedly violate various values and
di dalam RSPO, ISPO maupun NDPE. Prinsip principles in the RSPO, ISPO and NDPE.
1, Prinsip 2, dan Prinsip 4 secara jelas Principle 1, Principle 2, and Principle 4
menggambarkan mengenai tanggung jawab clearly describe the responsibilities of
25
3.3. Studi Kasus PT. Inti Kebun Sawit (PT. 3.3. Case Study of PT Inti Kebun Sawit (PT
IKS) dan PT. Inti Kebun Sejahtera (PT. IKS) and PT Inti Kebun Sejahtera (PT
IKSJ), Kabupaten Sorong, Provinsi IKSJ), Sorong Regency, West Papua
Papua Barat Province
PT. IKS dan PT. IKSJ merupakan anak PT IKS and PT IKSJ are subsidiaries of PT
perusahaan dari PT. Ciliandry Anky Abadi Ciliandry Anky Abadi (CAA), which acquired
(CAA), yang mengakuisisi PT. IKSJ dan PT. PT IKSJ and PT IKS from Kayu Lapis
IKS dari perusahaan Kayu Lapis Indonesia Indonesia (KALIA) Group company. CAA also
(KALIA) Group. CAA juga mengakuisisi acquired an oil palm company, PT Inti Kebun
perusahaan kelapa sawit PT. Inti Kebun Lestari (PT IKL) in the region.13 It is
Lestari (PT. IKL) di daerah ini.13 Diketahui identified that the shares of PT CAA are
saham PT. CAA dimiliki Ciliandry Fangiono, owned by Ciliandry Fangiono, one of
salah satu orang terkaya di Indonesia versi Indonesia’s richest persons according to
majalah Forbes. Forbes magazine.
Pengurus dan pemilik saham CAA The management and shareholders of CAA
menunjukkan CAA bagian dari First Resources indicate that CAA is part of First Resources
Group, namun CAA menolak.14 First Group, but CAA denies it.14 First Resources
Resources merupakan spin-off dari PT. Surya was a spin-off from PT Surya Dumai Industri
Dumai Industri (PT. SDI), sebuah perusahaan (PT SDI), a company founded by Martias
yang didirikan oleh Martias Fangiono. Fangiono. Martias Fangiono 15 was a key
Martias Fangiono 15 merupakan pemain player in the Indonesian timber business
utama dalam bisnis kayu Indonesia selama during and after Soeharto’s era. As of June
dan setelah Era Soeharto. Per Juni 2018, 2018, the CAA group is owned by Martias
group CAA dimiliki oleh istri ketua Martias Fangiono’s second wife, Silvia Caroline and
Fangiono, Silvia Caroline dan anak- his children.16
anaknya.16
13 Total luasan konsesi berdasarkan IUP ketiga 13 The total concession area under the three
perusahaan tersebut di wilayah Kabupaten Sorong, companies’ IUP in Sorong Regency areas, PT IKL
PT. IKL (34.400 ha), PT. IKS (37.000 ha), PT. IKSJ (34,400 ha), PT IKS (37,000 ha), PT IKSJ (38,300
(38.300 ha) ha)
14 CAA membantah hal ini, bahwa mereka adalah unit 14 CAA denies this, saying that they are a separate
usaha yang terpisah dan tidak memiliki hubungan business entity and not related to First Resources
dengan First Resources baik dalam hal ekuitas both in terms of equity and operations.
maupun operasional. https://www.musimmas.com/case/ciliandry-
https://www.musimmas.com/case/ciliandry-anky- anky-abadi-caa/?lang=id. This argumentation is
abadi-caa/?lang=id. Argumentasi ini sulit untuk difficult to accept, considering that the review of
diterima, mengingat tinjauan profil registry the company's registry profile highlighted
perusahaan menyoroti banyak hubungan antara numerous relations between First Resources and
First Resources dan group CAA. CAA group.
28
15 Walaupun Martias tidak memiliki fungsi resmi di 15 Although Martias does not have an official function
First Resource, namun CEO First Resources adalah in First Resource, the CEO of First Resources is
putra Martias dari pernikahan pertamanya, yaitu Martias’ son from his first marriage, namely
Ciliandra Fangiono. Dalam pernyataan tertanggal 12 Ciliandra Fangiono. In the statement dated 12 July
Juli 2018, First Resources menyatakan bahwa 2018, First Resources stated that Ciliandra
Ciliandra Fangiono dan saudara-saudaranya adalah Fangiono and her relatives are the controlling
pemegang saham pengendali First Resources. First shareholders of First Resources. First Resources
Resources (2018c) (2018c)
16 Greenpeace, Final Countdown: Now of Never to 16 Greenpeace, Final Countdown: Now of Never to
Reform The Palm Oil Industry. Reform The Palm Oil Industry.
https://www.greenpeace.org/international/publicati https://www.greenpeace.org/international/publicati
on/18455/the-final-countdown-forests-indonesia- on/18455/the-final-countdown-forests-indonesia-
palm-oil/ palm-oil/
29
Berdasarkan catatan Yayasan Pusaka Bentala Based on the records of Yayasan Pusaka
Rakyat, sepanjang Januari hingga April 2022, Bentala Rakyat, from January to April 2022,
ratusan hektare hutan hujan tropis di hundreds of hectares of tropical rain forest in
Kabupaten Sorong, Provinsi Papua Barat Sorong Regency, West Papua Province were
digunduli, untuk usaha perkebunan kelapa cleared for the palm oil plantation business of
sawit dua perusahaan tersebut. Berdasarkan the above mentioned two companies. Based
informasi citra satelit dan keterangan warga, on information from satellite images and
diperkirakan hutan yang hilang digusur dua information from the residents, it is estimated
perusahaan tersebut, yakni PT. IKSJ seluas 60 that the lost forest has been cleared by the
hektar dan PT. IKS seluas 240, seluruhnya two companies, namely 60 hectares by PT
seluas 300 hektar. Masyarakat adat yang IKSJ and 240 by PT IKS, for a total of 300
tinggal di sekitar perusahaan menyampaikan hectares. The indigenous people living around
penebangan kawasan hutan tanpa melibatkan the company report that the forest area is
masyarakat, tidak ada informasi yang being cleared without engaging the
memadai. community, there was no adequate
information.
Operasional PT. IKS di Distrik Seget dan Moi
Segen, Kabupaten Sorong, diduga melanggar The operations of PT IKS in Seget and Moi
hak-hak masyarakat adat, terjadi deforestasi Segen Districts, Sorong Regency have
dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup. Kehadiran allegedly been violating the indigenous
PT. IKS juga telah menimbulkan ketegangan people’s rights, leading to deforestation and
dan perpecahan antara kelompok environmental degradation. The presence of
masyarakat. PT IKS have also resulted in tensions and
disunity among the community groups.
Laporan hasil evaluasi perizinan perkebunan
kelapa sawit Provinsi Papua Barat (2021) The report on the evaluation of oil palm
mengungkap tiga perusahaan yaitu PT. IKSJ, plantation licensing in West Papua Province
PT. IKS dan PT. IKL melakukan pelanggaran (2021) revealed that three companies, namely
legalitas administrasi perizinan dan PT IKSJ, PT IKS and PT IKL have committed
pelanggaran operasional, antara lain violations of the legality of licensing
perusahaan tidak memenuhi kewajiban dalam administration and operational violations,
IUP, belum ada pembangunan kebun plasma, among other things, the companies did not
tidak melakukan pelaporan perubahan fulfill the obligations in the IUP, have not
kepemilikan saham dan kepengurusan, developed any plasma plantation, failed to
melakukan penggusuran hutan penanaman report changes in shareholding and
tanpa izin (2008), dan sebagainya. management, carried out unauthorized
clearing of plantation forests (2008), etc.
Menindaklanjuti hasil temuan tersebut, pada Following up on these findings, in 2021, the
tahun 2021, Bupati Sorong mencabut izin Regent of Sorong revoked the business
usaha PT. IKL dengan mendasarkan sejumlah license of PT IKL based upon a number of
kebijakan, diantaranya Inpres No. 8 Tahun policies, including Presidential Instruction No.
2018 tentang Penundaan dan Evaluasi 8 Year 2018 regarding Suspension and
Perizinan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit serta Evaluation of Oil Palm Plantation Licenses as
Peningkatan Produktivitas Perkebunan well as Increasing the Productivity of Oil Palm
Kelapa Sawit, Koordinasi dan Supervisi yang Plantations, Coordination and Supervision
dilakukan oleh Komisi Pemberantasan carried out by the Corruption Eradication
Korupsi (KPK) melalui Gerakan Nasional Commission (KPK) through the National
Penyelamatan Sumber Daya Alam (GNPSDA), Movement for Saving Natural Resources
Deklarasi Manokwari 2018 dll. 17 Atas (GNPSDA), Manokwari Declaration 2018,
keputusan tersebut, perusahaan menggugat etc.17 Upon such a decision, the company
Bupati Sorong ke PTUN Jayapura hingga sued the Regent of Sorong at the Jayapura
tahap banding di Pengadilan Tinggi Tata State Administrative Court up to the appeal
Usaha Negara di Makassar. stage at the State Administrative High Court
in Makassar.
Pelanggaran terhadap hak-hak masyarakat
adat menunjukkan buruknya pengelolaan Violations of the rights of indigenous peoples
bisnis perkebunan kelapa sawit. Operasional indicate the poor management of the oil palm
perusahaan yang mengabaikan hak-hak plantation business. Company operations
masyarakat adat, tidak adil dan tidak which disregard the rights of indigenous
menjalankan prinsip keberlanjutan lingkungan peoples, which are unfair and fail to
telah berdampak pada hilangnya mata implement the principles of environmental
pencaharian dan akses terhadap sustainability, have resulted in the loss of
pemanfaatan sumber pangan, serta resiko livelihoods and access to utilization of food
bencana ekologis yang harus ditanggung sources, as well as the risk of ecological
masyarakat adat. disasters which must be assumed by
indigenous peoples.
17 Dasar hukum lainnya diantaranya, Surat Keputusan 17 Other legal bases among others are Decision Letter
Bupati Sorong No. 660.1/126/Tahun 2014 yang of the Regent of Sorong No. 660.1/126/Tahun 2014
menentukan bahwa dalam hal perusahaan tidak which provides that in the event that a company
memenuhi kewajiban dalam IUP, maka iUP dicabut, fails to fulfill the obligations in the IUP, the said IUP
Surat Keputusan Kepala Dinas Tanaman Pangan shall be revoked, Decision Letter of the Head of
dan Hortikultura dan Perkebunan Prov. Papua Barat Food Crops and Horticultural and Plantation Service
No. 71/520/TPHBUN-PB/2019 tentang Penetapan Office of West Papua Province No.
Tim Kerja Evaluasi Perizinan Usaha Kebun Sawit di 71/520/TPHBUN-PB/2019 regarding Stipulation of
Prov. Papua Barat, Peraturan Daerah Kab. Sorong the Working Team for Evaluation of Oil Palm
No. 10 Tahun 2017 tentang Pengakuan dan Plantation Business Licensing in West Papua
Perlindungan Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Moi Kab. Province, Regional Regulation of Sorong Regency
Sorong, SK Bupati Sorong Nomor No. 10 Year 2017 regarding Recognition and
502/KEP.36/III/Tahun 2021 tentang Tim Evaluasi Protection of Customary Law Community in Moi,
dan Tindak Lanjut Rencana Aksi Perizinan Usaha Sorong Regency, Decision Letter of the Regent of
Perkebunan Sawit di Kabupaten Sorong. Sorong Number 502/KEP.36/III/Tahun 2021
regarding Team for Evaluation and Follow Up to the
Action Plan on Oil Palm Plantation Business
Licensing in Sorong Regency.
31
3.4. Studi kasus PT. Susantri Permai (anak 3.4. Case Study of PT Susantri Permai (a
perusahaan Genting Group), di Kapuas, subsidiary of Genting Group), in Kapuas,
Kalimantan Tengah. Central Kalimantan.
18 https://rspo.org/members/2 18 https://rspo.org/members/2
33
PT. Susantri Permai menjadi sorotan karena PT Susantri Permai came to the spotlight for
kasus pembukaan lahan hutan yang tidak the case of forest land clearing which was not
sesuai prosedur. Pada September 2013, Polda in accordance with the procedures. In
Kalimantan Tengah telah melimpahkan kasus September 2013, the Central Kalimantan
tersebut ke Kejaksaan Negeri Kapuas yang Regional Police submitted the case to the
menetapkan Direktur Utama perusahaan Kapuas District Attorney’s Office, which
tersebut sebagai tersangka perambah hutan. stipulated the company’s President Director
Sayangnya, walaupun terlilit berbagai as a suspect in illegal logging. Unfortunately,
masalah, faktanya perusahaan masih despite facing numerous issues, the company
beraktivitas hingga saat ini. still as a matter of fact carries out its
activities to date.
Sebagai induk dari PT. Susantri Permai,
Genting Plantations merupakan anggota As the parent of PT Susantri Permai, Genting
RSPO. Perusahaan tidak memiliki kebijakan Plantations is a member of the RSPO. The
NDPE publik dan tidak membuat peta batas company does not have any public NDPE
konsesinya tersedia untuk umum dalam policies and it has not made its concession
format yang dapat digunakan. Genting boundaries map available for the public in
tercatat beberapa kali diadukan ke usable format. It is recorded that Genting
mekanisme complaint di RSPO karena terlibat have been brought several times to the
dalam berbagai pelanggaran, diantaranya complaint mechanism in RSPO for its
dugaan pembunuhan orangutan di salah satu involvement in various violations, among
perkebunannya pada tahun 2017 19 dan other things the alleged killing of an
pengembangan perkebunan ilegal di hutan orangutan in one of its plantations in 2017
produksi oleh tiga anak perusahaannya. 19 and the illegal plantation developments in
production forest by three of its subsidiaries.
Sejumlah pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh
PT. Susantri Permai menunjukkan bahwa A number of violations committed by PT
perusahaan telah abai terhadap regulasi- Susantri Permai indicate that the company
regulasi dan standar-standar yang berlaku has disregarded the regulations and
dalam pengembangan perkebunan kelapa standards applicable in the development of
sawit yang berkelanjutan. Sebagai anak sustainable oil palm plantations. As a
perusahaan Genting Plantations yang subsidiary of Genting Plantations, which is a
merupakan anggota RSPO, harusnya member of the RSPO, it should have seriously
menerapkan secara sungguh-sungguh prinsip implemented the sustainable oil palm
dan standar perkebunan kelapa sawit yang plantation principles and standards must
berkelanjutan yang dikembangkan oleh RSPO strictly apply the principles and standards of
yang telah secara jelas mencantumkan sustainable oil palm plantations developed by
tanggung jawab perusahaan perkebunan the RSPO, which have clearly set out the
kelapa sawit untuk mematuhi peraturan responsibilities of oil palm plantation
perundang-undangan; menerapkan praktik companies to comply with the laws and
perkebunan yang baik; melakukan regulations; implement good plantation
pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, sumber daya practices; undertake management of the
alam, dan keanekaragaman hayati; environment, natural resources, and
(melaksanakan) tanggung jawab sosial dan biodiversity; (implement) social responsibility
menghormati HAM. and respect the human rights.
19 Mongabay, “Kapan Penderitaan Hidup Orangutan 19 Mongabay, “Kapan Penderitaan Hidup Orangutan
Berakhir”, https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/ Berakhir”, https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/
02/18/kapan-penderitaan-hidup-orangutan- 02/18/kapan-penderitaan-hidup-orangutan-
berakhir/ berakhir/
34
Jika mencermati studi kasus yang ada, cukup Thorough review of the existing case studies
memberikan gambaran bahwa implementasi has sufficiently provided an illustration that
UNGPs di sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit the implementation of UNGPs in the oil palm
khususnya di Kalimantan Tengah, Papua dan plantation sector, particularly in Central
Papua Barat lambat, bahkan tidak berjalan Kalimantan, Papua and West Papua has been
efektif. Hal ini turut mengkonfirmasi slow and even ineffective. This also confirms
pernyataan Surya Deva (salah satu anggota the previous statement of Surya Deva (a
United Nation Working Group on Business and member of the United Nations Working Group
Human Rights) sebelumnya yang menyatakan on Business and Human Rights) that there is
bahwa terdapat kesenjangan besar dalam a substantial gap in the coherent actions on
tindakan yang koheren di pihak bisnis dan the part of the business sector and the
pemerintah. government.
Hal tersebut cukup beralasan. Pasalnya, This is sufficiently founded. This is because,
walaupun Pemerintah menyadari pentingnya although the Government is aware of the
mengintegrasikan HAM dalam aspek bisnis importance of integrating human rights in the
melalui sejumlah kebijakan yang diinisiasi business aspect through a number of policies
oleh kementerian/lembaga, namun initiated by the ministries/agencies, the
Pemerintah terlihat tidak mengambil langkah- Government does not appear to have taken
langkah konkret dan sungguh-sungguh dalam concrete and serious steps in ensuring the
memastikan ketaatan perusahaan terhadap companies’ human rights compliance.
HAM. Sebaliknya, langkah Pemerintah Conversely, the Government's steps tend to be
cenderung paradoks, di satu sisi Pemerintah paradoxical, on the one hand the Government
mengupayakan sejumlah langkah untuk undertakes a number of steps to encourage
mendorong implementasi UNGPs namun the implementation of the UNGPs, but at the
pada saat yang sama, Pemerintah same time, the Government accelerates a
mengakselerasi sejumlah kebijakan yang number of policies that reduce the respect for
mereduksi penghormatan HAM dengan lebih human rights by prioritizing natural
memprioritas pembangunan ekonomi yang resources-based economic development,
berbasis sumber daya alam, salah satunya UU among others the Job Creation Law.
Cipta Kerja.
Pada saat yang bersamaan, komitmen At the same time, the enterprises’
perusahaan dalam melakukan perbaikan dan commitments in implementing
pengarusutamaan HAM dalam operasi bisnis improvement and mainstreaming of
mereka dipertanyakan, mengingat banyaknya human rights in their business operations
kasus pelanggaran HAM yang disebabkan are questioned, given the rampant cases
oleh aktivitas bisnis.20 Padahal jika of human rights violations caused by
mendasarkan pada Prinsip 13 UNGPs, business activities.20 Whereas if it is
menekankan bahwa tanggung jawab untuk based upon Principle 13 of the UNGPs, it
menghormati HAM mengharuskan is emphasized that the responsibility to
perusahaan untuk: respect human rights requires that
enterprises:
a. Menghindari menyebabkan atau terlibat
pada dampak yang merugikan hak asasi a. Avoid causing or contributing to
manusia yang terjadi karena aktivitas adverse human rights impacts
mereka sendiri dan mengatasi dampak- through their own activities, and
dampak tersebut ketika muncul; address such impacts when they
occur;
b. Berusaha untuk mencegah atau
menangani dampak HAM yang merugikan b. Seek to prevent or mitigate adverse
yang secara langsung berkaitan dengan human rights impacts that are directly
kegiatan mereka, produk, atau jasa dari linked to their operations, products or
hubungan bisnis mereka, meskipun services by their business
mereka tidak berkontribusi pada terjadinya relationships, even if they have not
dampak-dampak tersebut. contributed to those impacts.
Walaupun dalam konteks Pilar Penghormatan Although in the context of the Pillar of
HAM (Pilar 2 UNGPs), inisiatif sukarela Respect for Human Rights (Pillar 2 of the
beberapa entitas bisnis untuk UNGPs), voluntary initiatives of several
mengarusutamakan aspek keberlanjutan business entities to mainstream
dalam aktivitas bisnis mereka telah dilakukan sustainability aspects in their business
dengan melandaskan pada komitmen mereka activities have been carried out based
terhadap sejumlah instrumen seperti RSPO, upon their commitment to a number of
ISPO, NDPE, namun dalam prakteknya, instruments, such as RSPO, ISPO, NDPE,
operasi bisnis mereka telah melanggar in practice however, their business
Prinsip 13 UNGPs tersebut. operations have violated Principle 13 of
the UNGPs.
20 Lihat laporan Komnas HAM, bahwa Korporasi 20 See the National Commission on Human
merupakan aktor yang paling banyak diadukan Rights’ report, that Corporations are the actors
setelah kepolisian. most reported against after the police.
36
Melihat fenomena tersebut, pada prinsipnya In view of this phenomenon, the UNGPs in
UNGPs menyadari tanggung jawab principle realize that the enterprises’
perusahaan terhadap HAM tidak cukup hanya responsibility for human rights is
mendasarkan pada komitmen-komitmen yang insufficient to merely base it upon the
telah mereka tuangkan dalam kebijakan commitments which they have set out into
perusahaan. Prinsip 15 UNGPs, telah the company policies. Principle 15 of the
memberikan panduan bagaimana sejatinya UNGPs has provided guidance on how a
sebuah entitas bisnis menghormati HAM, business entity truly respects human rights,
yaitu dengan cara: namely by way of:
1. Mengadakan komitmen kebijakan (policy 1. Establishing a policy commitment to
commitment) yang mendukung tanggung meet their responsibility to respect
jawab menghormati hak asasi manusia; human rights;
2. Menjalankan uji tuntas hak asasi manusia 2. Carrying out a human rights due
(human rights due diligence) secara terus diligence process to identify, prevent,
menerus untuk mengidentifikasi, mitigate and account for how they
mencegah, mitigasi dan menghitung address their impacts on human rights;
dampak hak asasi manusia;
3. Have in place the processes to enable
3. Memiliki proses-proses yang memungkin the remediation of any adverse human
remediasi (remediation) bagi dampak yang rights impacts they cause or to which
mengurangi hak asasi manusia atas they contribute.
aktivitas dan kontribusi bisnis mereka.
Secara lebih mendasar, dalam memaknai dan More fundamentally, in interpreting and
menerjemahkan UNGPs, agar translating the UNGPs, in order that their
implementasinya berjalan efektif, perlu implementation is effective, it is necessary
mensyaratkan adanya langkah-langkah to require "A smart mix of measures". Shift
campuran cerdas “A smart mix of measures”. has developed statements on the role of
Shift telah mengembangkan pernyataan smart design measures when
tentang peran langkah-langkah rancangan implementing UNGPs, among other things
cerdas saat menerapkan UNGPs, diantaranya 1). The State's obligation to protect is not
1). Kewajiban Negara untuk melindungi a passive task, but rather, a proactive one;
bukanlah tugas pasif, melainkan tugas 2) The State's obligation to protect is
proaktif; 2) Kewajiban Negara untuk fulfilled through a combination of
melindungi dipenuhi melalui kombinasi intelligent actions; 3) The smart mix of
tindakan yang cerdas; 3) Perpaduan cerdas actions should involve legislative and
antara tindakan harus melibatkan tindakan regulatory actions; 4) Measures involving
legislatif dan peraturan; 4) Langkah-langkah Human Rights Due Diligence must be in
yang melibatkan Uji Tuntas HAM wajib sejalan line with the UNGPs and there are strong
dengan UNGPs dan terdapat alasan kuat bagi reasons for the state to consider them. 21
negara untuk mempertimbangkannya. 21 In the context of the increasing number of
Dalam konteks maraknya berbagai sustainability issues in the oil palm
permasalahan keberlanjutan di industri plantation industry, the application of “A
perkebunan kelapa sawit, penerapan “A Smart Smart Mix Measures” is very relevant for
Mix Measures” sangat relevan untuk implementation.
diterapkan.
21 Shift Project, Fulfilling the State Duty to Protect: A 21 Shift Project, Fulfilling the State Duty to Protect: A
statement on the role of mandatory measures in a statement on the role of mandatory measures in a
“smart mix” when implementing the “smart mix” when implementing the
UNGPs,https://www.shiftproject.org/media/resourc UNGPs,https://www.shiftproject.org/media/resourc
es/docs/shift-stateduty-to protect.pdf, diakses es/docs/shift-stateduty-to protect.pdf, diakses
pada 30 Agustus 2022. pada 30 Agustus 2022.
Walaupun usia UNGPs sudah menginjak Even though the UNGPs are in their eleventh
tahun kesebelas, namun potret di atas year, the portrait above shows that the
memperlihatkan bahwa integrasi dan integration and implementation of UNGPs in
implementasi UNGPs di Indonesia terbilang Indonesia is relatively slow. To date, the
lambat. Hingga saat ini Pemerintah masih Government is still busy with finding the right
disibukkan dengan mencari format kebijakan policy format to transform UNGPs into the
apa yang tepat untuk mentransformasikan national legal system. What is more, the
UNGPs ke dalam sistem hukum nasional. Government's policies seem paradoxical, on
Bahkan, kebijakan Pemerintah terlihat the one hand through Ministries/Agencies, it
paradoks, di satu sisi melalui continues to encourage the implementation of
Kementerian/Lembaga, terus mendorong the UNGPs, but at the same time the
implementasi UNGPs, namun pada saat yang Government has passed the Job Creation Law,
sama Pemerintah telah mengesahkan UU which becomes an instrument to accelerate
Cipta Kerja, yang menjadi instrumen untuk and open up as much space as possible for
mempercepat dan membuka ruang investments in the natural resources sector,
sebesar‐besarnya bagi investasi di sektor with the risk of reducing the respect for and
sumber daya alam yang beresiko mereduksi protection of human rights.
penghormatan dan perlindungan HAM.
Pada pilar penghormatan HAM, inisiatif- On the pillar of respect for human rights,
inisiatif sukarela beberapa entitas bisnis voluntary initiatives of several business
untuk mengarusutamakan HAM dalam entities to mainstream human rights in
kebijakannya telah didasarkan pada sejumlah their policies have been based upon a
instrumen, seperti RSPO, ISPO, NDPE dll. number of instruments, such as RSPO,
Walaupun begitu, hal tersebut belum ISPO, NDPE etc. However, this has not
tergambarkan dalam praktik mereka. Sebagai been reflected in their practice. As a case
sebuah studi kasus, implementasi UNGPs study, the implementation of UNGPs in the
pada industri perkebunan kelapa sawit, oil palm plantation industry, particularly in
khususnya di Kalimantan Tengah, Papua dan Central Kalimantan, Papua and West
Papua Barat telah menggambarkan sejumlah Papua, has illustrated a number of
tantangan dalam implementasi UNGPs di challenges in the implementation of
tingkat lokal. Untuk itu, Pemerintah UNGPs at the local level. Therefore, the
berkewajiban mengambil sejumlah langkah Government must undertake a number of
konkret yang tepat melalui kebijakan, appropriate concrete measures through
legislasi, regulasi untuk mencegah praktik- policies, legislations, and regulations to
praktik pelanggaran HAM oleh perusahaan prevent the continuing practices of human
agar tidak terus terjadi. rights violations by enterprises.
b) Melakukan uji tuntas hak asasi manusia b) Continuously carrying out a human rights
(human rights due diligence) secara terus due diligence process to identify, prevent,
menerus untuk mengidentifikasi, mitigate and account for how they address
mencegah, mitigasi dan menghitung their impacts on human rights;
dampak hak asasi manusia;
1. The company identifies and assesses
1) Perusahaan mengidentifikasi dan any potential or actual adverse human
menilai setiap dampak buruk potensial rights impacts, which the company
atau aktual terhadap hak asasi may be involved in either directly as a
manusia, di mana perusahaan mungkin result of the company's operations, or
terlibat baik secara langsung akibat as a result or consequence of their
operasional perusahaan, ataupun business relationship. The focus of this
sebagai suatu hasil atau akibat dari stage is data collection, both primary
hubungan bisnis mereka. Fokus dari and secondary data. Thereupon,
tahap ini adalah pengumpulan data, analyze the severity of the actual
baik data primer maupun sekunder. (already occurred) and potential (will
Kemudian, menganalisa tingkat occur) impacts. This identification
keparahan terhadap dampak yang process must be continuously
aktual (sudah terjadi) dan potensial undertaken;
(akan terjadi). Proses identifikasi ini
harus berlangsung secara 2. To prevent and address the impacts on
berkelanjutan; human rights, the company integrates
the findings of the impact assessment
2) Untuk mencegah dan menangani into the relevant internal company
dampak terhadap hak asasi manusia, functions and mechanisms. The focus
perusahaan mengintegrasikan temuan- of this stage is to formulate plans and
temuan dari penilaian dampak ke strategies for how the company can
dalam fungsi dan mekanisme internal address the adverse impacts on human
perusahaan yang relevan. Fokus dari rights that have been identified;
tahap ini adalah membuat perencanaan
dan strategi bagaimana perusahaan
dapat mengatasi dampak-dampak
buruk bagi hak asasi manusia yang
sudah teridentifikasi sebelumnya;
42
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46
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47
48